RESUMO
The use of anesthetic agents in the management of fish in fish farming or ornamental fish breeding aims to minimize stress and promote animal welfare. Therefore, this study aims to investigate behavioral, electrocardiographic, and ventilatory characteristics of tambaquis exposed to anesthetic baths with etomidate. The study was conducted with juvenile tambaquis (27.38 ± 3.5g) n = 99, at etomidate concentrations of 2-4 mg.L -1, analyzing induction and anesthetic recovery behavior (experiment I), electrocardiogram (experiment II), and opercular movement (experiment III). Fish exposed to high concentrations of etomidate reached the stage of general anesthesia faster, however, the recovery time was longer, characterizing a dose-dependent relationship. Cardiorespiratory analyzes demonstrated a reduction in heart rate (69.19%) and respiratory rate (40.70%) depending on the concentration of etomidate used during anesthetic induction. During the recovery period, there was cardiorespiratory reversibility to normality. Therefore, etomidate proved to be safe as an anesthetic agent for this species at concentrations of 2 to 3 mg.L -1 for short-term anesthesia, but at higher doses the animals showed slow reversibility of anesthesia in a gradual manner and without excitability. The hemodynamic effect due to the rapid decrease in heart rate includes a negative factor of using higher concentrations of etomidate for Colossome macropomum anesthesia.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal , Etomidato , Frequência Cardíaca , Etomidato/farmacologia , Animais , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Eletrocardiografia/efeitos dos fármacos , Caraciformes/fisiologia , Anestésicos/farmacologia , Anestesia/métodos , Anestésicos Intravenosos/farmacologia , Fenômenos Eletrofisiológicos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The time course for recovery after anesthesia is poorly described for tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222). We suggest that the baroreflex and the heart rate variability (HRV) could be used to index the recovery of the autonomic modulation after anesthesia. We analyzed the recovery profile of behavioral and physiological parameters over time to analyze the progression of recovery after anesthesia of American bullfrogs with MS-222. Mean heart rate stabilized after 17 h, whereas the baroreflex efficiency index took 23 h and the baroreflex operating gain, 29 h. Mean arterial pressure recovered after 26 h. Power spectral density peaked at 23 h and again after 40 h. Baroreflex was a relevant component of the first phase of HRV, while autonomic modulation for resting may take longer than 40 h. We suggest that physiological recovery is a complex phenomenon with multiple progressive phases, and the baroreflex may be a useful tool to observe the first substantial recovery of post-instrumentation capacity for autonomic modulation.
Assuntos
Aminobenzoatos , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo , Barorreflexo , Frequência Cardíaca , Rana catesbeiana , Animais , Barorreflexo/fisiologia , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Sistema Nervoso Autônomo/fisiologia , Rana catesbeiana/fisiologia , Aminobenzoatos/farmacologia , Anestesia , Masculino , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Anestésicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Melatonin (ML) and dexmedetomidine (DM) are used separately as anesthetic premedication or as an anesthetic in humans and laboratory animals. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anesthetic properties of both drugs combined. The anesthetic effects of several combinations of ML (50 and 100 mg/kg) and DM (50 and 100 µg/kg) were evaluated in rats by observing behavioral manifestations and recording the duration and depth of anesthesia. Five anesthetic intervals were established according to the loss and recovery of reflexes. While each individual drug did not induce an appropriate anesthetic effect at the tested doses, ML50 + DM100, ML100 + DM50 and ML100 + DM100 combinations resulted in surgical anesthesia intervals of 60 to 360 min. Together, our results point that the use of ML allows to decrease the dose of DM, reducing the unwanted anesthetic effects of this α2-agonist.
Assuntos
Anestesia , Dexmedetomidina , Melatonina , Dexmedetomidina/administração & dosagem , Dexmedetomidina/farmacologia , Animais , Melatonina/administração & dosagem , Melatonina/farmacologia , Ratos , Masculino , Anestesia/métodos , Ratos Wistar , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/administração & dosagem , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacologia , Anestésicos/administração & dosagem , Anestésicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) Syndrome is a severe adverse drug reaction marked by delayed hypersensitivity reactions causing skin and systemic complications. DRESS diagnosis is challenging due to the variety of clinical presentations and symptom overlap with other conditions. The perioperative period in these patients requires precise pharmacological strategies to prevent complications associated with this syndrome. The treatment of DRESS induced by unfractionated heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery presents some challenges that must be considered when selecting an anticoagulant to avoid side effects. In this case, bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, is indicated as an alternative to heparin in patients undergoing CPB. However, in contrast to heparin/protamine, there is no direct reversal agent for bivalirudin. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of an 11-year-old male diagnosed with native aortic valve endocarditis and thrombosis in his left lower extremity. During valvular replacement surgery, systemic unfractionated heparin was administered. Postoperatively, the patient developed fever, eosinophilia and pruritic rash. Warm shock and elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels followed, leading to the diagnosis of DRESS syndrome. Treatment with methylprednisolone resulted in complete resolution of symptoms. Seven years later, the patient was readmitted due to insufficient anticoagulation and a thrombus in the prosthetic aortic valve, presenting a recurrent DRESS episode due to the administration of unfractionated heparin, which was later replaced with low-molecular-weight heparin during hospitalization. Treatment with corticosteroids and antihistamines was initiated, resulting in the resolution of this episode. Ultimately, the patient required the Ross procedure. During this intervention the anticoagulation strategy was modified, unfractionated heparin was replaced with bivalirudin during the procedure and fondaparinux was administered during the postoperative period. This resulted in stable transaminases levels and no eosinophilia. CONCLUSION: The severity of DRESS Syndrome underscores the importance of early recognition, heightened monitoring, and a comprehensive approach tailored to each patient's needs. This particular case highlights the significance of this approach and may have a substantial clinical impact since it provides alternatives to heparin, such as bivalirudin and fondaparinux, in the anticoagulation strategy of CPB for patients who have a hypersensibility reaction to this medication; thus, enhancing clinical outcomes by minimizing risks linked to adverse drug reactions.
Assuntos
Anestésicos , Síndrome de Hipersensibilidade a Medicamentos , Eosinofilia , Masculino , Humanos , Criança , Heparina/uso terapêutico , Fondaparinux , Síndrome de Hipersensibilidade a Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico , Anticoagulantes/uso terapêutico , Hirudinas/efeitos adversos , Eosinofilia/induzido quimicamente , Eosinofilia/tratamento farmacológico , Fragmentos de Peptídeos , Proteínas RecombinantesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Intravenous non-volatile anaesthetics like propofol are commonly used in cardiac surgeries across several countries. Volatile anaesthetics like isoflurane may help in protecting the myocardium and minimize ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Hence, we did this review to compare the cardioprotective effect of isoflurane and propofol among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: We conducted a search in the databases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (or MEDLINE), Embase, PubMed Central®, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library from inception until April 2021. We carried out a meta-analysis with random-effects model and reported pooled risk ratio (RR) or standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) depending on the type of outcome. RESULTS: We analysed 13 studies including 808 participants. Almost all were low-quality studies. For cardiac index, the pooled SMD was 0.14 (95% CI: -0.22 to 0.50); for cardiac troponin I, pooled SMD was 0.10 (95% CI: -0.28 to 0.48). For mortality, the RR was 3.00 (95% CI: 0.32 to 28.43); for MI, pooled RR was 1.58 (95% CI: 0.59 to 4.20); and for inotropic drug use, pooled RR was 1.04 (95% CI: 0.90 to 1.21). For length of intensive care unit stay, the pooled SMD was 0.13 (95% CI: -0.29 to 0.55), while pooled SMD for mechanical ventilation time was -0.02 (95% CI: -0.54 to 0.51). CONCLUSION: Isoflurane did not have significant cardioprotective effect compared to propofol following CABG. Hence, the anaesthetists need to check some viable alternatives to manage these patients and reduce the rate of postoperative complications.
Assuntos
Anestésicos , Isoflurano , Propofol , Humanos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Ponte de Artéria Coronária , MiocárdioRESUMO
Selection of anesthetic technique for thigh amputation is complicated by patients' comorbid conditions. The sacral erector spinae plane block (ESPB) is an emerging technique with potential as a primary anesthetic for thigh amputation. We detail a case involving a 79-year-old undergoing thigh amputation, where sacral ESPB proved insufficient, prompting a shift to spinal anesthesia. This instance underscores the necessity for further investigation into the reliability of the sacral ESPB for lower limb surgeries. Until such evidence is established, caution is advised in relying solely on the sacral ESPB for thigh amputations, and consideration of alternative techniques is recommended.
Assuntos
Anestésicos , Bloqueio Nervoso , Humanos , Idoso , Coxa da Perna/cirurgia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Amputação CirúrgicaRESUMO
A local anaesthetic block performed in cranial and mandibular foramina contributes towards analgesia and the reduction of systemic anaesthesia in procedures in the oral cavity. However, anatomical differences between in wild animals may require adaptations to the anaesthetic and surgical manoeuvres of the head used in domestic animals. With that in mind, we aimed to describe the topography and morphometry of the infraorbital and mandibular foramina in Bradypus variegatus, to support perineural anaesthetic approaches in the cranio-mandibular region of this species. We demonstrated that in B. variegatus there is no significant variability in the morphometric data, allowing access to the studied foramina to occur in a similar way in adult individuals. Finally, we understand that the techniques for the infraorbital and mandibular foramen needed to be adapted due to the anatomical singularities of the species, which culminated in new reference points for more assertive needle positioning.
Assuntos
Anestésicos , Bloqueio Nervoso , Bichos-Preguiça , Humanos , Animais , Crânio , Bloqueio Nervoso/veterinária , BocaRESUMO
The maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus) is an endemic and endangered species of two Brazilian states, with much unknown biological information needed to direct conservation actions. Other sloth species have been studied regarding anesthesia; however, there is a lack of anesthesia research for the maned sloth. Anesthetic data were collected from 12 free-range maned sloths that were immobilized for a field examination. Individuals were anesthetized using a combination of ketamine (4.0 mg/kg) and medetomidine (0.03 mg/kg), and antagonized with atipamezole (0.1 mg/kg). Time to induction and recovery were recorded and compared with sex and age classes. After the induction and until antagonist administration, physiological parameters (rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation) were recorded every 10 min during anesthesia and were statistically evaluated over time. Induction was fast (3.21 ± 0.76), but recovery was longer (113.3 ± 18) when compared to other studies. Induction and recovery times were not different across sex or age classes. Rectal temperature, heart rate, and oxygen saturation remained stable throughout the procedure. Respiratory rate significantly decreased over time, from 18.25 ± 7.03 to 13.17 ± 3.66 movements per minute. Our results indicate that the described combination of ketamine and medetomidine is a safe and effective choice for anesthesia of maned sloths.
Assuntos
Anestésicos , Ketamina , Bichos-Preguiça , Humanos , Animais , Medetomidina/farmacologia , Ketamina/farmacologia , Bichos-Preguiça/fisiologia , Animais Selvagens/fisiologia , Anestésicos/farmacologia , Imobilização/veterinária , Imobilização/métodos , Hipnóticos e Sedativos/farmacologia , Frequência Cardíaca , Anestésicos Dissociativos/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Laparoscopy represented one of the most innovative surgical techniques approached in the surgery field. Dexmedetomidine association with general anesthesia promotes the response control to trauma by altering the neuroinflammatory reflex, provides better clinical outcomes in the postoperative period and reduces the excessive use of drugs with risk for addiction. This trial aims to evaluate the potential drug treatment of dexmedetomidine on organic function, with the targets in neuroinflammation, perioperative pain control and blood pressure measurements in a medium-sized surgical model. METHODS: Fifty-two patients were randomized in two groups: Sevoflurane and Dexmedetomidine - A (dexmedetomidine infusion [1 µg/kg loading, .2-.5 µg/kg/h thereafter]) vs Sevoflurane and Saline .9% - B. Three blood samples were collected at three times: before surgery, 4 to 6 hours after surgery and 24 hours postoperatively. The primary outcome was inflammatory and endocrine mediators dosage analisys. Finally, we evaluated pain and opioid use as secondary outcomes, also the hemodynamic values. RESULTS: In Dexmedetomidine group A, a reduction of Interleukin 6 was found during 4-6 hours after surgery. A reduction of IL-10 was noted in the measurement of its values 24 hours after the procedure, with statistical significance. Also, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well heart rate were attenuated, and there was a lower incidence of pain and opioid consumption in the first postoperative hour (P < .0001) in the anesthetic recovery room. CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine provided anti-inflammatory activity, sympatholytic effect and analgesia with cardiovascular safety. It reinforces the therapeutic nature of highly selective α2-adrenergic agonists when combined within anesthetic interventions.
Assuntos
Anestésicos , Dexmedetomidina , Humanos , Dexmedetomidina/uso terapêutico , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico , Manejo da Dor , Sevoflurano/uso terapêutico , Dor Pós-Operatória/tratamento farmacológico , Colecistectomia , Anestésicos/uso terapêutico , Cirurgia Vídeoassistida , ImunoterapiaRESUMO
This cross-sectional study evaluated, for the first time, DNA damage, viability, and cell death of lymphocytes and cell cycle phases of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells in veterinarians exposed to the volatile anesthetic isoflurane. Veterinarians who were occupationally exposed to isoflurane (exposed group; n = 20) and matched-unexposed individuals (volunteers without occupational exposure; n = 20) were enrolled in the study. DNA damage was assessed in lymphocytes by micronucleus (MN) and phosphorylated histone gamma-H2AX (γ-H2AX). Cell viability, cytotoxicity, and the cell cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry. Isoflurane was detected in urine samples by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared with unexposed subjects, veterinarians occupationally exposed to isoflurane (25.7 ± 23.7 µg/L urine) presented statistically higher MN frequencies, lymphocytic apoptosis rates, and numbers of polymorphonuclear cells in the G0/G1 stage. Additionally, the exposed group presented statistically lower proportions of viable lymphocytes and G2/M polymorphonuclear cells. Our findings indicate that veterinarians who are frequently exposed to inhaled anesthetic exhibit chromosomal and cell damage in addition to changes in peripheral blood cell proliferation.
Assuntos
Anestésicos , Isoflurano , Exposição Ocupacional , Médicos Veterinários , Humanos , Testes para Micronúcleos/métodos , Estudos Transversais , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Cromossomos , Ciclo Celular , Apoptose , Dano ao DNA , LinfócitosRESUMO
Over the last decades, minimally invasive techniques have revolutionized the endovascular treatment (EVT) of brain aneurysms. In parallel, the development of conscious sedation (CS), a potentially less harmful anesthetic protocol than general anesthesia (GA), has led to the course optimization of surgeries, patient outcomes, and healthcare costs. Nevertheless, the feasibility and safety of EVT of brain aneurysms under CS have yet to be assessed thoroughly. Herein, we systematically reviewed the medical literature about this procedure. In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library) were queried to identify articles describing the EVT of brain aneurysms under CS. Successful procedural completion, complete aneurysm occlusion outcomes, intraoperative complications, clinical outcomes, and mortality rates assessed the feasibility and safety. Our search strategy yielded 567 records, of which 11 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. These studies entailed a total of 1142 patients (40.7% females), 1183 intracranial aneurysms (78.4% in the anterior circulation and 60.9% unruptured at presentation), and 1391 endovascular procedures (91.9% performed under CS). EVT modalities under CS included coiling alone (63.2%), flow diversion (17.7%), stent-assisted coiling (10.6%), stenting alone (6.5%), onyx embolization alone (1.7%), onyx + stenting (0.2%), and onyx + coiling (0.2%). CS was achieved by combining two or more anesthetics, such as midazolam, fentanyl, and remifentanil. Selection criteria for CS were heterogenous and included patients' history of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, outweighing the benefits of CS versus GA, a Hunt and Hess score of I-II, a median score of 3 in the American Society of Anesthesiology scale, and patient's compliance with elective CS. Procedures were deemed successful or achieving complete aneurysm occlusion in 88.1% and 9.4% of reported cases, respectively. Good clinical outcomes were described in 90.4% of patients with available data at follow-up (mean time: 10.7 months). The procedural complication rate was 16%, and the mortality rate was 2.8%. No complications or mortality were explicitly attributed to CS. On the other hand, procedure abortion and conversion from CS to GA were deemed necessary in 5% and 1% of cases, respectively. The present study highlights the feasibility of performing EVT of brain aneurysms under CS as an alternative anesthetic protocol to GA. However, the limited nature of observational studies, methodological quality, the predominant absence of a comparative GA group, and clinical data during follow-up restrict a conclusive statement about the safety of EVT under CS. Accordingly, further research endeavors are warranted toward a higher level of evidence that can be translated into surgical practice.
Assuntos
Anestésicos , Embolização Terapêutica , Procedimentos Endovasculares , Aneurisma Intracraniano , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Aneurisma Intracraniano/cirurgia , Aneurisma Intracraniano/etiologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Sedação Consciente/métodos , Estudos de Viabilidade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Embolização Terapêutica/métodos , Procedimentos Endovasculares/métodosRESUMO
AIM: The anaesthetic success rate of an inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) in mandibular molars with irreversible symptomatic pulpitis can be low, and postoperative pain control in teeth with this diagnosis can be challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of preemptive use of dexamethasone and oral potassium diclofenac on the success of IANB. The influence of these drugs on the intensity of postoperative pain was assessed as a secondary outcome. METHODOLOGY: Eighty-four patients with mandibular molars diagnosed with irreversible symptomatic pulpitis recorded preoperative pain intensity using a cold thermal test and a modified Numerical Rating Scale (mNRS). Sixty minutes before the anaesthetic procedure, patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups based on the medication they received: dexamethasone (4 mg), diclofenac potassium (50 mg), or placebo. All patients received IANB with 4% articaine (1:200 000 epinephrine), and 15 min later, they were evaluated for pain intensity using the cold thermal test. Anaesthetic success was analysed. The pain intensity was then recorded, and endodontic treatment and provisional restoration of the tooth were executed in a single session. Patients were monitored for 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h using the mNRS to assess the intensity of postoperative pain. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant increase in anaesthetic success when 4 mg dexamethasone (39.3%) or 50 mg diclofenac potassium (21.4%) was used compared to the placebo group (3.6%) (p < .001), with no significant difference between the two drugs. Regarding postoperative pain, dexamethasone was superior to placebo at 6 h (p < .001), with diclofenac having an intermediate behaviour, not differing between dexamethasone and placebo (p > .05). There was no significant difference amongst the groups at 12 h (p > .05). At 24, 48 and 72 h, the effectiveness of dexamethasone and diclofenac were comparable, and both were superior to placebo (p < .001). CONCLUSION: The use of dexamethasone or diclofenac potassium was favourable in terms of increasing the success rate of inferior alveolar nerve block in cases of mandibular molars with irreversible symptomatic pulpitis and decreased the occurrence of postoperative pain when compared to the use of a placebo.
Assuntos
Anestesia Dentária , Anestésicos , Bloqueio Nervoso , Pulpite , Humanos , Anestesia Dentária/métodos , Anestésicos/farmacologia , Anestésicos Locais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Dexametasona/farmacologia , Diclofenaco/farmacologia , Método Duplo-Cego , Lidocaína , Nervo Mandibular , Dente Molar/cirurgia , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodos , Dor Pós-Operatória/tratamento farmacológico , Dor Pós-Operatória/prevenção & controle , Pulpite/cirurgiaRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the anesthetic activity of Ocimum basilicum essential oil and the distribution and depletion of its major compounds in different tissues of the pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus. Juveniles (319.08 ± 9.14 g) were individually anesthetized with six concentrations of essential oil from O. basilicum (150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 300 mg L-1), while in a second experiment, fish (492.39 ± 51.51 g) were subjected to a 10 min immersion bath with essential oil from O. basilicum (300 mg L-1). After anesthetic recovery, blood and tissue samples of the brain, gills, liver, spleen, and white muscle were collected at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, and 24 h. A 300 mg L-1 concentration induced anesthesia in the shortest time (193.11 ± 9.31), while at 270 and 300 mg L-1 concentrations, the anesthetic recovery period was the longest (244.33 ± 12.44) Methyl chavicol and linalool were quantified in all tissue samples. The plasma concentrations of methyl chavicol differed (p < 0.05) at all evaluated times. Linalool decreased (p < 0.05) from 0 to 1 h and decreased again only after 12 h. Reduction percentages in 24 h were 92.9% for methyl chavicol, and 97.2% for linalool. Elimination of the compounds methyl chavicol and linalool is slower in the gills, where lower elimination constants (0.03 and 0.15 per h) and longer half-lives (25.84 and 4.53 h), respectively, are noted. In general, essential oil from O. basilicum compounds was readily eliminated, showing promising potential for use as an anesthetic in aquaculture.
Assuntos
Monoterpenos Acíclicos , Derivados de Alilbenzenos , Anestésicos , Anisóis , Ocimum basilicum , Óleos Voláteis , Animais , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/veterinária , Óleos de Plantas/farmacologia , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Anestésicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
This article reviews research highlights in the field of thoracic anesthesia. The highlights of this year included new developments in the preoperative assessment and prehabilitation of patients requiring thoracic surgery, updates on the use of devices for one-lung ventilation (OLV) in adults and children, updates on the anesthetic and postoperative management of these patients, including protective OLV ventilation, the use of opioid-sparing techniques and regional anesthesia, and outcomes using enhanced recovery after surgery, as well as the use of expanding indications for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, specialized anesthetic techniques for airway surgery, and nonintubated video-assisted thoracic surgery.
Assuntos
Anestesia por Condução , Anestesiologia , Anestésicos , Ventilação Monopulmonar , Adulto , Criança , Humanos , Ventilação Monopulmonar/métodos , Analgésicos Opioides , Cirurgia Torácica Vídeoassistida/métodosRESUMO
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are widely employed as an experimental model in various scientific fields. The investigation of glucose metabolism dysfunctions has gained recent significant prominence. Considering that certain anesthetics may impact glycemic levels, it is imperative to carefully select an anesthetic that does not induce such side effects, thereby mitigating potential adverse influences on research outcomes. In this sense, this study aimed to evaluate potential glucose alterations and induction and recovery times resulting from the use of eugenol, menthol and lidocaine as anesthetics in zebrafish. A total of 150 adult male and female zebrafish were divided into ten groups, comprising a control group euthanized by rapid chilling, and three groups anesthetized with low (40 mg/L eugenol, 60 mg/L menthol, 100 mg/L lidocaine), intermediate (60 mg/L eugenol, 90 mg/L menthol, 225 mg/L lidocaine), and high (80 mg/L eugenol, 120 mg/L menthol, 350 mg/L lidocaine) anesthetic concentrations. Glucose levels and induction and recovery times were assessed. The findings reveal that eugenol and menthol did not cause glucose level alterations at any of the investigated concentrations, while lidocaine caused a non-concentration-dependent hyperglycemia. Eugenol and menthol also exhibited similar recovery times at different concentrations, while lidocaine recovery times were concentration-dependent. This study, therefore, concludes that eugenol and menthol are safe and satisfactory anesthetics for use in zebrafish research involving glucose analyses, while lidocaine use can cause biases due to altered glucose levels and safety concerns. Researchers should, therefore, carefully consider anesthetic selection to ensure reliable results in zebrafish assessments.
Assuntos
Anestésicos , Perciformes , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Eugenol/toxicidade , Peixe-Zebra , Mentol/toxicidade , Lidocaína/toxicidade , Anestésicos/toxicidade , GlucoseRESUMO
Anesthetics are commonly used in fish for surgery and to facilitate capture, handling and transport in aquaculture and experimental procedures. In research, the selection of the anesthetic depends on its properties and on the recovery time. Eugenol has been pointed out as an effective anesthetic for fish, alternative to traditional drugs. Although Cnesterodon decemmaculatus is widely used as a model in ecological bioassays, no anesthetic protocol has been reported for this species. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the induction time (i.e. time to reach anesthetic stage VI) and recovery time in individuals of C. decemmaculatus subjected to eugenol at a fixed concentration, according to sex and pregnancy status. Forty-one fish were divided into three groups: males, pregnant females and non-pregnant females. They were measured for total length, standard length and weight, and the condition factor (K) was calculated. No significant differences in induction and recovery times were found for sex, pregnancy status and K between groups. Results are a contribution toward the development protocol of a standard anesthetic protocol for C. decemmaculatus.
Assuntos
Anestésicos , Ciprinodontiformes , Feminino , Animais , Masculino , Gravidez , EugenolRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of eugenol, benzocaine, and ice water during the sedative, anesthetic or euthanasia processes on the welfare of adult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The experimental design was randomized and the animals were divided into eight groups. Sixty-two animals underwent an acclimation period. The neutral group used to obtain basal data of grass carp were not subjected to treatments, but anesthetized to collect blood samples and euthanized by medullary section. The others seven groups were submitted to seven treatments with eight repetitions (control group; ethanol; eugenol 50 mgL-1, eugenol 250 mgL-1, benzocaine 100 mgL-1, benzocaine 300 mgL-1, and ice water 2:1), their behavior was observed. Blood samples was collected and then euthanized by medullary sectioning. Biometric data were measured and a part of the liver was collected for hepatic glycogen analysis. There was a statistically significant difference in the time required to reach the anesthetic stage between the groups (p < 0.01). Benzocaine and eugenol at the higher concentration provided the fastest responses to sedatives and anesthetics, respectively. The animals subjected to higher anesthetic concentrations reached stage five and did not return from anesthesia, therefore, benzocaine and eugenol were effective euthanizing agents. Benzocaine at the lowest concentration showed the highest concentrations of glucose and cortisol (p < 0.05). Although benzocaine at 100 mgL-1 concentrations is widely used as an anesthetic in fish, this study demonstrated its use as a stressor agent. Basal data of grass carp for stress parameters are presented for the first time.
Assuntos
Anestésicos , Carpas , Doenças dos Peixes , Animais , Benzocaína/farmacologia , Eugenol/farmacologia , Água , Anestésicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
The analysis of cerebrospinal fluid has diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value in neurological illnesses in horses. There are different methods for obtaining cerebrospinal fluid, with the collection between the C1 and C2 vertebrae being a more recent methodology, which allows the procedure to be performed in standing patients, without the limitations of general anesthesia and with a low contamination of the sample with blood, presenting itself as a practical alternative. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a local dural blockade in healthy horses submitted to cerebrospinal fluid collection by atlantoaxial puncture and the quality of the samples obtained by this procedure, which were submitted to physical, chemical, and cytological analyses. The animals were evaluated considering aspects such as pain, sensitivity, the presence of edema, temperature variations, and ultrasonographic alterations post-collection. Discrete local changes were observed after the puncture, and the procedure was considered safe and simple to perform. Lidocaine blockade could reduce the reaction elicited by the needle passing through the dura mater, and the samples obtained showed satisfactory quality and laboratory results consistent with the values compiled in the literature. Transient hyperthermia was observed in 70% (7/10) of the animals in the dural blockade group, and 80%(8/10) of the patients from the control group, totalizing 75% of all individuals evaluated. The rectal temperature alteration was observed 4 to 12 hours after the procedure and was entirely resolved without intervention by the 24-hour evaluation.
Assuntos
Anestésicos , Humanos , Animais , Cavalos , Lidocaína/farmacologiaRESUMO
Among the different handling techniques in aquaculture, the use of anesthetics has had a growing interest focused on guaranteeing animal welfare, and reducing possible stress situations during general handling. The aim of this study was to present the use of eugenol and lidocaine with non-invasive anesthesia procedures in Dormitator latifrons, in which the different stages of anesthesia (induction and recovery) were determined. One hundred and twenty healthy fish of average weight of 73.59 ± 13.53 g and standard length of 17 ± 1.36 cm were used. The experimental fish were subjected to fasting for 24 h prior to the tests. Five fish were subjected to eugenol (25, 50, 100, and 200 µL/L), and lidocaine (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L), in triplicate. The time to reach deep and recovery anesthesia were recorded and the data analyzed using ANOVA (α= 0.05). Organisms exposed to anesthetics evidenced early episodes of fast, short-distance swimming (initial hyperactivity) for short periods of time. Survival was 100% with both compounds and concentrations. Fish exposed to a eugenol concentration of 200 µL/L had longer anesthesia times and took longer time to recover (P<0.05). The most effective concentrations for eugenol and lidocaine were of 200 µL/L and 400 µL/L in juvenile fish, promoting rapid inductions, without compromising the conditions for the recovery of the fish. This work provides practical information for handling and transportation D. latiforns with the least possible stress and ensuring animal welfare.
Dentre as diferentes técnicas de manejo na aquicultura, o uso de anestésicos tem despertado interesse crescente voltado para a garantia do bem-estar animal, reduzindo possíveis situações de estresse durante o manejo geral. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar o uso de eugenol e lidocaína com procedimentos anestésicos não invasivos em Dormitator latifrons, nos quais foram determinadas as diferentes etapas da anestesia (indução e recuperação). Foram utilizados 120 peixes saudáveis, com peso médio de 73,59 ± 13,53 g e 17 ± 1,36 cm de comprimento, em jejum de 24 horas antes dos testes. Cinco peixes foram submetidos a eugenol (25, 50, 100 e 200 µL/L) e lidocaína (100, 200, 300 e 400 mg/L), em triplicata. O tempo para atingir a anestesia profunda e de recuperação foi registrado, os dados foram analisados com ANOVA (α= 0,05). Organismos expostos a anestésicos evidenciaram episódios precoces de nado rápido de curta distância (hiperatividade inicial) por curtos períodos de tempo. A sobrevivência atinge 100% com ambos compostos e concentrações. Peixes expostos a uma concentração de eugenol de 200 µL/L tiveram tempos de anestesia mais longos e demoraram mais para se recuperar (P<0,05). As concentrações mais efetivas para eugenol e lidocaína foram de 200 µL/L e 400 µL/L em peixes juvenis, promovendo induções rápidas, sem comprometer as condições de recuperação dos peixes. Este trabalho fornece informações práticas para o manejo e transporte de D. latifrons com o mínimo de estresse possível e garantindo o bem-estar animal.
Assuntos
Animais , Bem-Estar do Animal , Óleo de Cravo/administração & dosagem , Peixes , Anestésicos/administração & dosagem , Lidocaína/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy and safety of flexible ureteroscopy (F-URS) for the management of intrarenal or proximal ureteral lithiasis in aged patients. Materials and methods: In this retrospective, multicenter observational study, we collected the anonymized clinical data of patients who underwent F-URS at two institutions in Cali, Colombia between June 2015 and May 2018. The patients were divided into two groups based on age: Group A defined as aged patients (> 65 years) and Group B as patients of non-advanced age (< 65 years). Results: A total of 201 patients were included in this study. The average age for Group A was 75 years (± 4.5) and for Group B was 51 years (± 10). The anesthetic risk classification (American Society of Anesthesiology [ASA]) and comorbidities were significantly higher for Group A with an ASA II and III of 74% versus 50% in Group B. No significant differences were shown in the stone-free rates (SFRs) or significant ureteral injury (Grade III and IV). There was no difference in intraoperative or post-operative complications between both groups. Conclusions: Age > 65 years was not associated with a negative impact on the outcomes of F-URS for the management of intrarenal or proximal ureteral lithiasis in this cohort of patients. F-URS appears as a safe and effective procedure and should not be withheld from older patients
Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad y seguridad de la ureteroscopia flexible (F-URS) para el manejo de la litiasis ureteral intrarrenal o proximal en pacientes ancianos. Materiales y métodos: En este estudio observacional multicéntrico y retrospectivo, se recogieron los datos clínicos de los pacientes sometidos a F-URS en dos instituciones de Cali, Colombia, entre junio de 2015 y mayo de 2018. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos según la edad. El grupo A se definió como pacientes de edad avanzada (> 65 años) y el grupo B como pacientes de edad no avanzada (< 65 años). Resultados: Un total de 201 pacientes fueron incluidos en este estudio. La edad media para el grupo A fue de 75 años (± 4,5) y para el grupo B fue de 51 años (± 10). La clasificación de riesgo anestésico (ASA) y las comorbilidades fueron significativamente mayores para el grupo A con un ASA II y III del 74% frente al 50% en el grupo B. No se observaron diferencias significativas en las tasas libres de cálculos ni en la lesión ureteral significativa (grado III y IV). No hubo diferencias en las complicaciones anestésicas, intraoperatorias o postoperatorias entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: La edad > 65 años no se asoció con un impacto negativo en los resultados urológicos ni en la tasa de éxito de la F-URS para el manejo de la litiasis ureteral intrarrenal o proximal en esta cohorte de pacientes. La F-URS es un procedimiento seguro y eficaz, y no debe contraindicarse en los pacientes de edad avanzada