DESCRIPTION OF ESOPHAGOSTOMY TUBE PLACEMENT IN TWO GIANT ANTEATER (MYRMECOPHAGA TRIDACTYLA) CADAVERS.

Feeding of managed populations of giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is challenging in injured patients that present with anorexia. This report describes an approach for esophagostomy tube placement in this species. Cadavers of two adult giant anteaters were used for technique development. The animal was positioned in dorsal recumbency, and a guide feeding tube was inserted orally into the esophagus. A ventral midline incision in the midcervical region was made to access the esophagus and to protect submandibular salivary glands. The cervical musculature was dissected and retracted laterally to the right, the vagosympathetic nerve trunk was identified and preserved, and the esophagus was incised over the guide tube. The guide tube was removed to facilitate placement of the definitive tube, which was premeasured from its insertion point in the midcervical area to the level of the seventh-ninth intercostal space. The tube was secured to the cervical skin on the left side with a finger-trap suture.

Esofagotomía y cierre primario por cuerpo extraño en esófago superior / Esophagotomy and primary closure due to foreign body in the upper esophagus

RESUMEN Los cuerpos extraños en el esófago son un problema frecuente en urgencias, debido la mayoría de las veces a ingestión accidental. Presentamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 50 años, sin antecedentes patológicos, que consulta por presentar la ingesta de prótesis dental mientras almorzaba, con posterior disfagia, odinofagia y dolor cervical. Se le realizan radiografías y tomografía computarizada (TC) donde se evidencia imagen radiopaca en esófago cervical. Se interconsulta con el Servicio de Gastroenterología, dada la imposibilidad de extracción de la prótesis por vía endoscópica. Se realiza luego cervicotomía lateral izquierda de emergencia, con esofagotomía, extracción del cuerpo extraño y cierre primario del esófago. La obstrucción del esófago por cuerpos extraños puede ocasionar muchas complicaciones. La consecuente demora en el tratamiento puede llevar a un marcado aumento de la mortalidad. Por eso, en este caso, se prioriza la cirugía ante un riesgo elevado de perforación y hemorragia.

ABSTRACT Esophageal foreign bodies are a common problem in the emergency department, usually due to accidental ingestion. We report the case of a 50-year-old otherwise healthy female patient who sought medical care due to dysphagia, odynophagia and cervical pain after swallowing a partial denture while having lunch. The patient underwent X-rays and a computed tomography (CT) scan which showed a radiopaque image in the upper esophagus. After a failed attempt to remove the denture through endoscopy, surgery was decided via a left lateral emergency cervicotomy with esophagotomy, foreign body removal and primary closure of the esophagus. Esophageal obstruction due to foreign bodies may cause many complications. Treatment delays may result in increased mortality. Thus, in this case we prioritized surgery due to high risk of perforation and bleeding.

Laparoscopic Completion Total Gastrectomy for Remnant Gastric Cancer.

Background: Remnant gastric cancer (RGC) is increasing due to past use of subtotal gastrectomy to treat benign diseases, improvements in the detection of gastric cancer, and increased survival rates after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Laparoscopic access provides the advantages and benefits of minimally invasive surgery. However, laparoscopic completion total gastrectomy (LCTG) for RGC is technically demanding, even for experienced surgeons. Because of its rarity and heterogeneity, no standard surgical strategy has been established and few surgeons will develop technical expertise to carry out this procedure. Aim: To describe our standard technique, giving surgeons a head start in LCTG and report the early experience with this stepwise approach. Materials and Methods: We detail all the steps involved in the procedure, including trocar placement and surgical description. Results: Between 2009 and 2019, a total of 8 patients with past history of RGC were operated with this technique. All patients had been previously operated by open method, 7 due to peptic ulcer disease and 1 due to gastric cancer. Their mean age at the time of the first surgery was 38.9 years (range 25-56 years) and the mean interval between the first and the second gastrectomy was 32.1 years (range 13.6-49). Billroth II was the previous reconstruction in all cases. A 5-trocar technique was used followed by total gastrectomy with side-to-side stapled intracorporeal esophagojejunostomy anastomosis and Roux-en-Y reconstruction. The mean operation time was 272 minutes (range 180-330) and median blood loss was 247 mL (range 50-500). There was no conversion and no major intraoperative complication. Major postoperative complications occurred in 3 patients. Conclusion: Completion total gastrectomy for RGC is a morbid procedure and laparoscopic access is technically feasible, hopefully carrying the benefits of faster recovery, reduced postoperative pain, and wound complications. By standardizing the approach, the learning curve may be shortened and better results achieved.

Obstrução esofágica torácica por corpo estranho em cão: relato de caso

Corpos estranhos (CE) esofágicos são objetos inanimados que podem causar obstrução total ou parcial do lúmen esofágico, comumente causam disfagia, regurgitação e vômito. A casuísta de obstrução por CE esofágico é elevada na clínica de pequenos animais. O tratamento constitui na remoção do CE e correção de possíveis alterações secundárias. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar um caso de obstrução por CE em porção de esôfago torácico, tendo como fim aprofundar conhecimentos a respeito de obstrução esofágica de forma geral, desde as manifestações clínicas, achados aos exames complementares, diagnóstico e terapêutica.

Esophageal foreign bodies (FB) are inanimate objects that can cause total or partial obstruction of the esophageal lumen, commonly causing dysphagia, regurgitation and vomiting. The number of esophageal FB obstruction is high in the small animal clinic. Treatment consists of removing the FB and correcting secondary changes. Thus, the objective of the present study was to report a case of obstruction by a FB in a group of thoracic esophagus, with the purpose of deepening the knowledge about esophageal obstruction in general, from clinical manifestations, findings to complementary exams, diagnosis and technical.

Effect of the celexoxib in microscopic changes of the esophageal mucosal of rats induced by esofagojejunostomy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effect of celecoxib in the esophageal mucosa in rats undergoing esofagojejunostomy. METHODS: Sixty male Wistar rats from the vivarium of the University of Health Sciences of Alagoas were used for the experiment. The animals were divided into four groups: Group I, 15 rats undergoing esofagojejunostomy with the use of celecoxib postoperatively; Group II, 15 rats undergoing esofagojejunostomy without the use of celecoxib; Group III, 15 rats undergoing celiotomy with bowel manipulation; and Group IV, 15 rats without surgery and using celecoxib. The observation period was 90 days. After the death of the animals, the distal segment of the esophagus was resected and sent for microscopic analysis. RESULTS: esofagojejunostomy caused macroscopic and microscopic esophagitis. Esophagitis was equal in both groups I and II. In groups III and IV esophageal lesions were not developed. CONCLUSIONS: celecoxib had neither protective nor inducing effect on esophagitis, but had a protective effect on dysplasia of the animals of group I.

Effect of the celexoxib in microscopic changes of the esophageal mucosal of rats induced by esofagojejunostomy / Efeito do celecoxibe nas alterações microscópicas da mucosa esofágica de ratos causadas por esofagojejunostomia

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effect of celecoxib in the esophageal mucosa in rats undergoing esofagojejunostomy. METHODS: Sixty male Wistar rats from the vivarium of the University of Health Sciences of Alagoas were used for the experiment. The animals were divided into four groups: Group I, 15 rats undergoing esofagojejunostomy with the use of celecoxib postoperatively; Group II, 15 rats undergoing esofagojejunostomy without the use of celecoxib; Group III, 15 rats undergoing celiotomy with bowel manipulation; and Group IV, 15 rats without surgery and using celecoxib. The observation period was 90 days. After the death of the animals, the distal segment of the esophagus was resected and sent for microscopic analysis. RESULTS: esofagojejunostomy caused macroscopic and microscopic esophagitis. Esophagitis was equal in both groups I and II. In groups III and IV esophageal lesions were not developed. CONCLUSIONS: celecoxib had neither protective nor inducing effect on esophagitis, but had a protective effect on dysplasia of the animals of group I. .

OBJETIVO: avaliar o efeito do celecoxibe como função protetora na mucosa esofágica, em ratos machos Wistar, submetidos à esofagojejunostomia. MÉTODOS: sessenta animais oriundos do biotério da Universidade de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas foram utilizados para o experimento. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: Grupo I, 15 ratos que foram submetidos à esofagojejustomia e que utilizaram o celecoxibe no pós-operatório, Grupo II, 15 ratos submetidos à esofagojejunostomia sem uso de celecoxibe, Grupo III, 15 ratos submetidos à celiotomia com manipulação de alças, e Grupo IV, 15 ratos sem cirurgia e que utilizaram celecoxibe. O período de observação foi de 90 dias. Após a morte dos animais, o seguimento distal do esôfago foi ressecado e enviado para análise macro e microscópicas. RESULTADOS: a esofagojejunostomia causou esofagite macro e microscópica. A esofagite foi igual tanto no grupo I quanto no II. Nos animais dos grupos III e IV não foram desenvolvidas lesões esofagianas. CONCLUSÕES: o celecoxibe não teve efeito protetor nem indutor nas esofagites, mas obteve efeito protetor nas displasias dos animais do grupo I. .

Endoprótesis recubierta en el manejo de la fístula cervical tras esofaguectomía / Covered stent in the management of cervical anastomotic leaks after esophaguectomy

Small cervical esophageal anastomotic leaks are usually treated conservatively, with considerable delays to oral feeding and a prolonged hospital stay. Self-expanding covered stents endoscopically placed are suggested as an alternative treatment. We report our hospital experience with covered stents, with good functional results but also potential morbidity.

La fístula anastomótica esofágica cervical suele manejarse de forma conservadora, lo que retrasa el inicio de la alimentación oral y prolonga la estancia hospitalaria. El uso de endoprótesis recubiertas colocadas vía endoscópica se utiliza como una alternativa para evitar esta situación. Presentamos dos casos manejados con endoprótesis recubierta, con adecuado funcionamiento pero no exenta de morbilidad.

[Mediastinis related to esophagogastric disease and injury. Warning clinical signs and independent predictors of intrahospitalary survival]. / Mediastinitis vinculada a enfermedad y lesión esofagogástrica. Signos de alerta diagnóstica y predictores independientes de sobrevida.

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical warning signs and independent predictors of survival in mediastinitis related to esophagogastric diseases and injuries. METHODS: From March 1998 to February 2009, 36 patients with a mean age of 55.7 +/- 12.3 years old, with mediastinitis due to esophagogastric diseases and injuries were treated. Signs present before diagnosis of mediastinitis were identified. Several presentation and evolutive variables were confronted with mortality and survival. RESULTS: Mortality was 41.7%. Three etiological groups were discriminated: 1) 21 postoperatives of esophagogastric surgery with 57.1% mortality, 2) 14 instrumental and foreign bodies perforations of esophagus with 14.3% mortality, 3) 1 esophageal cancer perforation with no survival. Warning signs in group 1 were: bad postoperative evolution with sepsis and no other septic focus, septic pleural effusion, neumothorax, and supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. Warning signs in group 2 were: thorax pain usually retrosternal, pneumomediastinum, prevertebral cervical and subcutaneous emphysema, pleural effusion, sepsis, and odynophagia. Independent predictors of survival were: surgical procedure tactics that prioritizes debridement with mediastinal, pleural and neck drainage, esophagostomy and gastrostomy in opposition to less aggressive surgical tactics [OR 12.6 (95% CI: 1.7-66.5)], and surgery within the 24 hs of noticing the warning signs [OR 10.6 (95% CI: 1.7-96.7)]. These survival predictors were at the expense of group 1. Group 2 did not show any predictor of survival. CONCLUSIONS: In mediastinitis involving esophagogastric surgery, we recommend to apply the surgical tactics delineated previously and perform surgery within the 24 hs of noticing the warning signs. In mediastinitis involving instrumental and foreign bodies esophageal perforation, we can not recommend any particular surgical tactic.

Extrathoracic esophageal elongation (Kimura's technique): a feasible option for the treatment of patients with complex esophageal atresia.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of all patients who underwent an extrathoracic esophageal elongation (EEE) (Kimura's technique) and determine its role, among other surgical options, for the treatment of patients with complex esophageal atresia (EA) who have a previously created esophagostomy. METHODS: Between March 1997 and September 2008, we performed 20 EEEs. Twelve patients were males and 8 were females. The diagnoses were type C EA (n = 12), type A EA (n = 5), type B EA (n = 2), and type D EA (n = 1). Mean age at the initiation of the EEE was 10 months (range, 3-25 months). RESULTS: At the time of this report, 15 of the 20 patients have finished the treatment, 4 patients are still in the process of elongation, and one patient (premature, with a birth weight of 685 g) died before the final esophageal reconstruction. Of the 15 patients who finished the treatment, 12 (80%) completed it satisfactorily and 3 (20%) had to be prematurely interrupted. (In 2 patients, despite multiple attempts, the upper pouch could not be adequately elongated, and in one patient, an early perforation of the upper pouch precluded further elongations.) Of the 12 patients who completed the treatment satisfactorily, 10 (83%) are asymptomatic and exclusively on oral alimentation, whereas 2 (17%) have a pseudodiverticulum and esophageal dysmotility (requiring supplemental alimentation through a gastrostomy). Five of the 12 patients have gastroesophageal reflux (2 required a Nissen fundoplication and 3 are being treated medically). CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the EEE is a useful surgical option for a selected group of patients with complex long-gap EA who required a primary esophagostomy and also for patients with any type of EA who developed severe complications after a primary repair and required a secondary esophagostomy. With this technique, we avoided an esophageal replacement in 80% of cases, and given that the EEE does not invalidate a later esophageal replacement, we believe that the EEE is a feasible initial option for these patients.

Impacto de la esófagoyeyunoanastomosis mecánica en la gastrectomía total / Esophagojejunostomy in the radical gastrectomy

Introducción: El cáncer gástrico, es la principal causa de mortalidad masculina por cáncer en Chile. Su tratamiento, la gastrectomía total radical, se ha visto revolucionada por la introducción de la sutura mecánica, que supone disminuye la morbimortalidad y tiempo operatorio. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo. Se revisaron todas las gastrectomías totales por cáncer gástrico con sutura mecánica, realizadas en el Hospital Regional de Valdivia y se compararon con igual número realizadas con sutura manual, mediante análisis estadístico por software STATA 10.0. Resultados: Se recolectaron 45 casos, 21 con sutura manual y 24 con sutura mecánica. La edad promedio fue de 61 años para cada grupo. El sexo predominante fue el masculino. La frecuencia de fístulas de la anastomosis esofagoyeyunal fue igual en ambos grupos. Tanto el tiempo operatorio como la estadía postoperatoria también fueron similares. Conclusión: La introducción de la sutura mecánica en la anastomosis esofagoyeyunal, no ha producido un impacto importante en el descenso de la morbilidad, incluyendo la fistula anastomótica; como tampoco en la mortalidad ni en el tiempo operatorio.

Cervical esophagostomy using indwelling catheter for analysis of gastric physiology in dogs

OBJETIVO: Descrição da técnica de esofagostomia cervical em cães com cateter de demora, para coleta de secreções e estudo de esvaziamento gástrico. MÉTODOS: A esofagostomia foi realizada em 14 animais, e os catéteres foram introduzidos até o estômago e mantidos pérveos durante oito semanas. A técnica consistiu de abertura na região lateral esquerda do pescoço para introdução do catéter, com auxilio de uma pinça tipo Mixter e a sua posterior tunelização no subcutâneo, com exteriorização na face posterior do dorso. RESULTADOS: A permeabilidade total e a utlização do catéter foi possível em 13 animais (92,8%), sendo que em um animal a obstrução foi devido acúmulo de pelos no seu interior e o cateter foi substituído. Em 3 animais (21,4%) houve a formação de pequeno abscesso na região cervical inferior, no local da primeira incisão, os quais drenaram espontaneamente. Não ocorreu nenhum acidente e o sangramento foi mínimo. Não houve mortalidade. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica descrita pode ser utilizada tanto em pesquisas semelhantes, como para alimentação de animais em experimentos do trato digestivo alto ou mesmo após operações de ressecção do esôfago e em grandes cirurgias no pescoço.

Cervical esophagostomy using indwelling catheter for analysis of gastric physiology in dogs.

PURPOSE: To describe the technique of cervical esophagostomy with indwelling catheter for the collection of secretions and study of gastric emptying. METHODS: Esophagostomy was performed in 14 dogs, and a tube was introduced into the animals' stomachs and maintained previous for eight weeks. The technique consisted of opening the left lateral surface of the neck for insertion of the tube, with the aid of a Mixter forceps, and the subsequent subcutaneous tunneling and exteriorization of the catheter on the dorsum of the animals. RESULTS: Successful use of the tube and its total permeability were observed in 13 animals (92.8%). In one animal, the tube was obstructed by hair, and it was replaced. Formation of a small abscess occurred in 3 animals (21.4%), followed by spontaneous drainage. No accidents occurred, and the bleeding was minimal. No deaths were registered. CONCLUSION: The described technique can be used in similar researches, as well as for animal feeding in investigations of the upper digestive tract, after esophageal resection and in major neck surgeries.

Cervical esophagostomy using indwelling catheter for analysis of gastric physiology in dogs / Esofagostomia cervical com cateter de demora para o estudo da fisiologia gástrica em cães

OBJETIVO: Descrição da técnica de esofagostomia cervical em cães com cateter de demora, para coleta de secreções e estudo de esvaziamento gástrico. MÉTODOS: A esofagostomia foi realizada em 14 animais, e os catéteres foram introduzidos até o estômago e mantidos pérveos durante oito semanas. A técnica consistiu de abertura na região lateral esquerda do pescoço para introdução do catéter, com auxilio de uma pinça tipo Mixter e a sua posterior tunelização no subcutâneo, com exteriorização na face posterior do dorso. RESULTADOS: A permeabilidade total e a utlização do catéter foi possível em 13 animais (92,8%), sendo que em um animal a obstrução foi devido acúmulo de pelos no seu interior e o cateter foi substituído. Em 3 animais (21,4%) houve a formação de pequeno abscesso na região cervical inferior, no local da primeira incisão, os quais drenaram espontaneamente. Não ocorreu nenhum acidente e o sangramento foi mínimo. Não houve mortalidade. CONCLUSAO: A técnica descrita pode ser utilizada tanto em pesquisas semelhantes, como para alimentação de animais em experimentos do trato digestivo alto ou mesmo após operações de ressecção do esôfago e em grandes cirurgias no pescoço. (AU)

Gastrectomía total con reconstrucción esófago-yeyuno anastomosis término-lateral por cáncer gástrico con máquina autosuturadora / Total gastrctomy with reconstruction terminal-side esophagojejunostomy for gastric cancer with autosuture

Se presentaron los casos de pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer gástrico de trece años de cirugía, a los cuales se les realizó gastrectomía total con esófago-yeyuno anastomosis término-lateral en Y Roux con el uso de máquina autosuturadora, como técnica simplificada, segura y efectiva en el manejo de esta patología. Entre 1991 y 2004 se operaron 13 casos. Diez pacientes maculinos (76,9 por ciento) y tres pacientes femeninos (23,1 por ciento), con una edad promedio de 65,07 años. Diez (10) pacientes presentaron adenocarcinoma gástrico (ADC) del tercio superior (76,92 por ciento), uno (1) del tercio medio (7,69 por ciento). La mortalidad en el postoperatorio tardío ocurrió en dos pacientes (15,38 pacientes) por complicaciones respiratorias. La sobrevida esciló entre 22 días y 13 años, siendo en promedio de 24,13 meses. La sobrevida a los 2 años fue de 46,15 por ciento y de 7,69 por ciento a los 5 años

Síndrome de Boerhaave. Revisión a propósito de dos casos clínicos / Boerhaave syndrome: review a propos of two clinical cases

Presentamos dos pacientes con síndrome de Boerhaave. Este síndrome es una forma infrecuente de perforación esofágica. Presenta una alta morbimortalidad según el tiempo transcurrido hasta su diagnóstico. La anatomía distintiva hace que la mayor parte de las perforaciones tengan lugar en su tercio inferior cercano al diafragma. La tomografía computada de tórax es diagnóstica usualmente. Nuestros pacientes necesitaron cirugía y manejo en cuidados intensivos, en ellos se utilizó ventilación mecánica, drogas vasoactivas, nutrición parenteral prolongada y antibióticos de amplio espectro. El tratamiento quirúrgico más frecuente consiste en el cierre simple, la técnica de Thal, la exclusión bipolar intratorácica con drenajes o la esofagostomía cervical con esofaguectomía y alimentación por yeyunostomía, asociado o no con drenaje mediastínico a través de toracotomía.