Synergistic effect of seaweed extract and boric acid and/or calcium chloride on productivity and physico-chemical properties of Valencia orange.

Many citrus species and cultivars are grown successfully in tropical and subtropical countries, as well as in arid and semi-arid regions with low levels of organic matter and low cation exchange, resulting in lower nutrient uptake by the plant. The essential nutrients needed for citrus flowering and fruit set are limited in winter due to a reduction in transpiration rate, negatively effecting vegetative growth, flowering, yield, and fruit quality. The present investigation was carried out to assess the nutritional status, fruit yield parameters, and fruit quality of Valencia orange trees after foliar spraying of seaweed extract (SW) combined with calcium chloride and boric acid and their combinations in the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot design (three levels spraying seaweed extract × four levels spraying calcium chloride and boric acid and their combinations × four replicates × one tree/replicate). The results indicated that all of the characteristics measured, including leaf chlorophyll, leaf mineral contents, fruit yield parameters, fruit physical properties, and fruit chemical properties, were significantly affected by the foliar spraying of seaweed extract (SW) combined with calcium chloride and boric acid and their combinations. Although all treatments increased the productivity and the physical and chemical properties of Valencia orange fruits compared to the control, a treatment of 10 g/L SW combined with 0.5 g/L boric acid and 1 g/L calcium chloride produced superior results. This ratio of SW, boric acid, and calcium chloride is therefore recommended to enhance productivity and improve the physico-chemical properties of Valencia orange for greater fruit yield.

Chronic consumption of orange juice modifies urinary excretion of flavanone gut-derived metabolites through gut microbiota modulation.

The metabolism and absorption of citrus flavanones are intrinsically linked to the gut microbiota, creating a bidirectional relationship where these compounds influence the microbiome, and in turn, the microbiota affects their metabolism. This study evaluates the effect of acute and chronic consumption of orange juice (OJ) on the urinary excretion of gut-derived flavanone metabolites and the gut microbiota. Health volunteers ingested 500 mL of OJ for 60 days in a single-arm human intervention study. Blood and feces were collected at baseline and after 60 days, with an additional 24-hour urine collection after a single dose on day 1 and day 63. LC-MS/MS analyzed urinary flavanone metabolites, while 16S rRNA sequencing characterized gut microbiota. Total urinary hesperetin conjugates excretion significantly decreased over 60 days, while gut-derived total phenolic acids, particularly three hydroxybenzoic acids, increased. Moreover, the heterogeneity of the total amount of flavanone conjugates, initially categorizing individuals into high-, medium- and low- urinary excretor profiles, shifted towards medium-excretor, except for five individuals who remained as low-excretors. This alteration was accompanied by a decrease in intestinal ß-glucosidase activity and a shift in the relative abundance of specific genera, such as decreases in Blautia, Eubacterium hallii, Anaerostipes, and Fusicatenibacter, among which, Blautia was associated with higher urinary flavanone conjugates excretion. Conversely, an increase in Prevotella was observed. In summary, chronic OJ consumption induced transient changes in gut microbiota and altered the metabolism of citrus flavanones, leading to distinct urinary excretion profiles of flavanone metabolites.

A high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of blood orange, an important pigmented sweet orange variety.

Blood orange (BO) is a rare red-fleshed sweet orange (SWO) with a high anthocyanin content and is associated with numerous health-related benefits. Here, we reported a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly for Neixiu (NX) BO, reaching 336.63 Mb in length with contig and scaffold N50 values of 30.6 Mb. Furthermore, 96% of the assembled sequences were successfully anchored to 9 pseudo-chromosomes. The genome assembly also revealed the presence of 37.87% transposon elements and 7.64% tandem repeats, and the annotation of 30,395 protein-coding genes. A high level of genome synteny was observed between BO and SWO, further supporting their genetic similarity. The speciation event that gave rise to the Citrus species predated the duplication event found within them. The genome-wide variation between NX and SWO was also compared. This first high-quality BO genome will serve as a fundamental basis for future studies on functional genomics and genome evolution.

Two-Month Consumption of Orange Juice Enriched with Vitamin D3 and Probiotics Decreases Body Weight, Insulin Resistance, Blood Lipids, and Arterial Blood Pressure in High-Cardiometabolic-Risk Patients on a Westernized Type Diet: Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial.

This study examined the effects of orange juice (OJ) supplemented with vitamin D3 (2000 IU) and probiotics (Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, 108 cfu/mL) on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults following a Westernized-type diet. Fifty-three high-risk individuals were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Over 8 weeks, one group consumed a vitamin D3 and probiotic-enriched OJ and the other regular OJ (control). Diets remained unchanged and were documented through food diaries. Measures of metabolic and inflammatory markers and blood pressure were measured at the start and end of the study. Post-intervention, the enriched OJ group showed the following significant metabolic improvements (without changes in triglycerides, inflammation, or central blood pressure): reduced fasting insulin, peripheral blood pressure, body weight (-1.4 kg 95% CI: -2.4, -0.4), energy (-270 kcal 95% CI: -553.2, -13.7), macronutrient (dietary fat -238 kcal 95% CI: -11.9, -1.0; carbohydrates -155 kcal 95% CI: -282.4, -27.3; sugars -16.1 g 95% CI: -11.9, -1.0) intake, and better lipid profiles (total cholesterol -10.3 mg/dL 95% CI: -21.4, 0.9; LDL-C -7 mg/dL 95% CI: -13.5, -0.5). The enriched OJ led to weight loss, less energy/macronutrient consumption, improved lipid profiles, and increased insulin sensitivity after 8 weeks in those following a Westernized diet, thus indicating potential benefits for cardiometabolic risk. This study was a part of FunJuice-T2EDK-01922, which was funded by the EU Regional Development Fund and Greek National Resources.

Response of carbon fixation, allocation, and growth to source-sink manipulation by defoliation in vegetative citrus trees.

Source-sink balance in plants determines carbon distribution, and altering it can impact carbon fixation, transport, and allocation. We aimed to investigate the effect of altered source-sink ratios on carbon fixation, transport, and distribution in 'Valencia' sweet orange (Citrus x sinensis) by various defoliation treatments (0%, 33%, 66%, and 83% leaf removal). Gas exchange parameters were measured on 0 and 10 days after defoliation using A/Ci response curves, and leaf export was measured two days after defoliation using radioisotope tracer techniques. Greater defoliation increased the maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax), electron transport rate (J1200), and triose-phosphate utilization rate (TPU). Leaf export was unaffected by defoliation but increased in leaves closer to the shoot apex. Basipetal translocation velocity in the trunk remained unaltered, indicating that more photosynthates remained in the shoot rather than being transported directly to the root sink. Defoliated plants initiated more new flush shoots but accumulated less shoot biomass per plant after 8 weeks. Carbon allocation to fine roots was smaller in defoliated plants, suggesting defoliation led to retention of carbohydrates in aboveground organs such as the trunk and other shoots from previous growing cycles. In conclusion, the low source-sink ratio increased carbon fixation without impacting individual leaf export in citrus. The results suggest that intermediate sinks such as the aboveground perennial organs play a role in mediating the translocation velocity. Further research is necessary to better understand the dynamics of source-sink regulation in citrus trees.

Genome-wide identification and characterization of the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family reveals a role for CsbHLH085 as a regulator of citrus bacterial canker resistance.

Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) is a harmful bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), negatively impacting citrus production worldwide. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family plays crucial roles in plant development and stress responses. This study aimed to identify and annotate bHLH proteins encoded in the Citrus sinensis genome and explore their involvement and functional importance in regulating CBC resistance. A total of 135 putative CsbHLHs TFs were identified and categorized into 16 subfamilies. Their chromosomal locations, collinearity, and phylogenetic relationships were comprehensively analyzed. Upon Xcc strain YN1 infection, certain CsbHLHs were differentially regulated in CBC-resistant and CBC-sensitive citrus varieties. Among these, CsbHLH085 was selected for further functional characterization. CsbHLH085 was upregulated in the CBC-resistant citrus variety, was localized in the nucleus, and had a transcriptional activation activity. CsbHLH085 overexpression in Citrus significantly enhanced CBC resistance, accompanied by increased levels of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreased levels of abscisic acid (ABA) and antioxidant enzymes. Conversely, CsbHLH085 virus-induced gene silencing resulted in opposite phenotypic and biochemical responses. CsbHLH085 silencing also affected the expression of phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling genes involved in SA, JA, and ABA signaling. These findings highlight the crucial role of CsbHLH085 in regulating CBC resistance, suggesting its potential as a target for biotechnological-assisted breeding citrus varieties with improved resistance against phytopathogens.

Bacterial community shifts of commercial apples, oranges, and peaches at different harvest points across multiple growing seasons.

Assessing the microbes present on tree fruit carpospheres as the fruit enters postharvest processing could have useful applications, as these microbes could have a major influence on spoilage, food safety, verification of packing process controls, or other aspects of processing. The goal of this study was to establish a baseline profile of bacterial communities associated with apple (pome fruit), peach (stone fruit), and Navel orange (citrus fruit) at harvest. We found that commercial peaches had the greatest bacterial richness followed by oranges then apples. Time of harvest significantly changed bacterial diversity in oranges and peaches, but not apples. Shifts in diversity varied by fruit type, where 70% of the variability in beta diversity on the apple carposphere was driven by the gain and loss of species (i.e., nestedness). The peach and orange carposphere bacterial community shifts were driven by nearly an even split between turnover (species replacement) and nestedness. We identified a small core microbiome for apples across and between growing seasons that included only Methylobacteriaceae and Sphingomonadaceae among the samples, while peaches had a larger core microbiome composed of five bacterial families: Bacillaceae, Geodermtophilaceae, Nocardioidaceae, Micrococcaeceae, and Trueperaceae. There was a relatively diverse core microbiome for oranges that shared all the families present on apples and peaches, except for Trueperaceae, but also included an additional nine bacterial families not shared including Oxalobacteraceae, Cytophagaceae, and Comamonadaceae. Overall, our findings illustrate the important temporal dynamics of bacterial communities found on major commercial tree fruit, but also the core bacterial families that constantly remain with both implications being important entering postharvest packing and processing.

Enhancing the Quality of Low-Alcohol Navel Orange Wine through Simultaneous Co-Fermentation Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC-125, Angel Yeast SY, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BC114.

To date, there has been limited research on the interactive effects of yeast and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the sensory qualities of navel orange wine. In this study, using Jintang navel orange juice as the raw material, multi-microbial fermentation was conducted with Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC-125 and Angel yeast SY, as well as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BC114. Single yeast and co-fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum were used as the control groups. The research aimed to investigate the physicochemical parameters of navel orange wine during fermentation. Additionally, headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HP-SPME-GC-MS) was employed to determine and analyze the types and levels of flavor compounds in the navel orange wines produced through the different fermentation methods. The co-fermentation using the three strains significantly enhanced both the quantity and variety of volatile compounds in the navel orange wine, concomitant with heightened total phenol and flavonoid levels. Furthermore, a notable improvement was observed in the free radical scavenging activity. A sensory evaluation was carried out to analyze the differences among the various navel orange wines, shedding light on the impact of different wine yeasts and co-fermentation with LAB on the quality of navel orange wines.

Discovery of a Novel Bioactive Compound in Orange Peel Polar Fraction on the Inhibition of Trimethylamine and Trimethylamine N-Oxide through Metabolomics Approaches and In Vitro and In Vivo Assays: Feruloylputrescine Inhibits Trimethylamine via Suppressing cntA/B Enzyme.

This study compares the inhibitory effects of orange peel polar fraction (OPP) and orange peel nonpolar fraction (OPNP) on trimethylamine (TMA) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) production in response to l-carnitine treatment in vivo and in vitro. Metabolomics is used to identify bioactive compounds. The research demonstrates that the OPP effectively regulates atherosclerosis-related markers, TMA and TMAO in plasma and urine, compared to the OPNP. Our investigation reveals that these inhibitory effects are independent of changes in gut microbiota composition. The effects are attributed to the modulation of cntA/B enzyme activity and FMO3 mRNA expression in vitro. Moreover, OPP exhibits stronger inhibitory effects on TMA production than OPNP, potentially due to its higher content of feruloylputrescine, which displays the highest inhibitory activity on the cntA/B enzyme and TMA production. These findings suggest that the OPP containing feruloylputrescine has the potential to alleviate cardiovascular diseases by modulating cntA/B and FMO3 enzymes without directly influencing gut microbiota composition.

Plackett-Burman screening of physico-chemical variables affecting Citrus peel-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity.

With the growing resistance of pathogenic microbes to traditional drugs, biogenic silver nanoparticles (SNPs) have recently drawn attention as potent antimicrobial agents. In the present study, SNPs synthesized with the aid of orange (Citrus sinensis) peel were engineered by screening variables affecting their properties via Plackett-Burman design. Among the variables screened (temperature, pH, shaking speed, incubation time, peel extract concentration, AgNO3 concentration and extract/AgNO3 volume ratio), pH was the only variable with significant effect on SNPs synthesis. Therefore, SNPs properties could be enhanced to possess highly regular shape with zeta size of 11.44 nm and zeta potential of - 23.7 mV. SNPs purified, capped and stabilized by cloud point extraction technique were then checked for their antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Listeria innocua, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Candida albicans. The maximum antimicrobial activity of SNPs was recorded against E. coli, L. monocytogenes and C. albicans with clear zone diameter of 33.2, 31.8 and 31.7 mm, respectively. Based on minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of SNPs (300 mg/l) as well as their effect on respiratory chain dehydrogenases, cellular sugar leakage, protein leakage and lipid peroxidation of microbial cells, E. coli was the most affected. Scanning electron microscopy, protein banding and DNA fragmentation proved obvious ultrastructural and molecular alterations of E. coli treated with SNPs. Thus, biogenic SNPs with enhanced properties can be synthesized with the aid of Citrus peel; and such engineered nanoparticles can be used as potent antimicrobial drug against E. coli.

Nigella sativa, Anthemis hyaline and Citrus sinensis extracts reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication by fluctuating Rho GTPase, PI3K-AKT, and MAPK/ERK pathways in HeLa-CEACAM1a cells.

Traditional remedies have long utilized Anthemis hyaline, Nigella sativa, and Citrus sinensis peel extracts as treatments for microbial infections. This study aimed to investigate the influence of Anthemis hyaline, Nigella sativa, and Citrus sinensis extracts on coronavirus replication and apoptosis-related pathways. HeLa-CEACAM1a cells were exposed to mouse hepatitis virus-A59. After viral inoculation, the mRNA levels of 36 genes were quantified using a Fluidigm Dynamic Array nanofluidic chip. IL-8 level and intracellular Ca2+ concentration was measured, and viral titer was assessed by the TCID50/ml assay to detect the extent of infection. Treatment with Nigella sativa extract surged the inflammatory cytokine IL-8 level at both 24 and 48-hour. Changes in gene expression were notable for RHOA, VAV3, ROCK2, CFL1, RASA1, and MPRIP genes following treatment with any of the extracts. The addition of Anthemis hyaline, Nigella sativa, or Citrus sinensis extracts to coronavirus-infected cells reduced viral presence, with Anthemis hyaline extract leading to a virtually undetectable viral load at 6- and 8-hours after infection. While all treatments influenced IL-8 production and viral levels, Anthemis hyaline extract displayed the most pronounced reduction in viral load. Consequently, Anthemis hyaline extract emerges as the most promising agent, harboring potential therapeutic compounds.

Brevipalpus yothersi Baker (Tenuipalpidae) development in sweet orange plants is influenced by previous mite infestation and the presence of shelters.

Citrus leprosis is the most important viral disease affecting citrus. The disease is caused predominantly by CiLV-C and is transmitted by Brevipalpus yothersi Baker mites. This study brings some insight into the colonization of B. yothersi in citrus [(Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae)] previously infested by viruliferous or non-viruliferous B. yothersi. It also assesses the putative role of shelters on the behavior of B. yothersi. Expression of PR1 and PR4 genes, markers of plant defense mechanisms, were evaluated by RT-qPCR to correlate the role of the plant hormonal changes during the tri-trophic virus-mite-plant interplay. A previous infestation with either non-viruliferous and viruliferous mites positively influenced oviposition and the number of adult individuals in the resulting populations. Mite populations were higher on branches that had received a previous mite infestation than branches that did not. There was an increase in the expression of PR4, a marker gene in the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway, in the treatment with non-viruliferous mites, indicating a response from the plant to their feeding. Conversely, an induced expression of PR1, a marker gene in the salicylic acid (SA) pathway, was observed mainly in the treatment with viruliferous mites, which suggests the activation of a plant response against the pathogen. The earlier mite infestation, as well as the presence of leprosis lesions and a gypsum mixture as artificial shelters, all fostered the growth of the B. yothersi populations after the second infestation, regardless of the presence or absence of CiLV-C. Furthermore, it is suggested that B. yothersi feeding actually induces the JA pathway in plants. At the same time, the CiLV-C represses the JA pathway and induces the SA pathway, which benefits the mite vector.

Climate changes altered the citrus fruit quality: A 9-year case study in China.

Global climate change has significantly impacted the production of various crops, particularly long-term fruit-bearing plants such as citrus. This study analyzed the fruit quality of 12 citrus orchards (Citrus Sinensis L.Osbeck cv. Bingtang) in a subtropical region in Yunnan, China from 2014 to 2022. The results indicated that high rainfall (>220 mm) and low cumulative temperature (<3150 °C) promoted increases in titratable acidity (>1.8 %) in young fruits. As the fruits further expanded (with a horizontal diameter increasing from 50 to 65 mm), excessive rainfall (300-400 mm), lower cumulative temperature (<2400 °C), and a reduced diurnal temperature range (<10 °C) hindered decreases in titratable acidity. Conversely, low rainfall (<220 mm), high cumulative temperature (>3150 °C), and a high diurnal temperature range (>14 °C) promoted the accumulation of soluble solids in young fruits (9 %) at 120 days after flowering (DAF). Furthermore, low rainfall (<100 mm) favored the accumulation of soluble solids (1.5 %) during fruit expansion (195-225DAF). To quantify the relationship between fruit acidity and climate variables at 120 DAF, we developed a regression model, which was further validated by actual measurements and accurately predicted fruit acidity in 2023. Our findings have the potential to assist citrus growers in optimizing cultivation techniques for the production of high-quality citrus under increasingly variable climatic conditions.

Characterization of Type1 Lipid Transfer Protein from Citrus sinensis: Unraveling its potential as an antimicrobial and insecticidal agent.

Lipid Transfer Protein1 (LTP1) is a cationic, multifaceted protein belonging to the pathogenesis-related protein (PR14) family. Despite being involved in diverse physiological processes and defense mechanisms, the precise in-vivo role of LTP1 remains undiscovered. This work presents the characterization of recombinant Citrus sinensis LTP1 (CsLTP1) along with lipid binding studies through in-silico and in-vitro approaches. CsLTP1 demonstrated great thermal and pH stability with a huge biotechnological potential. It showed in-vitro binding capacity with jasmonic acid and lipids involved in regulating plant immune responses. Gene expression profiling indicated a significant upregulation of CsLTP1 in Candidatus-infected Citrus plants. CsLTP1 disrupted the cell membrane integrity of various pathogens, making it a potent antimicrobial agent. Further, in-vivo antimicrobial and insecticidal properties of CsLTP1 have been explored. The impact of exogenous CsLTP1 treatment on rice crop metabolism for managing blight disease has been studied using GC-MS. CsLTP1 triggered crucial metabolic pathways in rice plants while controlling the blight disease. CsLTP1 effectively inhibited Helicoverpa armigera larvae by impeding mid-gut α-amylase activity and obstructing its developmental stages. This study highlights the pivotal role of CsLTP1 in plant defense by offering insights for developing multi-target therapeutic agent or disease-resistant varieties to comprehensively tackle the challenges towards crop protection.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the MADS gene family in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) infested with pathogenic bacteria.

The risk of pathogenic bacterial invasion in plantations has increased dramatically due to high environmental climate change and has seriously affected sweet orange fruit quality. MADS genes allow plants to develop increased resistance, but functional genes for resistance associated with pathogen invasion have rarely been reported. MADS gene expression profiles were analyzed in sweet orange leaves and fruits infested with Lecanicillium psalliotae and Penicillium digitatum, respectively. Eighty-two MADS genes were identified from the sweet orange genome, and they were classified into five prime subfamilies concerning the Arabidopsis MADS gene family, of which the MIKC subfamily could be subdivided into 13 minor subfamilies. Protein structure analysis showed that more than 93% of the MADS protein sequences of the same subfamily between sweet orange and Arabidopsis were very similar in tertiary structure, with only CsMADS8 and AG showing significant differences. The variability of MADS genes protein structures between sweet orange and Arabidopsis subgroups was less than the variabilities of protein structures within species. Chromosomal localization and covariance analysis showed that these genes were unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes, with the most genes on chromosome 9 and the least on chromosome 2, with 36 and two, respectively. Four pairs of tandem and 28 fragmented duplicated genes in the 82 MADS gene sequences were found in sweet oranges. GO (Gene Ontology) functional enrichment and expression pattern analysis showed that the functional gene CsMADS46 was strongly downregulated of sweet orange in response to biotic stress adversity. It is also the first report that plants' MADS genes are involved in the biotic stress responses of sweet oranges. For the first time, L. psalliotae was experimentally confirmed to be the causal agent of sweet orange leaf spot disease, which provides a reference for the research and control of pathogenic L. psalliotae.

Rapid and sensitive quantitation of amitraz in orange, tomato, and eggplant samples using immunochromatographic assay.

Amitraz (AMT) is a broad-spectrum formamidine insecticide and acaricide. In this study, we produced an anti-AMT monoclonal antibody (mAb) with high performance. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of the anti-AMT mAb was 4.418 ng/mL, the cross reactivity with other insecticides was negligible, and an affinity constant was 2.06 × 109 mmol/L. Additionally, we developed an immunochromatographic assay for the rapid detection of AMT residues in oranges, tomatoes, and eggplants. The cut-off values were 2000 µg/kg in oranges and tomato samples and 1000 µg/kg in eggplant samples and the calculated limits of detection were 14.521 µg/kg, 6.281 µg/kg, and 3.518 µg/kg in oranges, tomatoes, and eggplants, respectively, meeting the detection requirements for AMT in fruits and vegetables. The recovery rates ranged between 95.8 % and 105.2 %, consistent with the recovery rates obtained via LC-MS/MS. Our developed immunochromatographic assay can effectively, accurately, and rapidly determine AMT residues in oranges, tomatoes, and eggplants.

Allergy to Gibberellin-regulated proteins in an adolescent: A case of orange-induced anaphylaxis mediated by cofactors.

This report is a case of anaphylaxis in an adolescent due to allergy to gibberellin-regulated proteins mediated by cofactors, in probable relation to a pollen/food allergy syndrome. It should also emphasizes the importance of obtaining a faithful clinical history, especially when it comes to adolescent patients as they tend to initiate toxic habits.

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) GATA Family Reveals a Role for CsGATA12 as a Regulator of Citrus Bacterial Canker Resistance.

Citrus bacterial canker (CBC) is a severe bacterial infection caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), which continues to adversely impact citrus production worldwide. Members of the GATA family are important regulators of plant development and regulate plant responses to particular stressors. This report aimed to systematically elucidate the Citrus sinensis genome to identify and annotate genes that encode GATAs and evaluate the functional importance of these CsGATAs as regulators of CBC resistance. In total, 24 CsGATAs were identified and classified into four subfamilies. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal locations, collinear relationships, gene structures, and conserved domains for each of these GATA family members were also evaluated. It was observed that Xcc infection induced some CsGATAs, among which CsGATA12 was chosen for further functional validation. CsGATA12 was found to be localized in the nucleus and was differentially upregulated in the CBC-resistant and CBC-sensitive Kumquat and Wanjincheng citrus varieties. When transiently overexpressed, CsGATA12 significantly reduced CBC resistance with a corresponding increase in abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and antioxidant enzyme levels. These alterations were consistent with lower levels of salicylic acid, ethylene, and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, the bacteria-induced CsGATA12 gene silencing yielded the opposite phenotypic outcomes. This investigation highlights the important role of CsGATA12 in regulating CBC resistance, underscoring its potential utility as a target for breeding citrus varieties with superior phytopathogen resistance.

Strategies for using magnetic beads in enhanced deep eutectic solvent-mechanochemical extraction of natural products from orange peels.

To address the challenges of low recovery, prolonged extraction times, and environmental pollution caused by toxic solvents in traditional extraction methods, magnetic bead-enhanced deep eutectic solvent mechanochemical extraction was developed for extracting natural products from orange peels. The extraction efficiencies of deep eutectic solvents were experimentally evaluated, and theoretical methods were used to guide solvent selection. Choline chloride-ethylene glycol demonstrated the highest efficiency under the optimal extraction conditions: a molar ratio of 1:2, no water content, a solid-liquid ratio of 0.08 g/mL, and an extraction time of 60 s. The synergy between the deep eutectic solvent and magnetic bead-enhanced the mechanochemical extraction efficiencies. The study also examined the effects of different magnetic bead types and orange peel powder particle sizes on extraction efficiency, finding that a 0.11 mm particle size combined with CIP@SiO2 yielded the best results. Overall, this study holds promise as an environmentally friendly and efficient extraction method.

Allergy to Gibberellin-regulated proteins in an adolescent: A case of orange-induced anaphylaxis mediated by cofactors / Alergia a proteínas reguladas por giberelinas en un adolescente: un caso de anafilaxia inducida por naranja mediada por cofactores

This report is a case of anaphylaxis in an adolescent due to allergy to gibberellin-regulated proteins mediated by cofactors, in probable relation to a pollen/food allergy syndrome. It should also emphasizes the importance of obtaining a faithful clinical history, especially when it comes to adolescent patients as they tend to initiate toxic habits.(AU)