Incidencia de consultas por fracturas maxilofaciales en un servicio de urgencias odontológicas del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires / Incidence of consultations for maxillofacial fractures in a dental emergency department in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires

Objetivo: Describir la incidencia, la causa, el patrón y el tratamiento de fracturas maxilofaciales en sujetos que solici- taron atención en un Servicio de Urgencias Odontológicas del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Materiales y métodos: Se analizaron las historias clíni- cas de los individuos que concurrieron al Servicio de Urgencias y Orientación de Pacientes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (SUyOP) en el período compren- dido entre marzo de 2018 y diciembre de 2019. Se registró la fre- cuencia de consultas vinculadas con diagnóstico de algún tipo de fractura del esqueleto maxilofacial y en el caso de estos pacien- tes, se registraron sexo, edad, etiología, ubicación y tratamiento. Resultados: Durante el periodo evaluado asistieron al SUyOP un total de 13.919 pacientes por algún tipo de urgen- cia odontológica, entre los cuales 47 (0,33%) se presentaron con traumatismos en la región bucomaxilofacial; 39 fueron del sexo masculino (83%). En total fueron diagnosticadas 66 frac- turas. La edad media se extendió entre los 30 y los 51 años. Las fracturas se encontraron con mayor frecuencia en la mandíbu- la (95,45%). La agresión interpersonal fue la principal causa (53,19%). El tratamiento realizado con mayor frecuencia fue el bloqueo intermaxilar en el 57,44% de los pacientes. Conclusión: Las fracturas de maxilar inferior fueron las que se registraron con mayor frecuencia. Si bien estas fracturas no ponen en riesgo la vida del paciente, la falla en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento apropiados puede derivar en la pérdida de fun- ciones del sistema estomatognático, y desarrollar deformidades secundarias que requieren de un tratamiento más complejo (AU)

Aim: To describe the incidence, etiology, pattern and treat- ment of maxillofacial fractures in a dental emergency department of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area. Materials and methods: A study was conducted, re- cording sex, age, etiology, location and treatment of maxillofa- cial fractures in patients who visited the Emergency and Patient Orientation Service of the School of Dentistry of the University of Buenos Aires (SUyOP) from March 2018 to December 2019. Data were obtained from dental medical records. Results: During the evaluated period, a total 13,919 pa- tients visited the SUyOP for dental emergencies, of whom 47 (0.33%) presented with trauma in the oral-maxillofacial region, and 39 were male (83%). Age range was 30 to 51 years. Over- all, 66 fractures were diagnosed. Fractures were most frequent in the mandible (95.45%). Interpersonal aggression was the most prevalent cause (53.19%). The most frequent treatment was inter- maxillary fixation, which was performed in 57.44% of the cases. Conclusion: Fractures of the lower jaw were the most fre- quently reported. Although these fractures are not life-threaten- ing, failure to diagnose and treat them properly can lead to loss of function of the stomatognathic system and development of sec- ondary deformities requiring more complex treatment (AU)

Análise epidemiológica das fraturas dos ossos da face em um hospital público no nordeste do Brasil / Análisis epidemiológico de las fracturas de los huesos de la cara en un hospital público del noreste de Brasil / Epidemiological analysis of face bone fractures in a public hospital in northeast Brazil

As fraturas dos ossos da região maxilofacial são ocorrências que podem se apresentar como quadros de urgência e/ou emergência na rotina das unidades de pronto atendimento e hospitais do mundo inteiro, principalmente em localidades com altos índices de violência interpessoal e infrações de trânsito. Um grande número de traumatismos na face, tanto em tecidos moles como duros acontece devido à enorme exposição e a pouca proteção desta região o que acarreta frequentemente lesões graves. Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a prevalência das fraturas no complexo maxilofacial em uma unidade hospitalar pública, a partir de um estudo epidemiológico, sendo analisados os fatores relacionados a ocorrência do trauma, agente etiológico, distribuição das fraturas, gênero e idade dos indivíduos acometidos. Metodologia: O presente estudo do tipo transversal retrospectivo, onde foram avaliados 268 prontuários de pacientes diagnosticados com fraturas dos ossos da face atendidos no Hospital Regional Justino Luz, localizado na cidade de Picos, no estado do Piauí, Brasil, no período de janeiro de 2015 até janeiro de 2017, os prontuários foram analisados no setor de arquivo médico do HRJL. Resultados: os fatores etiológicos mais observados foram os acidentes motociclísticos, seguidos de agressão física e quedas da própria altura, o tipo de fratura mais comum foi a do Complexo Orbito-Zigomático-Maxilar (33,2%), seguido da Mandíbula (23,7%) e dos Ossos Próprios do Nariz (17%), sendo o gênero masculino o mais acometido por fraturas. Conclusão: a partir desse estudo podemos concluir que os acidentes motociclísticos configuram-se como o principal fator etiológico relacionado as fraturas de face, sendo o gênero, masculino o mais atingido e o tipo de fratura mais prevalente foi a fratura do Complexo Orbito-Zigomático-Maxilar... (AU)

Bone fractures in the maxillofacial region are occurrences that can present themselves as urgent and/or emergencies in the routine of emergency care units and hospitals around the world, especially in locations with high rates of interpersonal violence and traffic violations. A large number of injuries to the face, both in soft and hard tissue, occur due to the enormous exposure and poor protection of this region, which often leads to serious injuries. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence of fractures in the maxillofacial complex in a public hospital, based on an epidemiological study, analyzing the factors related to the occurrence of trauma, etiological agent, fracture distribution, gender, and age of patients affected individuals. Methodology: This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated 268 medical records of patients diagnosed with fractures of the facial bones treated at the Justino Luz Regional Hospital, located in the city of Picos, in the state of Piauí, Brazil, in January 2015 until January 2017, the medical records were analyzed in the medical file sector of the HRJL. Results: the most observed etiological factors were motorcycle accidents, followed by physical aggression and fall from own height, the most common type of fracture was the Orbit-zygomatic-Maxillary Complex (33,2%), followed by the mandible (23,7%) and the nose bonés (17%), being the male gender the most affected by fractures. Conclusion: from this study, we can conclude those motorcycle accidents are the main etiological factor related to facial fractures, with the male gender being the most affected and the most prevalent type of fracture was the fracture of the orbit-zygomatic-maxillary complex... (AU)

Las fracturas óseas en la región maxilofacial son eventos que pueden presentarse como urgentes y/o emergencias en la rutina de las unidades de atención de emergencia y hospitales de todo el mundo, especialmente en lugares con altos índices de violencia interpersonal e infracciones de tránsito. Un gran número de lesiones en la cara, tanto en tejidos blandos como duros, se producen debido a la enorme exposición y escasa protección de esta región, lo que a menudo conduce a lesiones graves. Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la prevalencia de fracturas en el complejo maxilofacial en un hospital público, a partir de un estudio epidemiológico, analizando los factores relacionados con la ocurrencia del trauma, agente etiológico, distribución de la fractura, sexo y edad de los pacientes afectados. Metodología: Este estudio transversal retrospectivo evaluó 268 historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de fracturas de los huesos faciales atendidos en el Hospital Regional Justino Luz, ubicado en la ciudad de Picos, en el estado de Piauí, Brasil, en enero de 2015 hasta enero de 2017. , las historias clínicas fueron analizadas en el sector de expediente médico del HRJL. Resultados: los factores etiológicos más observados fueron los accidentes de motocicleta, seguido de agresión física y caída de propia altura, el tipo de fractura más común fue el Complejo Órbita-cigomático-Maxilar (33,2%), seguido de la mandíbula (23,7 %) y la nariz bonés (17%), siendo el género masculino el más afectado por las fracturas. Conclusión: de este estudio podemos concluir que los accidentes de motocicleta son el principal factor etiológico relacionado con las fracturas faciales, siendo el género masculino el más afectado y el tipo de fractura más prevalente fue la fractura del complejo orbitario-cigomático-maxilar... (AU)

Diagnostic properties of sensitivity changes in patients with maxillofacial fractures: a systematic review

Aim: Verify the accuracy of objective assessments compared to subjective tests in detecting changes in somatosensory perception in individuals affected by maxillofacial trauma. Methods: The review (PROSPERO n ° CRD42019125546) used the databases: MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, LILACS and other bibliographic resources. Prospective and retrospective studies that used objective and subjective methods of assessing facial sensitivity in maxillofacial fractures were included. There was no restriction on language or publication date. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2. Data extraction and analysis were performed using a form developed for the study. Results: 21 studies were included. The clinical objective examination mainly includes assessments of: tactile sensitivity (95.24%) and nociceptive sensitivity (57.14%). The subjective assessment was based on the patient's report, spontaneously (61.90%), guided by structured questionnaires (33.33%) and/or using scales (9.52%) to measure the degree of impairment. In risk of bias assessment, were observed no adequate interpretation and classification of changes in subjective sensitivity, subject to inappropriate analysis of the data. In addition, the studies bring several instruments without standardization for assessing sensory modalities. Conclusion: The objective assessment is a complement to the subjective assessment, using the touch assessment as the main parameter in the profile of the facial peripheral integrity, associated or not with nociceptive assessment. Lack of consensus on the indication of specific instruments for testing is a limiting factor. Thus, based on the studies, is proposed a minimum battery of sensitivity assessment to obtain an overview of the patient's peripheral nervous situation

Fratura condilar em paciente pediátrico: um relato de caso condilar / Fracture in pediatric patient: a case report

As fraturas faciais em crianças são raras, já que os ossos faciais pediátricos têm maior elasticidade, menos pneumatização, tecido adiposo circundante mais espesso e mais estabilização da mandíbula e maxila pelos dentes não irrompidos. Em geral, lesões nos tecidos moles são mais comuns em crianças do que fraturas esqueléticas. Entre as fraturas faciais pediátricas, as fraturas da mandíbula são as mais comuns, sendo o côndilo a área mais acometida em pacientes pediátricos. O côndilo é considerado o principal centro de crescimento da mandíbula em crianças, assim é de suma importância a definição do tratamento adequado, pautado em diversos critérios de avaliação, com o intuito de erradicar possíveis complicações advindas da fratura condilar. Assim o objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de fratura de côndilo unilateral em uma criança, na qual realizou-se abordagem cirúrgica com fixação interna, afim de elucidar e discutir as possíveis condutas terapêuticas acerca de tratamentos a serem aplicados, visto que esses ainda são bastante controversos na literatura e os resultados das diversas condutas são os mais diversos, apresentando variados aspectos que interferem na evolução dos pacientes(AU)

Facial fractures in children are rare, since pediatric facial bones have greater elasticity, less pneumatization,thicker surrounding adipose tissue and more stabilization of the jaw and jaw by unerupted teeth.In general, soft tissue injuries are more common in children than skeletal fractures.Among pediatric facial fractures, mandible fractures are the most common, with condyl being the most affected area in pediatric patients.The condyl is considered the main center of mandible growth in children, so it is of Paramount importance to define the appropriate treatment, based on several evaluationcriteria, in order to eradicate possible complications resulting from the condilar fracture.Thus, the aim of this study is to report a case of unilateral condyl fracture in a child, in which a surgical approach with internal fixation was performedin order to elucidate and discuss the possible therapeutic approaches about treatments to be applied, since these are still quite controversial in the literature and the results of the various behaviors are the most diverse,presenting several aspects that interfere in the evolution of patients(AU)

Manejo cirúrgico de fratura cominutiva de mandíbula por ferimento de arma de fogo: relato de caso / Surgical management of comminuted jaw fracture by firearms injury: case report

Os ferimentos por arma de fogo (FAF) são um grande problema de saúde pública. Na face, a mandíbula é o local de maior incidência, sendo a região de corpo mandibular a mais atingida e as lesões aos tecidos moles frequentemente a ela associadas. Em alguns casos, tais ferimentos apresentam-se de difícil resolução, sobretudo, em casos de fraturas cominutivas e lesões de tecidos moles com alta complexidade. Isso torna o atendimento desses pacientes um desafio para cirurgiões buco-maxilo-faciais. Desta forma, o objetivo deste artigo é relatar um caso de FAF em terço inferior da face, com comprometimento de tecidos moles e mandíbula, pela equipe de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial do Hospital Geral do Estado - Bahia. Paciente de 28 anos de idade, sexo feminino, vítima de FAF em terço inferior da face, por disparo acidental de espingarda. Ao exame clínico, pode-se observar ferimento perfuro-contuso em região de mandíbula e fratura cominutiva de corpo e ângulo mandibular à direita. A paciente foi submetida à cirurgia para remoção de fragmentos ósseos/corpos estranhos, fixação dos cotos com placa de reconstrução 2.4mm e sutura dos planos, em mesmo tempo cirúrgico, reestabelecendo a função da mandíbula. Portanto, devido à fisiopatologia variável dos FAF na mandíbula, não se indica um único padrão de tratamento para as fraturas cominutivas. Além disso, é indispensável o emprego de protocolos de limpeza cirúrgica imediata e antibioticoterapia nos casos com alto grau de cominuição, bem como, sugere-se realizar o tratamento definitivo o mais breve possível(AU)

Firearm injuries (FIs) are a major public health problem. On the face, the mandible is the place with the highest incidence of this trauma, with the mandibular body region being the most affected and the lesions to the soft tissues frequently associated with it. In some cases, such injuries are difficult to resolve, especially in cases of comminuted fractures and soft tissue injuries with high complexity. This makes the care of these patients a challenge for oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Thus, the objective of this article is to report a case of care for a FAF victim in the lower third of the face, with soft tissue and mandible involvement, by the Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology team at the Hospital Geral do Estado - Bahia. 28-year-old female patient, victim of FAF in the lower third of the face, due to acidental shotgun firing. On clinical examination, a perforated-blunt wound can be seen in the mandible region and comminuted fracture of the body and angle of the mandible on the right. The patient underwent surgery to remove bone fragments / foreign bodies, fix the stumps with a 2.4 mm reconstruction plate and suture the planes, at the same surgical time, reestablishing the function of the mandible. Therefore, due to the variable pathophysiology of FAF in the mandible, a single treatment pattern is not indicated for comminuted fractures. In addition, it is essential to use immediate surgical cleaning protocols and antibiotic therapy in cases with a high degree of comminution, as well as, it is suggested to carry out the definitive treatment as soon as possible(AU)

Multicenter epidemiological study of maxillofacial trauma: a one-year retrospective- descriptive assessment of 1356 cases in a colombian metropolitan region / Estudio epidemiológico multicéntrico de trauma maxilofacial: evaluación retrospectiva-descriptiva de un año, de 1356 casos en una región metropolitana de Colombia

Background: This retrospective study was conducted to identify the epidemiological profile and treatment modalities linked to the maxillofacial trauma (MFT) managed in the Maxillofacial Surgery Departments of seven hospital centers in Antioquia, Colombia. Material and Methods: Clinical records with specific attention to sociodemographic characteristics, mechanisms of injury, type of MFT, location of injuries, and treatment modalities of MFT were collected from January to December 2017. Descriptive analyses using Pearson's chi-square tests were performed. Results: A total of 1356 records were retrieved. Males were significantly more affected, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.85:1. The most susceptible age group involved was young adults (18 to 40 years). A low percentage of alcohol (9.3%) and drugs consumption (2.5%) was recorded. Most common causes of MFT were road traffic accidents (RTA), falls, and interpersonal violence (IPV). Most injuries involved both soft and hard tissues followed by hard tissues and isolated open soft tissue injuries. Among fractures, the middle third was the most commonly affected site and the utmost method of treatment was open reduction and internal fixation. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the evidence available, this study has demonstrated that the gender, age stratum, and etiological factors, such as RTA, falls, and IPV, but no alcohol and/or psychoactive substances consumption, may have a significant influence on the prevalence, patterns, and treatment modalities of MFT in this sample population.

Antecedentes: Este estudio retrospectivo se realizó para identificar el perfil epidemiológico y las modalidades de tratamiento vinculados al Trauma Maxilofacial (TMF) atendido en los Servicios de Cirugía Maxilofacial de siete centros hospitalarios de Antioquia, Colombia. Material y Métodos: Se recopilaron historias clínicas con atención específica a las características sociodemográficas, mecanismos de lesión, tipo de TMF, ubicación de las lesiones y modalidades de tratamiento de TMF de enero a diciembre de 2017. Análisis descriptivos utilizando el chi-cuadrado de Pearson fueron realizados. Resultados: Se recuperaron un total de 1356 registros. Los hombres se vieron significativamente más afectados, con una relación hombre-mujer de 3,85:1. El grupo de edad más susceptible involucrado fue el de los adultos jóvenes (18 a 40 años). Se registró un bajo porcentaje de consumo de alcohol (9,3%) y drogas (2,5%). Las causas más comunes de TMF fueron los accidentes de tránsito (ADT), las caídas y la violencia interpersonal (VIP). La mayoría de las lesiones involucraron tejidos blandos y duros, seguidas de tejidos duros y lesiones abiertas aisladas de tejidos blandos. Entre las fracturas, el tercio medio fue el sitio afectado con mayor frecuencia y el método de tratamiento más utilizado fue la reducción abierta y la fijación interna. Conclusion: Dentro de las limitaciones de la evidencia disponible, este estudio ha demostrado que el género, el estrato etario y los factores etiológicos, como ADT, caídas y VIP , pero no el consumo de alcohol y/o sustancias psicoactivas, pueden tener una influencia significativa en la la prevalencia, los patrones y las modalidades de tratamiento de TMF en esta poblaión muestral.

A tomada de decisão no uso de sistema de fixação absorvível em cirurgias bucomaxilofaciais: revisão sistemática / Decision making in the use of absorbable fixation system in maxillofacial surgery: a systematic review / Toma de decisiones en el uso de sistemas de fijación absorbibles en cirugías maxilofaciales: revisión sistemática

Introdução: As fraturas ósseas faciais são muito comuns em lesões de face, destacando-se as fraturas mandibulares. Para o tratamento delas é necessário haver um sistema de fixação a fim de restaurar o osso fraturado, sua forma e função. Objetivo: Identificar fatores influenciadores do uso de sistemas de fixação absorvíveis em cirurgias buco maxilo faciais. Material e método: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática feita nas bases de dados MEDLINE, BBO e SciELO, no período de agosto de 2019 a setembro de 2020 nos portais da PubMed e BVS. Dentre os 322 achados e após utilização de filtros, leitura de títulos e resumos, foram incluídos 30 artigos para compor a revisão. Resultados: Os achados do estudo revelam existir uma série de fatores influenciáveis na escolha do melhor material, tais como: sua aplicação em pacientes pediátricos ou adultos, a palpabilidade das placas, a resistência, as principais medidas de satisfação, o envolvimento com doenças malignas, complicações e novidades que a literatura vem discutindo sobre o tipo de material. Conclusão: O uso de placas absorvíveis é aconselhado para uso pediátrico, pois minimizam as restrições ao crescimento, dispensam a necessidade de uma cirurgia secundária, reduzindo, assim, gastos hospitalares. Além disso, as placas biodegradáveis originam exames de imagem com menos artefatos, de modo que não comprometem diagnósticos em pacientes com neoplasias(AU)

Introduction: Facial bone fractures are very common in facial injuries, highlighting mandibular fractures. In order to treat them, it is necessary to have a fixation system in order to restore the fractured bone, its shape and function. Objective: To identify factors influencing the use of absorbable fixation systems in oral maxillofacial surgery. Material and method: This is a systematic review carried out in the MEDLINE, BBO and SciELO databases, from August 2019 to September 2020 in the portals of PubMed and VHL. Among the 322 findings and after using filters, reading titles and abstracts, 30 articles were included to compose the review. Results: The findings of the study reveal that there are a number of influential factors in the choice of the best material, such as: its application in pediatric or adult patients, the palpability of the plates, the resistance, the main measures of satisfaction, the involvement with malignant diseases, complications andthe main novelties that the literature has been discussing about the type of material. Conclusion: The use of absorbable plates is advised for pediatric use, because they minimize the restrictions to growth, dispense the need for a secondary surgery, thusreducing hospital expenses. Besides that, the biodegradable plates originate imaging exams with fewer artifacts, so that it does not compromise the diagnosis of patients with cancer(AU)

Introducción: Las fracturas de los huesos faciales son muy frecuentes en las lesiones faciales, especialmente las fracturas mandibulares. Para poder tratarlos es necesario disponer de un sistema de fijación con el fin de restaurar el hueso fracturado, su forma y función. Objetivo: Identificar los factores que influyen en el uso de sistemas de fijación absorbible en cirugía oral maxilofacial. Material y método: Se trata de una revisión sistemática realizada en las bases de datos MEDLINE, BBO y SciELO, de agosto de 2019 a septiembre de 2020 en los portales de PubMed y VHL. Entre los 322 hallazgos y luego de utilizar filtros, leer títulos y resúmenes, se incluyeron 30 artículos para componer la revisión. Resultados: Los hallazgos del estudio revelanque existen una serie de factores que influyen en la elección del mejor material, tales como: su aplicación en pacientes pediátricos o adultos, la palpabilidad de las placas, la resistencia, las principales medidas de satisfacción, la implicación con enfermedades malignas, complicaciones y las principales novedades que ha venido discutiendo la literatura sobre el tipo de material. Conclusión: Se recomienda el uso de placas absorbibles para uso pediátrico, ya que minimizan las restricciones de crecimiento, prescinden de la necesidad de cirugía secundaria, reduciendo así los gastos hospitalarios. Además, las placas biodegradables dan como resultado pruebas de imagen con menos artefactos, de modo que no comprometen el diagnóstico em pacientes con neoplasias(AU)

Nutritional intervention during maxillomandibular fixation of jaw fractures prevents weight loss and improves quality of life.

Maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) for the management of jaw fractures leads to compromised nutritional intake and consequent weight loss and poor quality of life (QoL). The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a home-based dietary plan to prevent weight loss, and its effect on the QoL of patients who underwent four weeks of MMF for the treatment of maxillofacial fractures. A total of 50 patients were randomised into nutritional intervention (Group1) and non-intervention groups (Group 2). Patients in Group1 were counselled by a dietitian and given a diet plan. Patients in Group 2 were advised to take a liquid diet of their own choice in the form of shakes, juices, and milk, along with protein supplements. Patients in Group1 lost significantly less weight than those in Group 2 (p=0.001) at week four of follow up. Group1 patients had significantly better oral health-related QoL in the 'physical pain' domain during the two weeks of MMF, and in the 'physical discomfort' and 'psychological disability' domains two weeks after the release of MMF. They had significantly better nutrition-related QoL in all the domains during the two weeks of MMF and, except for the 'physical' domain, also during the two weeks after its release. Individual home-based diet plans effectively helped the patients maintain their weight and improved QoL.

Urgent surgical approach for comminuted mandible fracture and considerations regarding airway risk. Case report / Abordagem cirúrgica urgente para fratura cominutiva da mandíbula e considerações sobre o risco das vias aéreas. Relato de caso

Introduction: Jaw fractures are one of the most common sites of maxillofacial injuries. The location of the jaw makes it very vulnerable to direct impacts. The purpose of treatment is to restore aesthetic function. Case Report: The purpose of this report is to present a case of comminuted mandible fracture in a young male patient, treated urgently due to the need for maintenance of the airways, where fracture osteosynthesis surgery was submitted. Conclusion: The initial assessment of these trauma patients should follow the Trauma Life Support protocol, and structural damage should be investigated. Introduction: Jaw fractures are one of the most common sites of maxillofacial injuries. The location of the jaw makes it very vulnerable to direct impacts. The purpose of treatment is to restore aesthetic function. Case Report: The purpose of this report is to present a case of comminuted mandible fracture in a young male patient, treated urgently due to the need for maintenance of the airways, where fracture osteosynthesis surgery was submitted. Conclusion: The initial assessment of these trauma patients should follow the Trauma Life Support protocol, and structural damage should be investigated

Introdução: As fraturas de mandíbula são um dos locais mais comuns de lesões maxilofaciais. A localização da mandíbula a torna muito vulnerável a impactos diretos. O objetivo do tratamento é restaurar a função estética. Relato de Caso: O objetivo deste relato é apresentar um caso de fratura cominutiva de mandíbula em paciente jovem do sexo masculino, atendido com urgência devido à necessidade de manutenção das vias aéreas, onde foi submetido cirurgia de osteossíntese da fratura. Conclusão: A avaliação inicial desses pacientes com trauma deve seguir o protocolo do Suporte de Vida no Trauma, e devem ser investigados danos estruturais.

Management of isolated mandibular body fractures in adults

Objective@#The mandible is the most common fractured craniofacial bone of all craniofacial fractures in the Philippines, with the mandibular body as the most involved segment of all mandibular fractures. To the best of our knowledge, there are no existing guidelines for the diagnosis and management of mandibular body fractures in particular. General guidelines include the American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAOHNSF) Resident Manual of Trauma to the Face, Head, and Neck chapter on Mandibular Trauma, the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) Clinical Practice Guidelines for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery section on the Mandibular Angle, Body, and Ramus, and a 2013 Cochrane Systematic Review on interventions for the management of mandibular fractures. On the other hand, a very specific Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Unilateral Condylar Fracture of the Mandible was published by the Ministry of Health Malaysia in 2005. Addressing the prevalence of mandibular body fractures, and dearth of specific guidelines for its diagnosis and management, this clinical practice guideline focuses on the management of isolated mandibular body fractures in adults.@*Purpose@#This guideline is meant for all clinicians (otolaryngologists – head and neck surgeons, as well as primary care and specialist physicians, nurses and nurse practitioners, midwives and community health workers, dentists, and emergency first-responders) who may provide care to adults aged 18 years and above that may present with an acute history and physical and/or laboratory examination findings that may lead to a diagnosis of isolated mandibular body fracture and its subsequent medical and surgical management, including health promotion and disease prevention. It is applicable in any setting (including urban and rural primary-care, community centers, treatment units, hospital emergency rooms, operating rooms) in which adults with isolated mandibular body fractures would be identified, diagnosed, or managed. Outcomes are functional resolution of isolated mandibular body fractures; achieving premorbid form; avoiding use of context-inappropriate diagnostics and therapeutics; minimizing use of ineffective interventions; avoiding co-morbid infections, conditions, complications and adverse events; minimizing cost; maximizing health-related quality of life of individuals with isolated mandibular body fracture; increasing patient satisfaction; and preventing recurrence in patients and occurrence in others.@*Action Statements@#The guideline development group made strong recommendationsfor the following key action statements: (6) pain management- clinicians should routinely evaluate pain in patients with isolated mandibular body fractures using a numerical rating scale (NRS) or visual analog scale (VAS); analgesics should be routinely offered to patients with a numerical rating pain scale score or VAS of at least 4/10 (paracetamol and a mild opioid with or without an adjuvant analgesic) until the numerical rating pain scale score or VAS is 3/10 at most; (7) antibiotics- prophylactic antibiotics should be given to adult patients with isolated mandibular body fractures with concomitant mucosal or skin opening with or without direct visualization of bone fragments; penicillin is the drug of choice while clindamycin may be used as an alternative; and (14) prevention- clinicians should advocate for compliance with road traffic safety laws (speed limit, anti-drunk driving, seatbelt and helmet use) for the prevention of motor vehicle, cycling and pedestrian accidents and maxillofacial injuries.The guideline development group made recommendations for the following key action statements: (1) history, clinical presentation, and diagnosis - clinicians should consider a presumptive diagnosis of mandibular fracture in adults presenting with a history of traumatic injury to the jaw plus a positive tongue blade test, and any of the following: malocclusion, trismus, tenderness on jaw closure and broken tooth; (2) panoramic x-ray - clinicians may request for panoramic x-ray as the initial imaging tool in evaluating patients with a presumptive clinical diagnosis; (3) radiographs - where panoramic radiography is not available, clinicians may recommend plain mandibular radiography; (4) computed tomography - if available, non-contrast facial CT Scan may be obtained; (5) immobilization - fractures should be temporarily immobilized/splinted with a figure-of-eight bandage until definitive surgical management can be performed or while initiating transport during emergency situations; (8) anesthesia - nasotracheal intubation is the preferred route of anesthesia; in the presence of contraindications, submental intubation or tracheostomy may be performed; (9) observation - with a soft diet may serve as management for favorable isolated nondisplaced and nonmobile mandibular body fractures with unchanged pre - traumatic occlusion; (10) closed reduction - with immobilization by maxillomandibular fixation for 4-6 weeks may be considered for minimally displaced favorable isolated mandibular body fractures with stable dentition, good nutrition and willingness to comply with post-procedure care that may affect oral hygiene, diet modifications, appearance, oral health and functional concerns (eating, swallowing and speech); (11) open reduction with transosseous wiring - with MMF is an option for isolated displaced unfavorable and unstable mandibular body fracture patients who cannot afford or avail of titanium plates; (12) open reduction with titanium plates - ORIF using titanium plates and screws should be performed in isolated displaced unfavorable and unstable mandibular body fracture; (13) maxillomandibular fixation - intraoperative MMF may not be routinely needed prior to reduction and internal fixation; and (15) promotion - clinicians should play a positive role in the prevention of interpersonal and collective violence as well as the settings in which violence occurs in order to avoid injuries in general and mandibular fractures in particular.

Occurrence and remission of loss of sensitivity of inferior alveolar nerve in mandibular fractures

ABSTRACT Purpose: to evaluate the occurrence of loss of sensitivity of the inferior alveolar nerve, and to monitor the remission of this change in patients with mandibular fractures subjected to surgical treatment. Methods: patients with mandibular fractures, surgically treated within one year, were prospectively evaluated. Data regarding etiology, fracture location, type and displacement, and surgical access, were obtained. The tactile and thermal tests were applied at eighteen points in the mental region, within a period of six months. Statistical tests were applied to compare the categories of variables and the period of observation (p ≤ 0.050). Results: during the study, 37 patients were included. There were 24 bilateral and 13 unilateral fractures. Sensory changes occurred in 56.8% of the patients in the preoperative period, in 83.8% of the patients, in the postoperative period, and 35.1% of the patients presented complete remission during the final period of the study. Conclusion: sensory changes occurred in about half of the patients, due to the fracture, increasing greatly in the postoperative period, with complete remission in about one third of the cases. The fracture type, degree of displacement and surgical access type influenced the occurrence of sensory alterations.