Bridging the gap in medical education: comparing analysis of light microscopy and virtual microscopy in histology.

This study aims to investigate the impact of virtual microscopy (VM) and light microscopy (LM) on the satisfaction of second-year medical students and how they affect student performance in different educational settings. The research involved 94 second-year students from Izmir Democracy University's School of Medicine, with criteria requiring enrollment in the 2021-2022 academic year and attendance of at least 80% in histology practical course. A paired two-tailed t-test was used for comparison, with a researcher-designed questionnaire for data collection. Cronbach's alpha was 0.894 for the LM questionnaire, and 0.918 for the VM questionnaire, indicating high level of reliability. LM scored higher in the questionnaire (p = 0.010), but VM showed higher exam averages (p = 0.013). The study found VM more effective in exams, with students showing high satisfaction with LM. VM's accessibility to histological preparations and its impact on learning levels and board exam success rates were noted. The study concludes that while VM is becoming essential in histology education due to its positive impact on exam performance and accessibility, LM remains highly valued by students for its hands-on experience and satisfaction levels.

Registered multi-device/staining histology image dataset for domain-agnostic machine learning models.

Variations in color and texture of histopathology images are caused by differences in staining conditions and imaging devices between hospitals. These biases decrease the robustness of machine learning models exposed to out-of-domain data. To address this issue, we introduce a comprehensive histopathology image dataset named PathoLogy Images of Scanners and Mobile phones (PLISM). The dataset consisted of 46 human tissue types stained using 13 hematoxylin and eosin conditions and captured using 13 imaging devices. Precisely aligned image patches from different domains allowed for an accurate evaluation of color and texture properties in each domain. Variation in PLISM was assessed and found to be significantly diverse across various domains, particularly between whole-slide images and smartphones. Furthermore, we assessed the improvement in domain shift using a convolutional neural network pre-trained on PLISM. PLISM is a valuable resource that facilitates the precise evaluation of domain shifts in digital pathology and makes significant contributions towards the development of robust machine learning models that can effectively address challenges of domain shift in histological image analysis.

A pilot study on gamified and conventional e-quizzes reinforcing human histology among first-year medical and physiotherapy students.

The present retrospective, descriptive, and quasi-experimental study aimed to explore students' perceptions of traditional teaching combined with gamified and nongamified e-tests for postlecture reinforcement. Midterm knowledge retention and academic performance were also analyzed. The study was conducted from February 2021 to May 2022, involving a single group of first-year medical and physiotherapy students enrolled in equivalent core subjects on human histology at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC). Lectures were supplemented with gamified Quizizz (QQ) or nongamified Moodle questionnaires (MQ) after lecture (t0) and 30 days later (t30). From 171 attendees, 162 volunteers were surveyed on their perceptions on the experience. Furthermore, 97 volunteers participated in the DOCENTIA-ULPGC survey on the students' satisfaction, and 123 participants individually answered 20 QQ and 20 MQ. Data were analyzed using the program Jamovi 2.3.24. The survey on volunteers' perception comprised 11 Likert items and 3 numerical scale items. The former showed acceptable internal consistency (ω-McDonald, 0.70) and validity (KMO, 0.58). Both types of e-questionnaires facilitated learning and motivated pre-reading contents but QQs were preferred. Reinforced lectures were rated higher than those unreinforced. Volunteers expressed higher overall satisfaction though DOCENTIA-ULPGC survey than the prepandemic control group. Average scores peaked at t0 with higher MQ rates. At t30, MQ and QQ scores were acceptable and similar. Participants' outcomes in the final exam tended to improve compared to the prepandemic control group, but without statistical significance. In summary, gamified and nongamified e-quizzes enhanced the student satisfaction and motivation and facilitated midterm knowledge retention.

Comparing the performance of artificial intelligence learning models to medical students in solving histology and embryology multiple choice questions.

INTRODUCTION: The appearance of artificial intelligence language models (AI LMs) in the form of chatbots has gained a lot of popularity worldwide, potentially interfering with different aspects of education, including medical education as well. The present study aims to assess the accuracy and consistency of different AI LMs regarding the histology and embryology knowledge obtained during the 1st year of medical studies. METHODS: Five different chatbots (ChatGPT, Bing AI, Bard AI, Perplexity AI, and ChatSonic) were given two sets of multiple-choice questions (MCQs). AI LMs test results were compared to the same test results obtained from 1st year medical students. Chatbots were instructed to use revised Bloom's taxonomy when classifying questions depending on hierarchical cognitive domains. Simultaneously, two histology teachers independently rated the questions applying the same criteria, followed by the comparison between chatbots' and teachers' question classification. The consistency of chatbots' answers was explored by giving the chatbots the same tests two months apart. RESULTS: AI LMs successfully and correctly solved MCQs regarding histology and embryology material. All five chatbots showed better results than the 1st year medical students on both histology and embryology tests. Chatbots showed poor results when asked to classify the questions according to revised Bloom's cognitive taxonomy compared to teachers. There was an inverse correlation between the difficulty of questions and their correct classification by the chatbots. Retesting the chatbots after two months showed a lack of consistency concerning both MCQs answers and question classification according to revised Bloom's taxonomy learning stage. CONCLUSION: Despite the ability of certain chatbots to provide correct answers to the majority of diverse and heterogeneous questions, a lack of consistency in answers over time warrants their careful use as a medical education tool.

Neuron parvum fluorescens, un Término con Influencia Anglo-Greco-Latina. Propuesta a Terminologia Neuroanatomica y Terminologia Histologica / Neuron Parvum Fluorescens, a Term with Anglo-Greco-Latin Influence. A Proposal to Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica

Las terminologías son utilizadas como instrumento lingüístico que permite la transmisión de conocimiento de manera precisa y sin ambigüedades en el ámbito de las ciencias. Los lineamientos de la Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) refieren que la denominación de nombres estructurales debe ser descriptivos e informativos. Este estudio analiza las raíces lingüísticas que componen el término Neuron parvum valde fluorescens vigente en Terminologia Histologica y el término Neuron parvum fluorescens vigente en Terminologia Neuroanatomica. Las células pequeñas intensamente fluorescentes son neuronas que se encuentran en el sistema nervioso autónomo, distribuidas en los ganglios simpáticos. Estas células presentan sinapsis aferentes con terminales nerviosas simpáticas preganglionares y sinapsis eferentes con las dendritas de las neuronas posganglionares. Su función es regular la transmisión ganglionar, actuando como interneuronas con señalización paracrina y endocrina. Además, se caracterizan por ser células fluorescentes, que expresan catecolaminas; serotonina, noradrenalina y dopamina. Se realizó una búsqueda en Terminologia Histologica y Terminologia Neuroanatomica, con una traducción de los términos al español. Además, la búsqueda se complementó en un diccionario etimológico en inglés para los términos correspondientes. Esta investigación encontró diferencia entre la traducción del latín al español del término fluorescens, quien posee un origen etimológico muy diferente a su significado en español. El término Neuron parvum valde fluorescens en Terminologia Histologica y el término Neuron parvum fluorescens en Terminologia Neuroanatomica, identifican a la misma estructura. Se sugiere reemplazar ambos términos por Cateconeuron ganglionare, entregando así una correcta descripción de este tipo de neurona, considerando su ubicación y función. Además, de esta manera ser un término concordante en latín para su incorporación en Terminologia Neuroanatomica y Terminologia Histologica.

SUMMARY: Terminologies are used as a linguistic tool to convey knowledge in a precise and unambiguous manner in science. The guidelines of the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) state that the names given to structures should be both descriptive and informative. This study analyses the linguistic roots of the term Neuron parvum valde fluorescens in Terminologia Histologica and the term Neuron parvum fluorescens in Terminologia Neuroanatomica. Small intensely fluorescent cells are neurons found in the autonomic nervous system, distributed in the sympathetic ganglia, they have afferent synapses with preganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals and efferent synapses with the dendrites of postganglionic neurons, whose function is to regulate ganglionic transmission, acting as interneurons with paracrine and endocrine signalling. They are also characterized as fluorescent cells, producing the catecholamines: serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine. A search was carried out in Terminologia Histologica and Terminologia Neuroanatomica, with a translation of the terms into Spanish. This was complemented by a search in an English etymological dictionary for the corresponding terms. This research found a difference between the Latin to English translation of the term fluorescens, which has a very different etymological origin to its English meaning. The term Neuron parvum valde fluorescens in Terminologia Histologica and the term Neuron parvum fluorescens in Terminologia Neuroanatomica identify the same structure. The proposal is to replace both terms with Cateconeuron ganglionare, thus affording an accurate description of this type of neuron, considering its location and function. Moreover, it would also be a concordant term in Latin for its incorporation into the Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica.

Caracterización histológica del melanoma cutáneo en reportes de patología en la ciudad de Cali, 2016-2021 / Histological characterization of cutaneous melanoma in pathology reports in the city of Cali, 2016-2021

Introducción. El melanoma es la proliferación maligna de melanocitos asociado a un comportamiento agresivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las variables histológicas del melanoma cutáneo. Métodos. Estudio observacional retrospectivo, transversal descriptivo, realizado con reportes de patologías de pacientes con diagnóstico de melanoma cutáneo en un laboratorio de patología en Cali, Colombia, entre 2016-2021. Se incluyeron las variables edad, sexo, localización, subtipo, espesor de Breslow, ulceración, márgenes, mitosis, invasión linfovascular, neurotrofismo, regresión tumoral, nivel de Clark e infiltración tumoral por linfocitos. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 106 reportes y fueron excluidos 54 por duplicación. Se incluyeron 52 registros, la media de edad fue de 61 años, con una mayor frecuencia de mujeres (55,8 %). De los 33 casos donde se especificó el subtipo histológico, el más frecuente fue el de extensión superficial (66,6 %), seguido del acral lentiginoso (18,1 %) y nodular con (15,2 %). La localización más frecuente fue en extremidades (61,5 %). El espesor de Breslow más común fue IV (34,6 %) y el nivel de Clark más frecuente fue IV (34,6 %). La ulceración estuvo en el 40,4 %. El subtipo nodular fue el de presentación más agresiva, donde el 100 % presentaron espesor de Breslow IV. Conclusiones. El subtipo de melanoma más común en nuestra población fue el de extensión superficial; el segundo en frecuencia fue el subtipo acral lentiginoso, que se localizó siempre en extremidades. Más del 50 % de los melanomas tenían espesor de Breslow mayor o igual a III, lo que impacta en el pronóstico.

Background. Melanoma is the malignant proliferation of melanocytes associated with aggressive behavior. The objective of this study was to determine the histological variables of cutaneous melanoma. Methods. Observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, retrospective study carried out with reports of pathologies with a diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma in a pathology laboratory in Cali between 2016-2021. The variables were age, sex, location, subtype, Breslow thickness, ulceration, margins, mitosis, lymphovascular invasion, neurotropism, tumoral regression, Clark level and tumor infiltration by lymphocytes. Results. One hundred and six reports were obtained and 54 were excluded due to duplication. A descriptive analysis was made on the 52 records that were included, the mean age was 61 years, with a higher frequency in women with 55.8%. Of the 33 cases where the histological subtype was specified, the most frequent was superficial extension with 66.6%, followed by acral lentiginous with 18.1% and nodular with 15.2%. The most frequent location was in the extremities (61.5%); the most common Breslow was IV (34.6%), and the most frequent Clark was IV (34.6%). Ulceration was in 40.4%. The nodular subtype was the most aggressive presentation where 100% presented Breslow IV. Conclusions. The most common subtype of melanoma was that of superficial extension. In our population, the second most frequent was the acral lentiginous subtype, which was always located on the extremities. More than 50% of the melanomas had Breslow greater than or equal to III, which affects the prognosis.

Histomorphometric comparison of two different preclinical models to evaluate the bone repair in grafted areas

Aim: This study was performed to compare two different rat defect models (critical calvaria defects versus guided bone regeneration in the mandibular ramus) used to evaluate bone repair in grafted areas. Methods: A total of 12 rats were allocated in two groups according the experimental model used to evaluate the bone repair in grafted areas: a critical sized-calvaria defect of 5 mm filled with bone graft (n=6) and a mandibular ramus filled with the bone graft associated with a Teflon dome-shaped membrane (n=6). Both groups were grafted with deproteinized bovine bone graft. After 60 days, the animals were euthanized and the samples obtained were submitted to histomorphometry analysis to evaluate the relative amount of bone, remaining bone substitute, and soft tissue within the grafted areas. Results: No differences were observed between the preclinical models evaluated in relation to the amount of bone tissue formation (19.93 ± 4.55% in calvaria vs. 21.00 ± 8.20% in mandible). However, there was a smaller amount of soft tissue (43.20 ± 10.97% vs. 57.79 ± 7.61 %; p<0.01) and a greater amount of bone substitute remaining (35.80 ± 5.52% vs. 22.28 ± 4.36 %; p<0.05) in the grafted areas in the mandible compared to calvaria defect. Conclusion: Preclinical models for the analysis of bone repair in grafted areas in the mandible and critical sized-calvaria defects showed different responses in relation to the amount of soft tissue and bone substitute remnants

Use of F18 bioglass putty for induced membrane technique in segmental bone defect of the radius in rabbits

Purpose: To evaluate the inductive capacity of F18 bioglass putty on the induced membrane technique in a segmental bone defect of the rabbit's radius. Methods: Ten female Norfolk at 24 months of age were used. The animals were randomly separated based on postoperative time points: five rabbits at 21 and four at 42 days. A 1-cm segmental bone defect was created in both radii. The bone defects were filled with an F18 bioglass putty. Results: Immediate postoperative radiographic examination revealed the biomaterial occupying the segmental bone defect as a well-defined radiopaque structure with a density close to bone tissue. At 21 and 42 days after surgery, a reduction in radiopacity and volume of the biomaterial was observed, with particle dispersion in the bone defect region. Histologically, the induced membrane was verified in all animals, predominantly composed of fibrocollagenous tissue. In addition, chondroid and osteoid matrices undergoing regeneration, a densely vascularized tissue, and a foreign body type reaction composed of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells were seen. Conclusions: the F18 bioglass putty caused a foreign body-type inflammatory response with the development of an induced membrane without expansion capacity to perform the second stage of the Masquelet technique.

Transfer of learning in histology: Insights from a longitudinal study.

All anatomical educators hope that students apply past training to both similar and new tasks. This two-group longitudinal study investigated the development of such transfer of learning in a histology course. After 0, 10, and 20 sessions of the 10-week-long course, medical students completed theoretical tasks, examined histological slides trained in the course (retention task), and unfamiliar histological slides (transfer task). The results showed that students in the histology group gradually outperformed the control group in all tasks, especially in the second half of the course, η2 = 0.268 (p < 0.001). The best predictor of final transfer performance was students' retention performance after 10 sessions, ß = 0.32 (p = 0.028), and theoretical knowledge after 20 sessions, ß = 0.46 (p = 0.003). Results of eye tracking methodology further revealed that the histology group engaged in greater "visual activity" when solving transfer tasks, as indicated by an increase in the total fixation count, η2 = 0.103 (p = 0.014). This longitudinal study provides evidence that medical students can use what they learn in histology courses to solve unfamiliar problems but cautions that positive transfer effects develop relatively late in the course. Thus, course time and the complex relationship between theory, retention, and transfer holds critical implications for anatomical curricula seeking to foster the transfer of learning.

Esofagitis eosinofílica de tórpida evolución / Eosinophilic esophagitis with torpid evolution

Introducción: La esofagitis eosinofílica es una enfermedad inmunomediada, crónica y progresiva, combinando disfunción esofágica e infiltrado eosinofílico exclusivo del esófago. Tanto su diagnóstico como su respuesta a los tratamientos requieren de evaluación histológica mediante endoscopias repetidas. Caso clínico. Varón de 11 años con disfagia para sólidos de años de evolución con empeoramiento en los últimos meses; angustia ante las ingestas con estancamiento ponderal; vómitos en impactaciones alimentarias; pirosis postprandial. Antecedentes patológicos: broncoespasmos de repetición y sensibilización a Alternaria. Exploración física: signos de hipotrofia pondero-estatural (somatometría: alrededor de –2 desviaciones estándares; Carrascosa 2017). Pruebas complementarias: analítica general sin alteraciones significativas incluyendo inmunoglobulinas E específicas alimentarias; prick test sensibilización a neumoalérgenos; gastroscopia mucosa esofágica edematosa, estrías longitudinales y exudados blanquecinos, mucosa gástrica signos de gastritis, mucosa duodenal normal; histología con un máximo 35 eosinófilos por campos de gran aumento y gastritis crónica leve-moderada con infección por Helicobacter pylori. Tratamiento y evolución: inducción a la remisión con inhibidores bomba de protones a dosis altas con buena respuesta clínica y macroscópica (parcial histológica), reduciendo a dosis de mantenimiento; ante recaída macroscópica (no histológica) se cambia a dieta exenta de leche y gluten sin respuesta; segundo intento de remisión con inhibidores sin éxito; finalmente se pautan corticoides deglutidos con buena respuesta tanto macroscópica como histológica; pendiente control con dosis de mantenimiento, asintomático. Comentarios. Como se aprecia en nuestro caso, esta enfermedad conlleva un difícil manejo ante la afectación parcheada de la mucosa y la discordancia clínico-histológica, lo que complica la interpretación de sus resultados.(AU)

Introduction: Eosinophilic esophagitis is an immunemediated, chronic and progressive disease, combining esophageal dysfunction and eosinophilic infiltrate exclusive to the esophagus. Both its diagnosis and its response to treatments require histological evaluation through repeated endoscopies. Case report. 11-year-old male with dysphagia for solids of years of evolution with worsening in recent months; anxiety before eating with weight stagnation; vomiting in food impactions; postprandial heartburn. Pathological history: repeated bronchospasms and sensitization to Alternaria. Physical examination: signs of weight-height hypotrophy (somatometry: around –2 standard deviations; Carrascosa 2017). Complementary tests: general blood test without significant alterations including food-specific immunoglobulins E; prick test sensitization to pneumoallergens; gastroscopy edematous esophageal mucosa, longitudinal furrows and whitish exudates, gastric mucosa signs of gastritis, normal duodenal mucosa; histology with a maximum of 35 eosinophils per high-power fields and mild-moderate chronic gastritis with Helicobacter pylori infection. Treatment and evolution: induction of remission with high-dose proton pump inhibitors with good clinical and macroscopic response (partial histological), reducing to maintenance doses; In the event of a macroscopic (non-histological) relapse, a diet free of milk and gluten is started without response; second attempt at remission with inhibitors without success; finally, swallowed corticosteroids are prescribed with good macroscopic and histological response; pending control with maintenance dose, asymptomatic. Discussion. Like our case shows, this disease has a difficult management due to patchy involvement of the mucosa and clinical-histological discordance, which complicates the interpretation of its results.(AU)

Concordancia entre el diagnóstico por imagen y la histología en las malformaciones pulmonares congénitas / Diagnostic accuracy of imaging compared to histology in congenital lung malformations

Introducción: El objetivo fue evaluar la concordancia entre las pruebas de imagen, la ecografía prenatal y la TC posnatal empleadas en el diagnóstico de malformaciones pulmonares congénitas (MPC) y el estudio anatomopatológico (AP).Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes diagnosticados prenatalmente de MPC en los que se realizó seguimiento posnatal incluyendo una TC y un estudio AP de la lesión. Las variables estudiadas incluyeron: datos demográficos, edad gestacional al diagnóstico, hallazgos ecográficos y existencia de gestación múltiple. Utilizamos el coeficiente estadístico Kappa para establecer la concordancia entre la ecografía y las pruebas postnatales (TC y AP). Se analizaron de forma pareada la presencia de lesiones, la localización, el tipo y el tamaño, y la presencia de vascularización sistémica.Resultados: Se incluyeron 56 pacientes con 57 lesiones. La edad gestacional media al diagnóstico fue 22,42±3,94 semanas y el 57% fueron varones. El pulmón izquierdo y los lóbulos inferiores fueron los más afectados. La concordancia entre TC y AP en la detección de lesiones quísticas fue moderada (Kappa=0,55) pero más relevante que la detectada entre ecografía y AP (Kappa=0,10), siendo discreta entre ambas pruebas de imagen. La concordancia TC/AP fue sustancial (Kappa=0,66) en la detección de vascularización sistémica de la lesión y superior a la determinada entre ecografía y AP. Ambas pruebas de imagen demostraron una precisión muy buena en la identificación de la localización de las lesiones.Conclusiones: La TC posnatal ofrece una concordancia sustancial con el estudio histológico, especialmente en la detección de vascularización, y nos aporta datos predecibles sobre la anatomía de la lesión.(AU)

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of imaging tests (prenatal ultrasound [US] and postnatal computed tomography [CT]) in comparison to histology for diagnosis of congenital lung malformations (CLMs).Material and methods: Retrospective study of patients with a prenatal diagnosis of CLM whose postnatal followup included thoracic CT scan and histological examination of the lesion. We collected data on demographic variables, gestational age at diagnosis, US findings and the history of multiple gestation. We used the kappa coefficient to determine the level of agreement between the findings of prenatal US and postnatal tests (CT and histology). We analysed paired data on the size of the lesion, its location and the presence or absence of systemic arterial vascularization.Results: The sample included 56 patients with 57 lesions. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 22.42 weeks (SD, 3.94) and 57% were male. Malformations most frequently involved the left lung and the lower lobes. The agreement between CT and histology in the detection of cystic lesions was moderate (κ=.55) but stronger compared to the agreement between US and histology (κ=.10). The agreement between CT and histology was substantial (κ=.66) in the detection of systemic vascularization of the lesion and stronger compared to the agreement between US and histology. Both imaging methods were highly accurate in the identification of the location of the pulmonary lesions.Conclusions: Postnatal CT offers a substantial concordance with histological findings, especially in the detection of systemic vascularization, and an accurate prediction of the anatomy of the lesion.(AU)

Histological artifacts associated with laser and electroscalpel gingivectomy: Case series / Artefactos histológicos asociados a gingivectomía con láser y electrobisturí: serie de casos

Introduction. Over time, efforts have been invested in the design of new instruments that overcome the disadvantages of the gold standard instrument in surgery, the scalpel. As a result, electronic equipment has emerged such as the electric scalpel and laser devices. The available evidence on these instruments suggests that the tissue response is related to each instrument's physical and biological cutting principles. Objective. To compare the histological changes in gingiva samples associated with surgical cutting performed with a 940 nm diode laser, a 2780 nm erbium, chromium: yttriumscandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser, and an electric scalpel, by presenting a series of cases. Case presentation. We present three cases of healthy patients undergoing cosmetic surgery. The clinical examination revealed exposure of a keratinized gingiva band greater than 4 mm, normal color and texture in gingival tissue, with a firm consistency and no bleeding on periodontal probing. Gingivectomy was indicated with the following protocols: Diode laser of 940 nm at 1 W, in continuous mode; Er,Cr:YSGG laser of 2780 nm at 2.5 W, 75 Hz, H mode, air 20, water 40, gold tip MT4); and electric scalpel in cutting mode at power level four. Gingival tissue samples were taken and stored in 10% formaldehyde for histological analysis. Conclusion. All the evaluated cutting instruments generated histological changes produced by the thermal effect, the main ones being collagen coagulation and carbonization. The depth of thermal damage caused by the 2780 nm Er,Cr:YSGG laser was much lesser than that induced by the electric scalpel and the 940 nm diode laser.

Introducción. Históricamente se ha invertido esfuerzo en el diseño de nuevos instrumentos que superen las desventajas del estándar de referencia en cirugía, el bisturí. Como consecuencia de esto, han surgido equipos electrónicos como el electrobisturí y los diferentes dispositivos de tecnología láser. La información disponible sobre estos instrumentos sugiere que la respuesta del tejido intervenido está influenciada por los principios físicos y biológicos de corte del instrumento. Objetivo. Comparar los cambios histológicos en muestras de encía asociados al corte quirúrgico realizado con láser de diodo de 940 nm, láser de erbio, cromo: itrio-escandio-galio-granate (Er,Cr:YSGG) (2780nm) y electrobisturí mediante una presentación de serie de casos. Presentación de los casos. Se presentan tres casos de pacientes sanos sometidos a cirugía estética. El examen clínico reveló la exposición de una banda gingival queratinizada mayor de 4 mm, tejido gingival de color y textura normales, de consistencia firme y sin sangrado al sondaje periodontal. Se indicó gingivectomía con los siguientes protocolos: láser de diodo de 940 nm a 1 W, en modo continuo; láser de Er,Cr:YSGG de 2780 nm a 2,5 W, 75 Hz, modo H, aire 20, agua 40, punta de oro MT4; y bisturí eléctrico en modo de corte, a nivel de potencia cuatro. Se tomaron muestras de tejido gingival y se almacenaron en formaldehído al 10 % para su análisis histológico. Conclusión. Los tres instrumentos de corte generaron cambios histológicos producidos por el efecto térmico; los principales fueron coagulación del colágeno y carbonización. La profundización del daño térmico causada por el láser de Er,Cr:YSGG de 2780 nm fue mucho menor que la generada por el electrobisturí y por el láser de diodo de 940 nm.

Percepción de los estudiantes de las carreras de la salud sobre la utilización de metodologías activas para la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la histología / Perception of students of health careers on the use of active methodologies for teaching and learning histology

Introducción:Las metodologías activas tienen como protagonista al estudiante y, al ser enriquecidas con las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones, optimizan el aprendizaje activo, la participación y el trabajo colaborativo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar la percepción de la satisfacción de los estudiantes de segundo año de Medicina y Tecnología Médica frente a la implementación de metodologías activas para el aprendizaje de la histología. Sujetos y métodos:Se utilizó un diseño cuantitativo, de corte transversal, descriptivo-comparativo. La percepción de los estudiantes se obtuvo a través de la aplicación de un cuestionario de satisfacción sobre metodologías activas, como el atlas digital y el póster científico, que incluyó cuatro dimensiones: metodología, atmósfera de aprendizaje, autorregulación y evaluación. Resultados:Las puntuaciones promedio obtenidas en cada dimensión fueron: metodología, media = 4,29; atmósfera de aprendizaje, media = 4,46; autorregulación, media = 4,37; y evaluación, media = 4,31, equivalentes a un porcentaje de satisfacción del 87,6, el 91,2, el 88,5 y el 83,7%, respectivamente. Las mejores percepciones se obtuvieron de los estudiantes de la carrera de Tecnología Médica. Conclusión:Los estudiantes percibieron positivamente las metodologías activas en beneficio de su aprendizaje en histología. Este tipo de metodologías favoreció principalmente la percepción de un buen ambiente para el aprendizaje y el logro de la autorregulación.(AU)

Introduction: Active methodologies have the student as their protagonist and, when enriched with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), optimize active learning, participation and collaborative work. The objective of this work was to identify the perception of satisfaction of second-year students of medicine and medical technology, regarding the implementation of active methodologies for learning histology. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive-comparative quantitative design was used. The perception of the students was obtained through the application of a satisfaction questionnaire on active methodologies such as digital atlas and scientific poster, which included 4 dimensions: methodology, learning atmosphere, self-regulation and evaluation. Results: The average scores obtained in each dimension were: methodology M = 4.29, learning atmosphere M = 4.46, self-regulation M = 4.37 and evaluation M = 4.31, equivalent to a percentage of satisfaction of 87.6%, 91.2%, 88.5% and 83.7%, respectively. The best perceptions were obtained from the students of the medical technology career. Conclusion: The students positively perceived the active methodologies for the benefit of their learning in histology. This type of methodologies mainly favored the perception of a good environment for learning and the achievement of self-regulation.(AU)

Recurrent atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) reveal discrete features of progression on histology, epigenetics, copy number profiling, and transcriptomics.

Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) are the most common malignant brain tumors manifesting in infancy. They split into four molecular types. The major three (AT/RT-SHH, AT/RT-TYR, and AT/RT-MYC) all carry mutations in SMARCB1, the fourth quantitatively smaller type is characterized by SMARCA4 mutations (AT/RT-SMARCA4). Molecular characteristics of disease recurrence or metastatic spread, which go along with a particularly dismal outcome, are currently unclear. Here, we investigated tumor tissue from 26 patients affected by AT/RT to identify signatures of recurrences in comparison with matched primary tumor samples. Microscopically, AT/RT recurrences demonstrated a loss of architecture and significantly enhanced mitotic activity as compared to their related primary tumors. Based on DNA methylation profiling, primary tumor and related recurrence were grossly similar, but three out of 26 tumors belonged to a different molecular type or subtype after second surgery compared to related primary lesions. Copy number variations (CNVs) differed in six cases, showing novel gains on chromosome 1q or losses of chromosome 10 in recurrences as the most frequent alterations. To consolidate these observations, our cohort was combined with a data set of unmatched primary and recurrent AT/RT, which demonstrated chromosome 1q gain and 10 loss in 18% (n = 7) and 11% (n = 4) of the recurrences (n = 38) as compared to 7% (n = 3) and 0% (n = 0) in the primary tumors (n = 44), respectively. Similar to the observations made by DNA methylation profiling, RNA sequencing of our cohort revealed AT/RT primary tumors and matched recurrences clustering closely together. However, a number of genes showed significantly altered expression in AT/RT-SHH recurrences. Many of them are known tumor driving growth factors, involved in embryonal development and tumorigenesis, or are cell-cycle-associated. Overall, our work identifies subtle molecular changes that occur in the course of the disease and that may help define novel therapeutic targets for AT/RT recurrences.

Sustancia Cromatofílica: Una Propuesta de Cambio a la Terminologia Histologica y Terminologia Neuroanatomica / Chromatophilic Substance: a Proposal to Change the Terminologia Histologica and Terminologia Neuroanatomica

En Terminologia Histologica y Terminologia Neuroanatomica está registrado el término Substantia chromatophilica de origen grecolatino, con los códigos H2.00.06.1.00009 y 78, respectivamente. Dicho término ha sido empleado para referirse a un conglomerado de estructuras que en unión fungen como maquinaria de síntesis proteica y que son característicos de las células nerviosas. Teniendo en cuenta los lineamientos de la Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) referentes a la denominación de nombres estructurales con un valor descriptivo e informativo, creemos que el término en cuestión no es el más adecuado. Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar y evaluar la concordancia de las raíces grecolatinas que componen el término. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en el Diccionario de la lengua española, Diccionario de Términos Médicos, diccionario VOX Griego-Español y el diccionario VOX Ilustrado Latino-Español Español-Latino. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la palabra chromatophilica no presenta registro en español, sin embargo, sus sinónimos hacen referencia a material biológico afín por los colorantes. En base a lo anterior, proponemos el término Ribocumulus corponeuralis en función de su estructura y ubicación, en reemplazo de Substantia chromatophilica.

SUMMARY: In Terminologia Histologica and Terminologia Neuroanatomica the term Substantia chromatophilica of Greco-Latin origin is registered with the codes H2.00.06.1.00009 and 78, respectively. This term has been used to refer to a conglomerate of structures that together function as protein synthesis machinery and are characteristic of nerve cells. Considering the guidelines of the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT) regarding the denomination of structural names with a descriptive and informative value, we believe that the term in question is not the most appropriate. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze and evaluate the concordance of the Greco-Latin roots that compose the term. For this purpose, a search was conducted in the Diccionario de la Lengua Española, Diccionario de Términos Médicos, Diccionario VOX Griego-Español and the Diccionario VOX Ilustrado Latino-Español Español-Latino. The results obtained indicate that the word chromatophilica is not registered in Spanish, however, its synonyms refer to biological material related to dyes. Based on the aforementioned, we propose the term Ribocumulus corponeuralis based on its structure and location, as a replacement for Substantia chromatophilica.

High-Order Correlation-Guided Slide-Level Histology Retrieval With Self-Supervised Hashing.

Histopathological Whole Slide Images (WSIs) play a crucial role in cancer diagnosis. It is of significant importance for pathologists to search for images sharing similar content with the query WSI, especially in the case-based diagnosis. While slide-level retrieval could be more intuitive and practical in clinical applications, most methods are designed for patch-level retrieval. A few recently unsupervised slide-level methods only focus on integrating patch features directly, without perceiving slide-level information, and thus severely limits the performance of WSI retrieval. To tackle the issue, we propose a High-Order Correlation-Guided Self-Supervised Hashing-Encoding Retrieval (HSHR) method. Specifically, we train an attention-based hash encoder with slide-level representation in a self-supervised manner, enabling it to generate more representative slide-level hash codes of cluster centers and assign weights for each. These optimized and weighted codes are leveraged to establish a similarity-based hypergraph, in which a hypergraph-guided retrieval module is adopted to explore high-order correlations in the multi-pairwise manifold to conduct WSI retrieval. Extensive experiments on multiple TCGA datasets with over 24,000 WSIs spanning 30 cancer subtypes demonstrate that HSHR achieves state-of-the-art performance compared with other unsupervised histology WSI retrieval methods.

Scale to measure medical, nursing and midwifery students' engagement in an e-learning histology course / Escala para medir la participación de estudiantes de medicina, enfermería y obstetricia en un curso de histología e-learning

SUMMARY: E-learning courses become increasingly important and relevant in medicine and health sciences over the last decade. However, there are few teaching experiences of e-learning histology courses published in the literature worldwide. Moreover, most of these studies focus on the didactic aspects of the course without exploring student participation. The study presented below aimed to validate a scale to measure student participation in an e-learning histology course. We provide evidence of validity of the instrument based on its internal structure for use with medical, nursing, and midwifery students. The participants in this study were a group of 426 Chilean medical, nursing and midwifery students from a public university who completed the questionnaire in two consecutive semesters (2020-2021). Data from the first group of students were used to perform an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), while data from the second group of participants were used to perform a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The three factors identified according to the CFA were: "Habits of online," "Motivation for online learning," and "Interaction of online". After eliminating one of the initial items of the instrument, the scale showed acceptable psychometric properties suggesting that it is a useful instrument to measure students' perception of their participation in e-learning histology courses. The factors identified through the validation of the instrument provide relevant information for teachers and curriculum developers to create and implement different ways of encouraging student participation in e- learning histology courses to support online learning.

Los cursos e-learning han tomado mayor importancia y relevancia durante la ultima década en carreras de medicina y ciencias de la salud. No obstante, existen escasas experiencias docentes de cursos de histologia e-learning publicadas en la literatura mundial. Además, la mayoría de estos estudios se centran en los aspectos didácticos del curso sin explorar la participación de los estudiantes. El estudio que presentamos a continuación tuvo por objetivo validar una escala para medir la participación de los estudiantes en un curso de histología e-learning. Aportamos evidencia de validez del instrumento basada en su estructura interna para su uso con estudiantes de medicina, enfermería y obstetricia. Los participantes de este estudio fueron un grupo de 426 estudiantes chilenos de medicina, enfermería y obstetricia de una universidad pública quienes completaron el cuestionario en dos semestres consecutivos (año 2020-2021). Los datos del primer grupo de estudiantes se utilizaron para realizar un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE), mientras que los datos del segundo grupo de participantes se utilizaron para realizar un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC). Los tres factores identificados según el AFC fueron: "Hábitos de los estudiantes en línea", "Motivación por el aprendizaje en línea", "Interacción de los estudiantes en línea". Luego de la eliminación de uno de los ítems iniciales del instrumento, la escala mostró propiedades psicométricas aceptables sugiriendo que es un instrumento útil para medir la percepción de los estudiantes sobre su participación en cursos de histología en formato e-learning. Los factores identificados mediante la validación del instrumento entregan información relevante para que los profesores y curriculistas desarrollen e implementen diferentes formas de estimular la participación de los estudiantes en cursos de histología e- learning y así apoyar el aprendizaje en formato online.