CA²JU: an Assistive Tool for Children with Cerebral Palsy.

This paper presents CA2JU, a hardware/software tool that aims to help individuals with severe speech or language problems in their communication in order to promote their social and digital inclusion. CA2JU is composed of two applications: CA2JU Accelerated, which makes typing faster by suggesting potential words to the user; and CA2JU Illustrated, which automatically converts a sentence of words into a sequence of pictographic symbols, allowing a user familiar with the symbols to verify whether the written sentence is correct. We have implemented, evaluated in a controlled scenario, and deployed CA2JU in a real environment with children with cerebral palsy. In the controlled settings, the results confirm CA2JU Accelerated speed up typing by reducing the number of clicks made by users, and CA2JU Illustrated obtained high accuracy by suggesting the correct pictograms from sentences. In the real scenario, the two use cases show that the children improved their communication and linguistic abilities.

A robot for verifying the precision of total reaction time measurement

The level of variability in psychomotor behavior and the use of several distinct sets of equipments in Reaction Time (RT) assessments might jeopardize the validity and reliability of such measures. This study presents the development and verification of Emboici Robot-a robot capable of performing accurate RT assessments consisting of response to a visual stimulus by pressing a button-whose purpose is to measure the accuracy of RT assessments. We evaluated the accuracy and precision on four different days, each providing 300 measurements. These assessments generated a RT of 46.95ms (+6.04). No significant effects were found in the RTs obtained and, as a result, there is evidence that the Emboici Robot is stable, reliable, and precise. The robot can be a viable solution for verifying precision and accuracy of any given software with simple RT assessments with visual stimulus requiring as response the pressing of a button or key.

A variabilidade do comportamento psicomotor e o uso de diferentes equipamentos para medidas de Tempo de Reação (TR) podem comprometer a validade e fidedignidade destas medidas. Este estudo desenvolve e valida o Emboici Robot-um robô capaz de responder a estímulos visuais com o pressionamento de um botão-para medir a precisão e acurácia das medidas de TR visual. Avaliou-se as medidas de TR em quatro ocasiões, com 300 medidas em cada uma. Estas medidas geraram um TR de 46,95ms (+6,04). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos TRs obtidos pelo Emboici Robot, e os resultados demonstram evidências de que o Emboici Robot é estável, fidedigno e preciso para a obtenção de medidas de TR, podendo ser uma solução viável para verificar a precisão e acurácia de qualquer software com testes de TR simples com estímulo visual que requeira o pressionamento de um botão ou tecla para a resposta.

La variabilidad de comportamiento psicomotor y el uso de diferentes equipos para medidas de tiempo de reacción (TR) pueden poner en peligro la validez y fiabilidad de estas medidas. Este estudio desarrolla y valida Emboici Robot-capaz de responder con precisión a los estímulos visuales con sólo pulsar un botón-para medir la precisión y la exactitud de las medidas de TR visuales. Se evaluaron las medidas de TR en cuatro ocasiones, con 300 pasos cada uno. Estas medidas generaron un TR de 46,95ms (+6,04). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los TR obtenidos por Emboici Robot. Los resultados mostraron que Emboici robot es estable, confiable y preciso para la obtención de mediciones de TR, y puede ser una solución viable para verificar la exactitud y la precisión de cualquier software con pruebas de TR con estímulo visual simple que requieren presionar un botón o clave para la respuesta.

Gyroscope-driven mouse pointer with an EMOTIV® EEG headset and data analysis based on Empirical Mode Decomposition.

This paper presents a project on the development of a cursor control emulating the typical operations of a computer-mouse, using gyroscope and eye-blinking electromyographic signals which are obtained through a commercial 16-electrode wireless headset, recently released by Emotiv. The cursor position is controlled using information from a gyroscope included in the headset. The clicks are generated through the user's blinking with an adequate detection procedure based on the spectral-like technique called Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). EMD is proposed as a simple and quick computational tool, yet effective, aimed to artifact reduction from head movements as well as a method to detect blinking signals for mouse control. Kalman filter is used as state estimator for mouse position control and jitter removal. The detection rate obtained in average was 94.9%. Experimental setup and some obtained results are presented.

Biomechanics and performance when using a standard and a vertical computer mouse.

OBJECTIVE: to compare the biomechanics and performance while using a vertical computer mouse (VM) and a standard mouse (SM). METHODS: muscle activation (electromyography), forearm movements (electrogoniometers), performance (Fitts' Law test) and satisfaction (questionnaire) of 16 subjects were evaluated. RESULTS: there were significant differences between the VM and the SM, respectively, on motion (28° vs. 42° pronation, p = 0.001; 5° ulnar vs. 7° radial deviation, p = 0.016) and muscle activity (13% vs. 16% of extensor carpi activity, p = 0.006; 10% vs. 13% extensor digitorum activity, p = 0.001). VM user satisfaction was good (68); however, time to target was longer (4.2 vs. 3.4 s, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: using the VM decreased wrist pronation and lowered wrist extensor muscle activity, but additional training and familiarisation time may be required to improve user performance. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY: Using a vertical mouse can decrease the exposure to biomechanical risk factors for computer mouse use-related musculoskeletal disorders. Using a vertical computer mouse resulted in less wrist pronation and lower wrist extensor muscle activity. But, training and familiarisation are required.

Product evaluation based in the association between intuition and tasks.

This paper explores the importance of researching the intuitiveness in the product use. It approaches the intuitiveness influence for users that already had a visual experience of the product. Finally, it is suggested the use of a table that relates the tasks performed while using a product, the features for an intuitive use and the performance metric "task success".

Design of experiment with emphasis on intuitive use.

The article presents a step in the design of an experiment that has an emphasis on the following research question: how to assess the user friendliness of products in use? For this purpose, we developed three different approaches involving the use of products in intuitiveness. In this table, were removed some information regarding the positive aspects. These were broken down into procedures to be performed for an experiment with the same scope.

Electrical transport and field-effect transistors using inkjet-printed SWCNT films having different functional side groups.

The electrical properties of random networks of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) obtained by inkjet printing are studied. Water-based stable inks of functionalized SWNTs (carboxylic acid, amide, poly(ethylene glycol), and polyaminobenzene sulfonic acid) were prepared and applied to inkjet deposit microscopic patterns of nanotube films on lithographically defined silicon chips with a back-side gate arrangement. Source-drain transfer characteristics and gate-effect measurements confirm the important role of the chemical functional groups in the electrical behavior of carbon nanotube networks. Considerable nonlinear transport in conjunction with a high channel current on/off ratio of approximately 70 was observed with poly(ethylene glycol)-functionalized nanotubes. The positive temperature coefficient of channel resistance shows the nonmetallic behavior of the inkjet-printed films. Other inkjet-printed field-effect transistors using carboxyl-functionalized nanotubes as source, drain, and gate electrodes, poly(ethylene glycol)-functionalized nanotubes as the channel, and poly(ethylene glycol) as the gate dielectric were also tested and characterized.

Development and evaluation of a head-controlled human-computer interface with mouse-like functions for physically disabled users.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to develop a pointing device controlled by head movement that had the same functions as a conventional mouse and to evaluate the performance of the proposed device when operated by quadriplegic users. METHODS: Ten individuals with cervical spinal cord injury participated in functional evaluations of the developed pointing device. The device consisted of a video camera, computer software, and a target attached to the front part of a cap, which was placed on the user's head. The software captured images of the target coming from the video camera and processed them with the aim of determining the displacement from the center of the target and correlating this with the movement of the computer cursor. Evaluation of the interaction between each user and the proposed device was carried out using 24 multidirectional tests with two degrees of difficulty. RESULTS: According to the parameters of mean throughput and movement time, no statistically significant differences were observed between the repetitions of the tests for either of the studied levels of difficulty. CONCLUSIONS: The developed pointing device adequately emulates the movement functions of the computer cursor. It is easy to use and can be learned quickly when operated by quadriplegic individuals.

Electromyography of the upper limbs during computer work: a comparison of 2 wrist orthoses in healthy adults.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of wrist orthoses on the electromyography activities of the extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, and fibers of the upper trapezius muscles during computer work. DESIGN: A randomized, 3 x 2 factorial design: orthoses (no orthosis, wearing a custom-made orthosis, wearing a commercial orthosis) and tasks (typing, using the mouse). SETTING: Laboratory for biomechanics and rehabilitation. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy university students (N=23), ranging from 18 to 26 years of age. INTERVENTION: Study volunteers performed standardized tasks such as typing and using the mouse while wearing 1 of 2 types of wrist orthoses or no orthosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We used surface electromyography and considered 100% maximum voluntary contraction to represent the amplitude of electromyographic activity. RESULTS: We observed a significant increase in the electromyographic activity of the trapezius (P<.05) with the use of orthoses. No significant difference was observed in the activities of the flexor digitorum superficialis or extensor carpi ulnaris in participants who typed with or without orthoses (P>.05). However, when the participants used the mouse, the extensor muscle presented an increase in activity with both orthoses, and the same pattern was observed in the flexor muscle when the volunteers used the custom-made orthosis. CONCLUSIONS: Wrist orthoses affected the muscle activities in the upper limbs of healthy adults who were using a computer. Electromyographic activity increased in the trapezius when the subjects used either type of orthosis, and the same pattern was observed in the extensor carpi ulnaris when the subjects used the mouse. The flexor digitorum superficialis presented an increase in activity only when the subjects worked with the mouse and used a custom-made splint.

Development and evaluation of a head-controlled human-computer interface with mouse-like functions for physically disabled users

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to develop a pointing device controlled by head movement that had the same functions as a conventional mouse and to evaluate the performance of the proposed device when operated by quadriplegic users. METHODS: Ten individuals with cervical spinal cord injury participated in functional evaluations of the developed pointing device. The device consisted of a video camera, computer software, and a target attached to the front part of a cap, which was placed on the user's head. The software captured images of the target coming from the video camera and processed them with the aim of determining the displacement from the center of the target and correlating this with the movement of the computer cursor. Evaluation of the interaction between each user and the proposed device was carried out using 24 multidirectional tests with two degrees of difficulty. RESULTS: According to the parameters of mean throughput and movement time, no statistically significant differences were observed between the repetitions of the tests for either of the studied levels of difficulty. CONCLUSIONS: The developed pointing device adequately emulates the movement functions of the computer cursor. It is easy to use and can be learned quickly when operated by quadriplegic individuals.

Simple synchronic detection at audio frequencies through a PC sound card.

We present a simple personal computer based, synchronic detection system that emulates a lock-in amplifier at audio frequencies. The inputs of the sound card are used to acquire two sets of samples: the one to be measured, previously preamplified, and the reference. From the last one, two "quasiorthogonal" signals are derived to perform dual-phase detection. The procedure is fast and compares favorably with a benchtop lock-in amplifier. In the band from 100 Hz to 20 kHz we obtained average amplitude and phase errors below 1% and 0.1 degrees, respectively.

Patógenos hospitalares resistentes em teclados de computadores / Hospitalar pathogens resistant in computers keyboards

Os computadores hospitalares são fômites novos e desconhecidos e sua introdução nos quartos dos pacientes já é uma realidade em alguns hospitais modernos. Cinqüenta amostras de teclados de computadores desktop hospitalares foram examinadas no período de agosto a outubro de 2005. Microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios foram detectados em 82 por cento (41/50) dos teclados examinados; fungos em 84 por cento (42/50); enterococos em 24 por cento (12/50) e estafilococos em 28 por cento (14/50) dos teclados. O nível de contaminação nos teclados foi compatível com o encontrado em diversas superfícies. Porém, Staphylococcus sp. coagulase-positivos (8 por cento) e Enterococcus sp. (25 por cento), com perfis de resistência monitorados pelos sistemas internacionais de vigilância, foram encontrados, caracterizando-os como fontes potenciais na disseminação de patógenos hospitalares. O uso de uma cobertura protetora, a desinfecção periódica e uma política de uso que dificulte a disseminação de patógenos são recomendados.

Comparação de dois tipos de mouse por meio de eletroneuromiografia de superfície / Comparison of two types of computer mouse by surface electromyography

O mouse é um periférico muito usado em informática, todavia seu uso por tempo prolongado pode levar a sobrecarga da musculatura do antebraço resultados em quadros dolorosos. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar se um novo mouse, com desenho que respeita leis biomecânicas da mão e punho, estaria associado a menor sobrecarga muscular que um modelo convencional. Vinte usuários habituais de computador sadios participaram de um estudo do tipo cross-over, no qual a atividade muscular dos músculos trapézio, extensor do carpo e flexor do polegar foi captada por meio de eletroneuromiografia de superfície durante a realização de atividades simples como jogar paciência por 10 minutos e deslocar-se numa planilha.Também foram aplicados questionários sobre aparecimento de sintomas em membros superiores após o uso de cada mouse. Por meio da integração do sinal elétrico nos períodos de tempo da captação, o esforço muscular pode ser quantificado para processamento estatístico. Apenas em extensores do carpo foi observada redução estatisticamente significante da solicitação muscular, mesmo assim, apenas ao jogar Paciência. O posicionamento do punho proporcionado pelo mouse em teste facilitou a manutenção dessa articulação em posição de preparo para o acionamento dos botões do mouse reduzindo a atividade muscular. Seu uso rotineiro pode ser uma estratégia para a prevenção de dores em membros superiores de usuários de computadores e para o controle sintomático naqueles que já apresentam alguma lesão local.

The use of a reflective scanner to study radiochromic film response.

GafChromic MD-55-2 film response was studied using a flatbed, reflective Microtek ScanMaker E3 scanner, under different conditions to optimize its use. Irradiations were performed using 60Co gamma rays in a 0-300 Gy dose interval to produce a calibrated step wedge. A 24-bit colour-scale mode along with image splitting into its red, green and blue components is suggested as an improved dosimetry method over a 256 grey level (8-bit) mode, extending the dynamic range for this film. Diverse film orientation and positioning, a black or a white background, and individual step film scanning were evaluated. Unwanted normalization is overcome by adding reference black and white steps adjacent to the radiochromic film, ensuring reproducibility. The use of a red filter was found to be equivalent to the use of the red component of the image after image colour splitting. The useful range for MD-55-2 film is extended up to 300 Gy if colour components, other than red, are used to evaluate the response. Comparisons with optical density measurements show that inexpensive commercial scanners might be a good alternative to densitometers.

Mouses adaptados para pessoas com limitaçöes motoras / Adaptated mouses for persons with motor limitation

Foram desenvolvidos dois protótipos com o objetivo de facilitar a utilizaçäo do computador a pessoas portadoras d deficiência de coordenaçäo motora. Os produtos foram desenvolvidos em funçäo das dificuldades observadas no pessoal atendido pelo Centro de Valorizaçäo da Vida Independente- CVI, de Maringá. As pessoas que colaboraram testando esses protótipos possuem deficiências distintas, ocasionadas por paralisia cerebral, lesäo medular e má formaçäo fetal.

A microcomputer program for automated neuronal spike detection and analysis.

A system for on-line spike detection and analysis based on an IBM PC/AT compatible computer, written in TURBO PASCAL 6.0 and using commercially available analog-to-digital hardware is described here. Spikes are detected by an adaptive threshold which varies as a function of signal mean and its variability. Since the threshold value is determined automatically by the signal-to-noise ratio analysis, the user is not actively involved in controlling its level. This program has been reliably used for the detection and analysis of the spike discharge of vestibular system afferent neurons. It generates the interval-joint distribution graph, the interval histogram, the autocorrelation function, the autocorrelation histogram, and phase-space graphs, thus, providing a complete set of graphical and statistical data for the characterization of the dynamics of neuronal spike activity. Data can be exported to other software such as Excel, Sigmaplot and MatLab, for example.