Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis): Biomonitoring and Potential Human Health Effects.

Organochloride (OC) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations were determined in the muscle tissue of fifty sardine samples (Sardinella brasiliensis) sampled off the south-east Brazilian shelf. The aim herein was to investigate OCs and PCBs composition profile, bioaccumulation potential and human risks. The concentrations of 18 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were below the method limit of quantification in most samples (ca. 94%), with few detected, namely δ-HCH, γ-HCH, Endosulfan I and II, Endosulfan Sulphate, DDE, Dieldrin, Endrin, Endrin Aldeide, Endrin Cetone and Metoxyclor. The median concentration for the Σ41 PCBs was 2.32 ng g-1, ranging from values below the limit of quantification (

Pesticide residues in Junca Onion (Allium fistulosum) cultivated in Risaralda, Colombia / Resíduos de pesticidas na Cebola Junca (Allium fistulosum) cultivada em Risaralda, Colômbia

By 2050, the world population will reach 9.2 billion, increasing the food demand by twice. Lowering loss due to pests is still challenging, where pesticides play an important role, but its indiscriminate use causes inadequate residual amounts to be present in foods. This study aims to monitor the organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residuality in Allium fistulosum cultivated in Risaralda, Colombia using gaschromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This method presented a highly sensitive (LOD: 0.11-7.15 µg kg-¹), acceptable precision (RSD: 0.83-1.35%) and recoveries percentages between 46.32% - 118.67%. A greater presence of organochlorine pesticides banned or severely restricted by the Rotterdam agreement, such as 4,4'-DDT, was reported in samples of Allium fistulosum, with concentrations up to 221.22 μg kg-¹, while endrin with a concentration of 469.23 μg kg-¹ and its degradation products which exceed the maximum residue limite (MRL) for plant samples, reported by the Codex Alimentarius. According to this MRL, it was found that 73.1% of the samples have residual exceeding the allowed limit of organochlorine pesticides by more than forty times, posing a risk to human health and the ecosystem. Continuous monitoring and strict governmental control are required to reduce the exposure of humans and other living beings.

Em 2050 a população mundial chegará a 9.2 bilhões, aumentando a demanda por alimentos em duas vezes. Diminuir as perdas devido a pragas ainda é um desafio, onde os pesticidas desempenham um papel importante, mas seu uso indiscriminado faz com que quantidades residuais inadequadas estejam presentes nos alimentos. Este estudo tem como objetivo monitorar a concentração residual de pesticidas organoclorados e organofosforados em cebola junca (Allium fistulosum) cultivada na Colômbia, como ou uso de GC-MS. O método usado tem alta sensibilidade (LOD: 0.11-7.15 µg kg-¹), precisão aceitável precision (RSD: 0.83-1.35%) e percentagens de recuperações entre 46.32% - 118.67%. Pesticidas clorados proibidos pela Convenção de Roterdã foram encontrados nas amostras com concentrações acima de 221.22 μg kg-¹, enquanto endrin com uma concentração de 469.23 μg kg-¹ e seus produtos de degradação que excedem o limite máximo de resíduos (LMR) para amostras de plantas. De acordo como LMR do Codex Alimentarius, constatou-se que 73.1% das amostras têm residual superior ao limite permitido de pesticidas organoclorados em mais de 40 vezes, o que representa um risco para a saúde humana e ecossistema. Monitoramento contínuo e rigoroso controle governamental são necessários para reduzir a exposição de seres humanos e outros seres vivos.

Pesticide residues in Junca Onion (Allium fistulosum) cultivated in Risaralda, Colombia / Resíduos de pesticidas na Cebola Junca (Allium fistulosum) cultivada em Risaralda, Colômbia

By 2050, the world population will reach 9.2 billion, increasing the food demand by twice. Lowering loss due to pests is still challenging, where pesticides play an important role, but its indiscriminate use causes inadequate residual amounts to be present in foods. This study aims to monitor the organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residuality in Allium fistulosum cultivated in Risaralda, Colombia using gaschromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This method presented a highly sensitive (LOD: 0.11-7.15 µg kg-¹), acceptable precision (RSD: 0.83-1.35%) and recoveries percentages between 46.32% - 118.67%. A greater presence of organochlorine pesticides banned or severely restricted by the Rotterdam agreement, such as 4,4'-DDT, was reported in samples of Allium fistulosum, with concentrations up to 221.22 μg kg-¹, while endrin with a concentration of 469.23 μg kg-¹ and its degradation products which exceed the maximum residue limite (MRL) for plant samples, reported by the Codex Alimentarius. According to this MRL, it was found that 73.1% of the samples have residual exceeding the allowed limit of organochlorine pesticides by more than forty times, posing a risk to human health and the ecosystem. Continuous monitoring and strict governmental control are required to reduce the exposure of humans and other living beings.(AU)

Em 2050 a população mundial chegará a 9.2 bilhões, aumentando a demanda por alimentos em duas vezes. Diminuir as perdas devido a pragas ainda é um desafio, onde os pesticidas desempenham um papel importante, mas seu uso indiscriminado faz com que quantidades residuais inadequadas estejam presentes nos alimentos. Este estudo tem como objetivo monitorar a concentração residual de pesticidas organoclorados e organofosforados em cebola junca (Allium fistulosum) cultivada na Colômbia, como ou uso de GC-MS. O método usado tem alta sensibilidade (LOD: 0.11-7.15 µg kg-¹), precisão aceitável precision (RSD: 0.83-1.35%) e percentagens de recuperações entre 46.32% - 118.67%. Pesticidas clorados proibidos pela Convenção de Roterdã foram encontrados nas amostras com concentrações acima de 221.22 μg kg-¹, enquanto endrin com uma concentração de 469.23 μg kg-¹ e seus produtos de degradação que excedem o limite máximo de resíduos (LMR) para amostras de plantas. De acordo como LMR do Codex Alimentarius, constatou-se que 73.1% das amostras têm residual superior ao limite permitido de pesticidas organoclorados em mais de 40 vezes, o que representa um risco para a saúde humana e ecossistema. Monitoramento contínuo e rigoroso controle governamental são necessários para reduzir a exposição de seres humanos e outros seres vivos.(AU)

Organochlorine contaminants in Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) eggs from Belize.

Non-viable eggs of Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) were collected from Gold Button (GBL) and New River lagoons (NRL) in northern Belize and screened for organochlorine (OC) compounds using gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detection (ECD). All egg samples from both lagoons (n = 24) tested positive for one or more OCs. Primary contaminants were p,p-DDE and methoxychlor, detected in 100% and 29% of the eggs examined, respectively. Concentrations of individual OC contaminants ranged from 1 ppb (ng chemical/g egg) to > 0.5 ppm (microgram chemical/g egg). Total concentrations of OCs (sum of all OCs) for one egg collected from a nest at GBL reached as high as 0.7 ppm. Sediment samples from both lagoons also tested positive for OCs (lindane, aldrin, methoxychlor, heptachlor epoxide, p,p-DDT, among others). Nest media (soil and plant material) collected from crocodile nests at GBL were positive for p,p-DDT, methoxychlor, aldrin, endosulfan II, and endrin aldehyde. Based on the 24 egg samples analyzed to date, crocodiles from both lagoons are being exposed to OCs. Such exposure may present a health threat to populations of crocodiles in Central America.

Organochlorine contaminants in Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) eggs from Belize

Non-viable eggs of Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletti) were collected from Gold Botton (GBL) and New River lagoons (NRL) in northern Belize and screened for organochlorine (OC) compounds using gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detection (ECD). All egg samples from both lagoons (n=24) tested positive for one or more OCs. Primary contaminants were p,p-DDE and methoxychlor, detected in 100 percent and 29 percent of the eggs examined, respectively. Concentrations of individual OC contaminants ranged from 1 ppb (ng chemical/g egg). Total concentrations of OCs (sum of all OCs) for one egg collected from a nest at GBL reached as high as 0.7 ppm. Sediment samples from both lagoons also tested positive for OCs (lindane, aldrin, methoxychlor, heptachlor epoxide, p, p-DDT, among others). Nest media (soil and plant material) collected from crocodile nests at GBL were positive for p, p-DDT, methoxychlor, aldrin, endosulfan II, and endrin aldehyde. Based on the 24 egg samples analyzed to date, crocodiles from both lagoons are being exposed to OCs. Such exposure may present a health threat to populations of crocodiles in Central America. (AU)

[Endrin poisoning]. / Intoxicación por endrín.

We present the case of a fifteen months female patient, who accidentally ingested "Endrin Helios" (cyclodiene organochlorinated pesticide) surviving this event. Clinical manifestations were generalized seizures without neither neurologic or hepatic damage. A review is made about the mechanism of intoxication with the toxic and also about the publications dealing with endrin.

Intoxicación por endrín / Acute endrin poisoning

Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de un año tres meses de edad quien en forma accidental ingirió "Endrín helios" (insecticida organoclorado ciclodieno) sobreviviendo a este evento. Clínicamente presentó crisis convulsivas sin aparentes secuelas neurológicas o hepáticas. Se realiza una revisión de los mecanismo de intoxicación por este tóxico, así como de la literatura al respecto. Itoxicaciones; crisis convulsivas; endrín, raticidas,; insecticidas

The laboratory's role in environmental health emergency investigations.

An emergency environmental health investigation of a mass poisoning of unknown origin is a multidiscipline effort that requires the cooperation and close communication of epidemiologists, toxicologists, and chemists. The laboratory's role in this effort is important; special instruments, knowledge, and experience are needed. Our approach to such an investigation is discussed and past cases are used as illustrations. The role of the analytical chemist is presented, and the major resources needed for these investigations are described.

Intoxicacion por endrin.Informe de 33 casos. / Endrin poisoning.Report of 33 cases

La intoxicacion por el raticida endrin en 33 pacientes pediatricos se caracterizo por crisis convulsivas de inicio brusco, sin aura o fenomenos sensoriales, que evolucionaron rapidamente al estado epileptico. El laboratorio no aporto datos de interes y el electroencefalograma en 15 pacientes informo activacion centroencefalica paroxistica importante sin asimetrias ni focalizaciones. En dos ninos que murieron la autopsia mostro edema y congestion cerebral con degeneracion neuronal extensa La exposicion al endrin esta propiciada por su venta libre y uso sin control en el hogar lo que definitivamente debe prohibirse dada su peligrosidad y por no existir tratamiento especifico para la intoxicacion

[Fatal endrin poisoning]. / Intoxicación fatal por endrín.

Endrin is a cycladine organic chloride insecticide responsible for fatal poisoning due to food contamination, suicide or occupational cause. The case of an 18 months old infant who ingested Endrin that was being used at home by his parents as raticide is reported. There appeared sudden convulsive crises, coma and death within 24 hours. The pathological findings were unspecific. Experimental studies and clinical observations of other authors that are coincidental with the symptoms shown by this child are discussed. The possible etiopathogenesis of this poisoining, together with the necessity to control this type of toxics, for which there is no antidotal treatment, are also discussed.

D.B.C.P., H.C.H., Dieldrín, Endrín, D.D.T., Acetato de fenil mercurio, Clordano, Aramite, Aldrín, Metoxicloro, H.C.B., Endosulfán, Heptacloro, Canfeno clorado

Presenta 14 plaguicidas de uso difundido a nivel mundial, analiza sus características químicas, nomenclatura, nombre común, grupo, subgrupo y fórmula estructural. Determina el nivel de toxicidad, sus principales usos, posibles riesgos de manejo, antecedentes internacionales sobre prohibiciones, restricciones y las leyes dictadas sobre sus aplicaciones en la república de Argentina

D.B.C.P., H.C.H., Dieldrín, Endrín, D.D.T., Acetato de fenil mercurio, Clordano, Aramite, Aldrín, Metoxicloro, H.C.B., Endosulfán, Heptacloro, Canfeno clorado

Presenta 14 plaguicidas de uso difundido a nivel mundial, analiza sus características químicas, nomenclatura, nombre común, grupo, subgrupo y fórmula estructural. Determina el nivel de toxicidad, sus principales usos, posibles riesgos de manejo, antecedentes internacionales sobre prohibiciones, restricciones y las leyes dictadas sobre sus aplicaciones en la república de Argentina