Medicina Espacial y Astronomía en Chile: Futuro esplendor / Advancing Space Medicine and Astronomy in Chile for Health on Earth

El cielo de Chile cuenta con las condiciones ideales para la astronomía a nivel mundial, lo que ha conllevado un desarrollo científico importante para el país en esta y otras áreas. En los próximos años varias misiones espaciales sucederán, siendo de importancia para su éxito la salud de los tripulantes. La medicina espacial se preocupa y estudia los cambios en la fisiología humana en el espacio, la que se ve alterada en su totalidad. Es fundamental el entendimiento de la patología en el ambiente espacial para el desarrollo de contramedidas para mitigar los diferentes riesgos, siendo uno de los principales la radiación espacial entre otros. El desarrollo de esta área de la medicina permitirá nuevos avances en la salud en la Tierra.

The sky of Chile has the ideal conditions for astronomy worldwide, which has led to crucial scientific development for the country in this and other areas. In the coming years, several space missions will occur, the crew members' health being essential for their success. Space medicine studies the changes in human physiology in space, which is entirely altered. It is essential to understand the pathology in the space environment to develop countermeasures to mitigate the different risks, one of the main ones being space radiation, among others. The development of this area of medicine will allow new advances in health on Earth.

[Advancing Space Medicine and Astronomy in Chile for Health on Earth]. / Medicina Espacial y Astronomía en Chile: Futuro esplendor.

The sky of Chile has the ideal conditions for astronomy worldwide, which has led to crucial scientific development for the country in this and other areas. In the coming years, several space missions will occur, the crew members' health being essential for their success. Space medicine studies the changes in human physiology in space, which is entirely altered. It is essential to understand the pathology in the space environment to develop countermeasures to mitigate the different risks, one of the main ones being space radiation, among others. The development of this area of medicine will allow new advances in health on Earth.

Knowledge and power: the role of astronomy in the territorial expansion of Chile, 1883-1890. / Conocimiento y poder: el papel de la astronomía en la expansión territorial de Chile, 1883-1890.

The article analyzes the role played by the National Astronomical Observatory (Observatorio Astronómico Nacional) in the territorial expansion of Chile at the end of the nineteenth century, through the relationship with three geographical explorations associated with this process. It is proposed that the Observatory played a central role in these geographic explorations, helping to obtain precise geographic coordinates to produce accurate maps of the territories annexed to the north and south of Chile. The results allow us to affirm that the National Astronomical Observatory provided strategic services during territorial expansion, and geography was an important part of its institutional scientific work.

El artículo analiza el rol que jugó el Observatorio Astronómico Nacional en la expansión territorial de Chile a fines del siglo XIX, a través de la relación que sostuvo con tres exploraciones geográficas asociadas a este proceso. Se propone que el Observatorio cumplió un papel central para estas exploraciones geográficas, ayudando a obtener coordenadas geográficas precisas en pos de producir mapas exactos de los territorios anexados al norte y sur de Chile. Los resultados permiten afirmar que el Observatorio Astronómico Nacional fue una institución que prestó servicios estratégicos durante la expansión territorial y, a su vez, que la geografía fue parte importante de sus trabajos científicos institucionales.

Conocimiento y poder: el papel de la astronomía en la expansión territorial de Chile, 1883-1890 / Knowledge and power: the role of astronomy in the territorial expansion of Chile, 1883-1890

Resumen El artículo analiza el rol que jugó el Observatorio Astronómico Nacional en la expansión territorial de Chile a fines del siglo XIX, a través de la relación que sostuvo con tres exploraciones geográficas asociadas a este proceso. Se propone que el Observatorio cumplió un papel central para estas exploraciones geográficas, ayudando a obtener coordenadas geográficas precisas en pos de producir mapas exactos de los territorios anexados al norte y sur de Chile. Los resultados permiten afirmar que el Observatorio Astronómico Nacional fue una institución que prestó servicios estratégicos durante la expansión territorial y, a su vez, que la geografía fue parte importante de sus trabajos científicos institucionales.

Abstract The article analyzes the role played by the National Astronomical Observatory (Observatorio Astronómico Nacional) in the territorial expansion of Chile at the end of the nineteenth century, through the relationship with three geographical explorations associated with this process. It is proposed that the Observatory played a central role in these geographic explorations, helping to obtain precise geographic coordinates to produce accurate maps of the territories annexed to the north and south of Chile. The results allow us to affirm that the National Astronomical Observatory provided strategic services during territorial expansion, and geography was an important part of its institutional scientific work.

A mestizo cosmographer in the New Kingdom of Granada: astronomy and chronology in Sánchez de Cozar Guanientá's Tratado (c.1696).

This article interprets a recently recovered manuscript, Tratado de astronomía y la reformaçión del tiempo, composed by Antonio Sánchez in New Granada c.1696, in the context of the Spanish and Renaissance cosmographies. Sánchez's Tratado proposes a spherical astronomy, in which celestial bodies - including comets - move in orbs containing pyramidal knots that explain the changing speed observed in the motion of planets. From this astronomy and following the peninsular style of repertorios, Sánchez derives two major conclusions: the corrected length of the solar year and a revised birth date of Jesus. Taking as center of reference Vélez, where Sánchez was based, these claims led to conclusions in domains ranging from calendric astronomy to eschatology, including the incorporation of the indigenous peoples into salvation narrative and a demonstration of the arrangement of the celestial orbs at the Last Judgment. Sánchez's Tratado constitutes an expansion of the Spanish mathematical cosmography that sheds light on the production of knowledge in the Spanish-American world and, at the same time, provides elements to reassess our understanding of the global circulation of Renaissance and early modern ideas.

Towards an Intelligent Observatory.

The Intelligent Observatory (IO) refers to the vision of the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) to meet the scientific needs of both the South African and international astronomical communities by providing a better and more efficient service. The idea behind the IO is to harmonise the astronomical operations of all the hosted and local astronomical facilities on the Sutherland Plateau. The vision requires both upgrades to some of the telescopes and a re-design of the current Sutherland operations model. The primary science driver, for the IO, is time-domain and transient science.

An Overview of Some Latest Development in Chinese Astronomy.

We present brief highlights and updates on some newer projects, both in operation/construction and in preparation stages, of astronomical research on Mainland China, with an emphasis on those involving international collaborations. Limited by the scope of this paper, this sample is not meant to be uniform nor comprehensive, and in some cases it may not be fully up to date. For more specific and detailed information on these or other projects, we refer the readers to the official websites of these projects and those of the National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

BRICS Astronomy and the United Nations Open Universe Initiative.

The almost universal availability of electronic connectivity, portable devices, and the web is bringing about a major revolution: information of all kinds is rapidly becoming accessible to everyone, transforming social, economic and cultural life practically everywhere in the world. Internet technologies represent an unprecedented and extraordinary two-way channel of communication between producers and users of data. "Open Universe" is an initiative proposed to the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and currently in implementation under the leadership of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UN-OOSA). Its primary objective is to stimulate a dramatic increase in the availability and usability of space science data, extending the potential of scientific discovery to new participants in all parts of the world. This paper describes the initiative in general, some of the activities carried out to demonstrate its feasibility, and its use in the context of the BRICS Astronomy Programme.

Data Science Strategies for Multimessenger Astronomy.

This article aims to identify and suggest data science strategies to strengthen scientific research in astronomy. The improvements in data workflow performance that can be provided by these strategies can be crucial to the multimessenger astronomy (MMA). A special focus is given to the treatment of raw data in the context of big data networks for BRICS astronomy initiatives. A preliminary design of a prototype that incorporates an MMA data cube into a data lake system is presented.

História e memória de vidro: as fotografias brasileiras do eclipse de 1919 em Sobral / History and memory on glass: the Brazilian photographs of the 1919 eclipse in Sobral

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é divulgar as fotografias astronômicas feitas pela expedição brasileira enviada a Sobral para registrar o eclipse total do Sol de 29 de maio de 1919. Uma rica coleção de fotografias, na maioria inéditas, disponíveis em suporte de placas de vidro, encontra-se na Biblioteca do Observatório Nacional. A fotografia ocupou lugar central na astronomia do século XX. O eclipse de Sobral ganhou repercussão mundial devido à comprovação da teoria da relatividade geral pelas expedições inglesas. Neste texto ressaltamos a participação dos astrônomos do Observatório Nacional no evento, pois foram os primeiros brasileiros a ter sucesso na obtenção de fotografias da coroa solar.

Abstract The objective of this article is to disseminate the astronomical photographs taken by the Brazilian expedition sent to Sobral (state of Ceará) to record the total eclipse of the Sun on May 29, 1919. There is a rich collection of photographs, most unpublished, available on glass plates stored in the Library of the Observatório Nacional. Photography was central to astronomy in the twentieth century. Thus, while the eclipse in Sobral had worldwide repercussions due to the proof of the theory of general relativity by the English expeditions, in this article we highlight the participation of astronomers from the Observatório Nacional at the same event, since they were the first Brazilians to successfully obtain photographs of the Sun's corona.

Cielos australes, tormentas sociales y pestilencias: astronomía y meteorología en el debate parlamentario argentino, 1869-1872 / Southern skies, social storms and pestilences: astronomy and meteorology in Argentine parliamentary debates,1869-1872

Resumen Entre 1869 y 1872 se debatieron los proyectos de creación del Observatorio Nacional Argentino y de la Oficina Meteorológica Argentina. Las propuestas de financiamiento de nuevas instituciones nacionales, así como su articulación con las políticas públicas, estaban atravesadas por conflictos propios de la etapa de construcción del Estado. Oponiéndose a los proyectos elevados al Congreso Nacional, algunos sectores argumentaban recursos escasos. El presidente, Domingo Sarmiento, los acusaba de ser aliados de un gobierno anterior, considerado como "bárbaro". No obstante, mostraremos que quienes defendían los proyectos, consideraban también inadmisible un gasto elevado, remarcaban que era poco y lograban su aprobación articulando el discurso con políticas entonces en curso que apuntaban a otras inquietudes como la educación, la inmigración y las epidemias.

Abstract From 1869 to 1872, there was debate about bills to create the Observatorio Nacional Argentino and the Oficina Meteorológica Argentina. The proposed funding for these new national institutions, as well as their connection to public policies, were riven by conflicts inherent to that phase of the construction of the State. Some sectors opposed the bills before the Congreso Nacional, arguing that resources were scarce. President Domingo Sarmiento charged that they were allies of the previous government, which he described as "barbarous." This article shows that the bills' supporters stressed that they were low-cost. They achieved passage of the bills by linking their discourse with contemporary policies aimed at other concerns, such as education, immigration and epidemics.

Traditional climate knowledge: a case study in a peasant community of Tlaxcala, Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Traditional climate knowledge is a comprehensive system of insights, experiences and practices used by peasant communities to deal with the uncertainties of climate conditions affecting their livelihood. This knowledge is today as relevant in the Mesoamerican and Andean regions as it is in Europe and Asia. Our research sought to analyze the traditional knowledge about the weather and climate in a rural village of the state of Tlaxcala, Mexico, and its importance in decision-making in agriculture. METHODS: Through 30 interviews and participant observation in the community during 2013, information was gathered about traditional climate and weather indicators and prediction tools, as well as rituals and agronomic and agroforestry strategies. This information allowed for the reconstruction of the community's agro-festive calendar. Data analysis was carried out with the help of the qualitative analysis software Atlas.ti (version 7). RESULTS: The socio-ecological importance of traditional knowledge about the climate lies in its ability to forecast local weather conditions and recognize climate variations, so vital to the food security of rural families. Knowledge about climate predictors is exchanged and passed on from generation to generation, contributing to the preservation and promotion of biodiversity. By observing the behavior of 16 animals and 12 plant species (both domestic and wild) as well as seven astronomical indicators, villagers are able to predict rain, dry weather and frosts. However, the continuity of this traditional knowledge in the community under study is now compromised by the little interest in agriculture characteristic of the younger generations, the ensuing abandonment of the countryside, the widespread economic crisis and the disappearance of animal and plant species. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional climate knowledge includes the understanding of weather events and weather changes at different time scales (hours, days, weeks, and seasons). The ability to interpret weather events thanks to the accumulated knowledge about the climate through generations may prove today a relevant tool for improving agricultural practices and dealing with local and global socio-ecological changes.

A demonstração das ondas gravitacionais e suas possibilidades de aplicação na área de saúde / The demonstration of gravitational waves and their application possibilities in the health area

Entrevista realizada no dia 31 de março de 2016, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brasil. Entrevistado: Rodrigo Picanço Negreiros Bolsista de Produtividade em Pesquisa do CNPq - Nível 2 - CA FA - Física e Astronomia. Possui graduação em Física pela Universidade Federal Fluminense (2004), mestrado em Física pela Universidade Federal Fluminense (2005) e Ph.D. pela San Diego State University/Claremont Graduate University. Atuou como um posdoc no Frankfurt Institute for Advance Studies, na Goethe University, em Frankfurt am Main, Alemanha. Atualmente é professor no Instituto de Física da Universidade Federal Fluminense. Suas áreas de pesquisa envolvem principalmente física nuclear e estrelas compactas (estrelas de nêutrons, estrelas de quarks, pulsares ...), astrofísica relativística, métodos numéricos e física de matéria ultra-densa. Entrevistadores: Dalmo Machado Valério de Lima RN (UFF), MSN (UNIRIO), PhD (USP). Professor Adjunto da Escola de Enfermagem Aurora de Afonso Costa (EEAAC/UFF), do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Cardiovasculares (PPGCCV/UFF) e do Programa de Mestrado Profissional em Enfermagem Assistencial (MPEA/UFF), Editor Chefe do Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing (OBJN), Conselho Consultivo da Associação Brasileira de Editores Científicos (ABEC), Líder de Grupo de Pesquisa: Cardiovisão ­ Núcleo de Cardiointensivismo Baseado em Evidências e Gestão de Informação e Conhecimento em Saúde Jorge Luiz Lima da Silva RN (UFF), MSN (UNIRIO), Doutor em Ciências área de Saúde Pública (ENSP/FIOCRUZ). Professor Adjunto da Escola de Enfermagem Aurora de Afonso Costa (EEAAC/UFF), Editor Associado do Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing (OBJN), integrante do Grupo de Pesquisa: Trabalho em Turnos e Repercussões na Saúde.