Researchers' experience in data collection with families of femicide victims.

OBJECTIVES: to describe researchers' experience in collecting data from families of femicide victims. METHODS: this descriptive, qualitative study took the form of an experience report and was conducted in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. It involved documentary consultation, training researchers, scheduling and conducting interviews, and using a field diary to record the researchers' perceptions and experiences. RESULTS: the descriptions and photographs of the crime scene were both distressing and impactful for the researchers. The mementos of the victims (including clothing, objects, and childhood photos) shown by their families were deeply moving. Identifying with these experiences facilitated listening to the stories told by the relatives. It was essential to maintain a non-judgmental attitude, acknowledge the loss, provide support for the suffering, and demonstrate a willingness to help. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the experience encompassed both theoretical and methodological aspects that were planned and executed in data collection, fostering the development of skills and sensitivity towards the cases. Beyond knowledge and preparation, researchers are expected to exhibit ethical conduct and empathetic capacity.

Obstetric violence in the context of community violence: The case of Mexico.

This study examines the relationship between community violence and obstetric violence in Mexico, where the so-called "War on Drugs" has led to sustained high levels of homicides and one-third of pregnant people report experiencing abusive treatment from healthcare providers during childbirth. We combine unique nationally representative survey data on experiences of obstetric violence for births that occurred between 2016 and 2021 with administrative homicide data at the month-municipality level. Using fixed effects models, we investigate how different manifestations of obstetric violence relate to community violence in the short-, medium-, and long-term. Results suggest that the intensity of community violence matters for obstetric violence. Specifically, we find that sustained high-intensity homicidal violence is associated with an increased risk of mistreatment at childbirth, particularly in the form of physical abuse and non-consensual care. Associations are stronger among adolescent, low-educated, and urban respondents. Addressing obstetric violence requires recognising the structural role of sustained high-intensity community violence and the normalisation of violent behaviour that exposure to such environmental stressors may create.

Indirect victims of violence: a look at health impacts. / Vítimas indiretas da violência: um olhar sobre os impactos na saúde.

We sought to investigate the perceptions of indirect victims or family members of homicide victims, about the repercussions of these deaths on their health. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive study was carried out, based on eight semi-structured individual interviews with two groups: family members of police officers victimized by lethal violence, and family members of people killed as a result of police intervention, designated here as homicide. Both groups reported the perception that their health deteriorated after the homicide, and mentioned problems such as depression, panic disorder, insomnia, heart conditions and eating disorders. They also highlighted the acquisition of habits that are harmful to health, such as the consumption of alcoholic beverages, tobacco and self-medication, and the worsening of pre-existing health issues. It was observed that the homicide committed and suffered by police agents affects various aspects of the lives of indirect victims that are inseparable from health issues in a broader sense. These people are also victims of this violence, although their suffering is often made invisible. Studying this topic helps to give space to the suffering and mourning of these people and to subsidize the best performance of the institutions and services involved.

Buscou-se investigar as percepções das vítimas indiretas, ou familiares de vítimas de homicídio, sobre as repercussões dessa morte em sua saúde. Fez-se um estudo qualitativo, exploratório, descritivo, a partir de oito entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com dois grupos: familiares de agentes policiais vitimados por violência letal, e familiares de pessoas mortas em decorrência de intervenção policial, aqui designada como homicídio. Ambos os grupos relataram a percepção de que sua saúde piorou após o homicídio, e mencionaram problemas de depressão, síndrome do pânico, insônia, problemas cardíacos e distúrbios alimentares. Destacaram ainda a aquisição de hábitos danosos à saúde, como consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, tabaco e automedicação, e o agravamento de problemas de saúde pré-existentes. Observou-se que o homicídio praticado e sofrido por agentes policiais afeta vários aspectos da vida das vítimas indiretas que são indissociáveis das questões de saúde em sentido ampliado. Essas pessoas também são vítimas dessa violência, embora muitas vezes tenham seu sofrimento invisibilizado. Estudar o tema contribui para dar espaço ao sofrimento e ao luto, e para subsidiar a melhor atuação das instituições e serviços envolvidos.

Life-course influences of poverty on violence and homicide: 30-year Brazilian birth cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Homicide is the leading cause of death among young people in Latin America, one of the world's most violent regions. Poverty is widely considered a key cause of violence, but theories suggest different effects of poverty, depending on when it is experienced in the life-course. Longitudinal studies of violence are scarce in Latin America, and very few prospective data are available worldwide to test different life-course influences on homicide. METHODS: In a prospective birth cohort study following 5914 children born in southern Brazil, we examined the role of poverty at birth, in early childhood, and in early adulthood on violence and homicide perpetration, in criminal records up to age 30 years. A novel Structured Life Course Modelling Approach was used to test competing life-course hypotheses about 'sensitive periods', 'accumulation of risk', and 'downward mobility' regarding the influence of poverty on violence and homicide. RESULTS: Cumulative poverty and poverty in early adulthood were the most important influences on violence and homicide perpetration. This supports the hypothesis that early adulthood is a sensitive period for the influence of poverty on lethal and non-lethal violence. Results were replicable using different definitions of poverty and an alternative outcome of self-reported fights. CONCLUSION: Cumulative poverty from childhood to adulthood was an important driver of violence and homicide in this population. However, poverty experienced in early adulthood was especially influential, suggesting the importance of proximal mechanisms for violence in this context, such as unemployment, organized crime, drug trafficking, and ineffective policing and justice systems.

Temporal trends in female firearm homicides across states in the Northeast of Brazil during the period 2000-2019. / Tendência temporal da mortalidade por homicídios femininos por arma de fogo nos estados da região Nordeste do Brasil no período 2000-2019.

This article aims to analyze temporal trends in female firearm homicides in the Northeast of Brazil during the period 2000-2019. We conducted an ecological study using data on firearm homicides of women aged 10 years and over obtained from the Mortality Information System. The population data were taken from the 2010 Census. Homicide rates were calculated after correcting the data to account for differences in the quality and coverage of death records. Trends were assessed using negative binomial regression and described using relative risk and p values. Average annual percentage changes in homicide rates were also calculated. The regional firearm homicide rate during the study period was 4.40 per 100,000 women. Rates were highest in the state of Alagoas (5.40), the 15-19 age group (5.84) and in public thoroughfares (1.58). Trends were upward across all states except Pernambuco, where they were downward, and Alagoas, where rates were stationary. The place of occurrence with the highest percentage increase in firearm homicides over the study period was public thoroughfares. Female firearm homicides showed an upward trend across most northeastern states.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a tendência temporal dos homicídios femininos perpetrados por arma de fogo nos estados nordestinos, no período de 2000 a 2019. Estudo ecológico, com dados de homicídios por arma de fogo em mulheres com 10 ou mais anos, registrados no Sistema de Informação Sobre Mortalidade. Os dados de mortalidade e os dados populacionais foram obtidos junto ao Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde. Após a correção dos registros de óbito para qualidade e cobertura dos óbitos, as taxas de mortalidade foram calculadas Tendências foram avaliadas por regressão binomial negativa, classificadas de acordo com o valor do risco relativo e valor de p. Calculou-se a variação percentual anual média das taxas de mortalidade. A região apresentou 4,40 homicídios por arma de fogo por 100 mil mulheres no período do estudo, maiores coeficientes em Alagoas (5,40), na faixa etária de 15-19 anos (5,84), e via pública (1,58). As tendências foram ascendentes, com exceção de Pernambuco em que foi descendente, e estacionárias em Alagoas. Os homicídios por arma de fogo em via pública apresentaram maior percentual de aumento no período estudado. Observou-se tendência ascendente nos homicídios femininos perpetrados por arma de fogo na maioria dos estados nordestinos.

Surveillance for Violent Deaths - National Violent Death Reporting System, 48 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2021.

Problem/Condition: In 2021, approximately 75,000 persons died of violence-related injuries in the United States. This report summarizes data from CDC's National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) on violent deaths that occurred in 48 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico in 2021. Results are reported by sex, age group, race and ethnicity, method of injury, type of location where the injury occurred, circumstances of injury, and other selected characteristics. This report introduces additional incident and circumstance variables, which now include child victim-specific circumstance information. This report also incorporates new U.S. Census Bureau race and ethnicity categories, which now account for more than one race and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander categories and include updated denominators to calculate rates for these populations. Period Covered: 2021. Description of System: NVDRS collects data regarding violent deaths from death certificates, coroner and medical examiner records, and law enforcement reports. This report includes data collected for violent deaths that occurred in 2021. Data were collected from 48 states (all states with exception of Florida and Hawaii), the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Forty-six states had statewide data, two additional states had data from counties representing a subset of their population (31 California counties, representing 64% of its population, and 13 Texas counties, representing 63% of its population), and the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico had jurisdiction-wide data. NVDRS collates information for each violent death and links deaths that are related (e.g., multiple homicides, homicide followed by suicide, or multiple suicides) into a single incident. Results: For 2021, NVDRS collected information on 68,866 fatal incidents involving 70,688 deaths that occurred in 48 states (46 states collecting statewide data, 31 California counties, and 13 Texas counties), and the District of Columbia. The deaths captured in NVDRS accounted for 86.5% of all homicides, legal intervention deaths, suicides, unintentional firearm injury deaths, and deaths of undetermined intent in the United States in 2021. In addition, information was collected for 816 fatal incidents involving 880 deaths in Puerto Rico. Data for Puerto Rico were analyzed separately. Of the 70,688 deaths, the majority (58.2%) were suicides, followed by homicides (31.5%), deaths of undetermined intent that might be due to violence (8.2%), legal intervention deaths (1.3%) (i.e., deaths caused by law enforcement and other persons with legal authority to use deadly force acting in the line of duty, excluding legal executions), and unintentional firearm injury deaths (<1.0%). The term "legal intervention" is a classification incorporated into the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, and does not denote the lawfulness or legality of the circumstances surrounding a death caused by law enforcement.Demographic patterns and circumstances varied by manner of death. The suicide rate was higher for males than for females. Across all age groups, the suicide rate was highest among adults aged ≥85 years. In addition, non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons had the highest suicide rates among all racial and ethnic groups. Among both males and females, the most common method of injury for suicide was a firearm. Among all suicide victims, when circumstances were known (84.4%), suicide was most often preceded by a mental health, intimate partner, or physical health problem or by a recent or impending crisis during the previous or upcoming 2 weeks. The homicide rate was higher for males than for females. Among all homicide victims, the homicide rate was highest among persons aged 20-24 years compared with other age groups. Non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black) males experienced the highest homicide rate of any racial or ethnic group. Among all homicide victims, the most common method of injury was a firearm. When the relationship between a homicide victim and a suspect was known, the suspect was most frequently an acquaintance or friend for male victims and a current or former intimate partner for female victims. Homicide most often was precipitated by an argument or conflict, occurred in conjunction with another crime, or, for female victims, was related to intimate partner violence. Nearly all victims of legal intervention deaths were male, and the legal intervention death rate was highest among men aged 30-34 years. The legal intervention death rate was highest among AI/AN males, followed by Black males. A firearm was used in the majority of legal intervention deaths. When circumstances were known, the most frequent circumstances reported for legal intervention deaths were as follows: the victim used a weapon in the incident and the victim had a substance use problem (other than alcohol use). Other causes of death included unintentional firearm injury deaths and deaths of undetermined intent. Unintentional firearm injury deaths were most frequently experienced by males, non-Hispanic White (White) persons, and persons aged 15-24 years. These deaths most frequently occurred while the shooter was playing with a firearm and were precipitated by a person unintentionally pulling the trigger. The rate of deaths of undetermined intent was highest among males, particularly among AI/AN and Black males, and among adults aged 30-54 years. Poisoning was the most common method of injury in deaths of undetermined intent, and opioids were detected in nearly 80% of decedents tested for those substances. Interpretation: This report provides a detailed summary of data from NVDRS on violent deaths that occurred in 2021. The suicide rate was highest among AI/AN and White males, whereas the homicide rate was highest among Black males. Intimate partner violence precipitated a large proportion of homicides for females. Mental health problems, intimate partner problems, interpersonal conflicts, and acute life stressors were primary precipitating circumstances for multiple types of deaths examined. Public Health Action: Violence is preventable, and data can guide public health action. NVDRS data are used to monitor the occurrence of violence-related fatal injuries and assist public health authorities in developing, implementing, and evaluating programs, policies, and practices to reduce and prevent violent deaths. NVDRS data can be used to enhance prevention efforts into actionable strategies. States or jurisdictions have used their Violent Death Reporting System (VDRS) data to guide suicide prevention efforts and highlight where additional focus is needed. For example, North Carolina VDRS program data have played a significant role in expanding activities related to firearm safety and injury prevention. The program served as a primary data source for partners, which led to the creation of the Office of Violence Prevention in the state, focusing on combatting firearm-related deaths. In Maine, the VDRS provided data on law enforcement officer suicides that were used to help support a bill mandating mental health resiliency and awareness training in the state's law enforcement training academy, along with plans for similar training addressing mental health, substance use, and alcohol problems among corrections officers. In addition, states and jurisdictions have also used their VDRS data to examine factors related to homicide in their state or jurisdiction. For example, Georgia VDRS collaborated with the City of Atlanta Mayor's Office of Violence Reduction to develop two public dashboards that not only offer comprehensive data on violent deaths but also present data on the geographic distribution of populations disproportionately affected by violence to help inform violence prevention interventions.

Participation experiences of indirect victims of child sexual homicide in parole proceedings.

Few studies have examined victim participation in parole processes, particularly in countries that have specific procedures for hearing victims' statements in post-conviction proceedings. This study, through in-depth interviews, explores the experiences of seven indirect victims of child sexual homicide, identifying their needs and expectations in a justice system lacking formal mechanisms for their involvement. Results emphasize the necessity for official information for families and the consequent frustration from the absence of formal participation. Parole application becomes a new challenge to the ongoing grieving process, leading to distress responses that may require specialized care. Recommendations about formal mechanisms for victim notification, participation and support during the parole process are noted to acknowledge their experience and emotional impact.

Child and adolescent victims of sexual homicide in Chile between 1998 and 2021: A review of 27 cases and their autopsy reports.

Rape followed by murder against children and adolescents is one of the most serious existing crimes. The autopsies of victims of violent crimes can provide fundamental findings for the investigative process and the pursuit of justice. This research conducts a descriptive analysis of the most important findings from the autopsies of 27 cases of children and adolescents who died in Chile between 1998 and 2021 as a result of rape followed by homicide (n = 27), as well as from the judiciary rulings of these cases to gather information related to the perpetrators. It was found that the victims of this crime are mostly girls with an average age of 10, while the perpetrators are primarily single men aged 29 on average, most of whom have not finished high school. A significant relationship was found between the location of the crime and the cause of death and signs of sexual contact, the marital status of the perpetrator and the cause of death, the age of the perpetrator and signs of sexual contact, and the relationship between victim and perpetrator and signs of sexual contact.

[Homicides in southern South American cities: educational inequalities and economic fluctuations]. / Homicidios en ciudades del sur de Sudamérica: desigualdades educativas y fluctuaciones económicas.

Information on how economic fluctuations affect educational inequalities in homicides in Latin America is scarce. This study aimed to: (a) analyze the temporal variations of educational inequalities related to homicide mortality and (b) compare these inequalities between years of economic growth and recession in southern South America cities from 2000 to 2019. Data from seven urban areas in three countries in the Southern Cone of South America were used: Mendoza and Rosario (Argentina); Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo (Brazil); and Santiago (Chile). Poisson models were estimated by using age, sex, city of residence, year of economic growth or recession, and schooling level as explanatory variables. Results showed significant differences in the temporal evolution of homicide rates in the seven cities, although populations with a low schooling level always showed the most vulnerability. The four Brazilian cities, analyzed together, showed greater educational inequalities related to homicides in years of economic recession when compared to those of economic growth. On the one hand, the indiscriminate use of force by the State against criminal groups seems to increase social inequality in homicide mortality. On the other hand, criminal fragmentation and economic crisis can exacerbate these inequalities by increasing territorial disputes between criminal groups.

Se sabe poco sobre cómo las fluctuaciones económicas afectan las desigualdades educativas en homicidios en países latinoamericanos. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron (a) analizar las variaciones temporales de las desigualdades relativas educacionales de la mortalidad por homicidio, y (b) comparar estas desigualdades entre años de crecimiento económico y años de recesión en ciudades del sur sudamericano durante el período 2000-2019. Se utilizaron datos de siete áreas urbanas, en tres países del Cono Sur Sudamericano: Mendoza y Rosario (Argentina); Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Rio de Janeiro y São Paulo (Brasil); y Santiago (Chile). Se estimaron modelos de Poisson, utilizando como variables explicativas la edad, sexo, año, ciudad de residencia, año de expansión o recesión económica y nivel educativo. Encontramos diferencias marcadas en la evolución temporal de las tasas de homicidio entre las siete ciudades, aunque siempre las poblaciones de nivel educativo bajo fueron las más vulnerables. Las cuatro ciudades de Brasil, analizadas en conjunto, tuvieron desigualdades educativas relativas de homicidios mayores en años de recesión económica, con respecto a años de crecimiento económico. Por un lado, el uso de la fuerza indiscriminado por parte del Estado enfocado hacia grupos criminales parece haber llevado a una creciente desigualdad social de la mortalidad por homicidio. Por el otro, en un contexto de fragmentación criminal y crisis económica se podrían agravar estas desigualdades a través de mayores disputas territoriales entre grupos criminales.

São escassas as informações sobre como as flutuações econômicas afetam as desigualdades educacionais em homicídios na América Latina. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (a) analisar as variações temporais das desigualdades educacionais relacionadas à mortalidade por homicídio, e (b) comparar essas desigualdades entre os anos de crescimento econômico e os anos de recessão nas cidades do sul da América do Sul no período de 2000 a 2019. Foram utilizados dados de sete áreas urbanas, em três países do Cone Sul da América do Sul: Mendoza e Rosário (Argentina); Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo (Brasil); e Santiago (Chile). Os modelos de Poisson foram estimados utilizando como variáveis explicativas a idade, sexo, ano, cidade de residência, ano de expansão ou recessão econômica e nível de escolaridade. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas na evolução temporal das taxas de homicídio entre as sete cidades, apesar de que as populações com baixo nível de escolaridade sempre foram as mais vulneráveis. As quatro cidades brasileiras, analisadas em conjunto, apresentaram maiores desigualdades educacionais relacionadas a homicídios em anos de recessão econômica em relação aos anos de crescimento econômico. Por um lado, o uso indiscriminado da força pelo Estado contra grupos criminosos parece ter levado ao aumento da desigualdade social na mortalidade por homicídio. Por outro lado, em um contexto de fragmentação criminal e crise econômica, essas desigualdades podem ser exacerbadas pelo aumento das disputas territoriais entre grupos criminosos.

Characterization of Homicides in Mexico: Analysis of 2015-2022.

BACKGROUND: In Mexico, homicides are the leading cause of death among men aged 15 to 44 years; however, despite their increase in recent decades, the study of this issue is insufficient, given its magnitude and impact. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the spatial and temporal patterns and associated factors of homicides in Mexico from 2015 to 2022. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted, analyzing death records from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography's general mortality databases. Simple frequencies and incidence rates per 100,000 inhabitants by sex, year, and state of the Mexican Republic were calculated. Mortality was evaluated by age groups and geographic areas, and bivariate logistic regression models with sociodemographic variables were performed. RESULTS: Records of 229,182 homicides in Mexico were analyzed, with a median age of 33 years, interquartile range 18. A total of 203,898 (88.96%) were men and 25,284 (11.04%) were women. The majority of deaths occurred in public places and were caused by firearms; women had a higher percentage of homicides at home. States with high incidence rates for both sexes were Chihuahua, Zacatecas, Michoacán, Colima, and Estado de México. The total years of life lost were 9.19 million years. The national incidence of homicides in men showed an upward trend from 2015 to 2019; however, in the case of women, this incidence increased in various age groups during the study period. Occupation, education, marital status, and place of occurrence had significant associations in the logistic regression models. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a spatial-temporal characterization of homicides in Mexico between 2015 and 2022, highlighting the high incidence in men and the upward trend in certain age groups among women. These findings underscore the need for preventive measures and public policies to address this issue in a multisectoral manner.

Violência doméstica: a pandemia de covid-19 provocou subnotificação de casos e/ou aumento de sua ocorrência? / Violencia doméstica: ¿la pandemia covid-19 ha causado un subreporte de casos y/o un aumento en su ocurrencia? / Domestic violence: has the covid-19 pandemic caused under-reporting of cases and/or an increase in their occurrence?

Introdução: O cenário pandêmico trouxe à tona e de forma potencializada alguns indicadores preocupantes acerca da violência domésticacontra a mulher.Dessa maneira, questiona-se: a pandemia de COVID-19 provocou diferença no número de ocorrências de casos de Violência Doméstica?Objetivo:Comparar a ocorrência de casos de violência doméstica contra mulheres em um estado brasileiro nos períodos de 2015 a 2018 e 2019a 2021 segundo dados da Polícia Civil do estado.Metodologia:Trata-se de um estudo documental e descritivo, realizado com dados secundários. As informações foram colhidas através da ouvidoria da Polícia Civil em 11 de março de 2021,a partir dos registros de boletins de ocorrências policiais sobre violência doméstica contra a mulher dos anos de 2015 a 2021.Resultados:Durante os anos de 2015 a 2021 foram registrados um total de 26.671 boletins de ocorrência por violência contra a mulher. De 2015 a 2018,a média mensal foi de 360,1ocorrênciase durante a pandemia, de 2019 a 2021, a média mensal foi de 360,9ocorrências. Notou-se um discreto aumento na quantidade de boletins de ocorrência feito durante a pandemia deCOVID-19, com destaque para 2020, que apresentou média mensal de 387,4ocorrências, período mais recrudescido da pandemia. A principal violência perpetrada foi a lesão corporal dolosa principalmente contra mulheres de 18 a 24 anos, que trabalhavam em casa ou estavam desempregadas.Conclusão:Apesar da falta de diferenças expressivas entre os anos pré e pós-pandemia, a análise reforça a urgência de discutir os fatores subjacentes à violência contra a mulher, especialmente a violência doméstica. Destaca-se a importância de medidas preventivas e de apoio às vítimas para enfrentar esse problema social. É essencial promover políticas visando uma sociedade mais segura e igualitária para todas as mulheres (AU).

Introduction:The pandemic scenario has brought to light, and in a intesified manner, some concerning indicators regarding domestic violence against women. Thus, the question arises: did the COVID-19 pandemic make a difference in the number of domestic violence cases? Objective: To compare the occurrence of domestic violence cases against Brazilian women in the periods from 2015 to 2018 and 2019 to 2021 according to data from the state's Civil Police. Methodology: This is a documentary and descriptive study, conducted with secondary data. The information was collected through the Civil Police ombudsman on March 11, 2021, based on police reports of domestic violence against women from 2015 to 2021. Results: During the year of 2015 to 2021, a total of 26,671 police reports of violence against women were registered. From 2015 to 2018, the monthly average was 360.1 occurrences, and during the pandemic, from 2019 to 2021, the monthly average was 360.9 occurrences. There was a slight increase in the number of police reports during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a peak in 2020, which had a monthly average of 387.4 occurrences, the most intense period of the pandemic. The main violence perpetrated was intentional bodily harm, mainly against women aged 18 to 24, who were either working from home or unemployed. Conclusion: Despite the lack of significant differences between pre and post-pandemic years, the analysis reinforces the urgency of discussing the underlying factors of violence against women, especially domestic violence. The importance of preventive measures and support for victims to address this social problem is emphasized. It is essential to promote policies aimed at a more equal and safer society for all women (AU).

Introducción: El escenario pandémico ha sacado a la luz algunos indicadores preocupantes sobre la violencia doméstica contra las mujeres. Entonces, surge la pregunta: ¿la pandemia de COVID-19 ha provocado una diferencia en el número de ocurrencias de casos de Violencia Doméstica?Objetivo:Comparar la ocurrencia de casos de violencia doméstica contra las mujeres en un estado brasileño en los períodos de 2015 a2018 y de 2019 a 2021 según datos de la Policía Civil del estado. Metodología:Se trata de un estudio documental y descriptivo, realizado con datos secundarios. La información fue recabada a través de la Defensoría del Pueblo de la Policía Civil el 11 de marzo de 2021,a partir de los registros de las denuncias policiales sobre violencia intrafamiliar contra las mujeres de 2015 a 2021.Resultados:De 2015 a 2021 se presentaron un total de 26.671 denuncias policiales por violencia contra las mujeres. De 2015 a 2018, el promedio mensual fue de 360,1 ocurrencias y durante la pandemia, de 2019 a 2021, el promedio mensual fue de 360,9 ocurrencias. Hubo un ligero aumento en el número de denuncias policiales realizadas durante la pandemia de COVID-19, especialmente en 2020, que tuvo un promedio mensual de 387,4 ocurrencias, el período más severo de la pandemia. La principal violencia perpetrada fueron lesiones corporales intencionales, principalmente contra mujeres de 18 a 24 años, que trabajaban en el hogar o estaban desempleadas.Conclusión:A pesar de la falta de diferencias significativas entre los años pre y post pandemia, el análisis refuerza la urgencia de discutir los factores que subyacen a la violencia contra las mujeres, especialmente la violencia doméstica. Se destaca la importancia de las medidas preventivas y de apoyo a las víctimas para hacer frente a esta problemática social. Es esencial promover políticas encaminadas a lograr una sociedad más segura e igualitaria para todas las mujeres (AU).

Mortalidade por homicídio de policiais civis do estado da Bahia, Brasil / Mortality by murder of civil police officials in the state of Bahia, Brazil / Mortalidad por asesinato de policías civiles en el estado de Bahía, Brasil

Os homicídios de policiais estão associados a fatores individuais, sociais e do trabalho. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar a mortalidade por homicídio de policiais civis da Bahia entre 2012 e 2019. Trata-se de estudo descritivo de vigilância da mortalidade de homicídios de policiais civis da ativa. As variáveis estudadas foram sociodemográficas, da atividade policial e da ocorrência. Na análise foram realizados cálculos de taxas de mortalidade e da estatística descritiva, por meio da linguagem computacional R versão 4.2.2. Foram registrados 27 homicídios de policiais civis da ativa, o que equivale a uma taxa média de 0,58/1000. Na caracterização, todos eram homens, com idade média de 52,5 anos (42 a 63 anos) e 95% negros. Em relação à atividade policial, 76% eram investigadores, com média de 17,9 anos (3 a 33 anos) de serviço e 81% das mortes ocorreram em horário de folga. Em 90% dos homicídios a arma de fogo foi o instrumento causador da morte, e em 62% dos casos a autoria não foi identificada. Conclui-se que o perfil sociodemográfico, do trabalho e das ocorrências de homicídios de policiais civis é semelhante ao perfil encontrado entre policiais militares e sobretudo aos homicídios da população geral.

Police homicides are associated with individual, social, and work-related factors. To characterize mortality due to homicide cases of civil police officers in the State of Bahia from 2012 to 2019.This is a descriptive study of mortality surveillance regarding the homicides of active civil police officers. The variables studied included sociodemographic, police activity, and event occurrence rates. In the analysis, mortality rates and descriptive statistics were calculated using the computational language R, version 4.2.2. Overall, 27 cases of homicide of civil police officers were registered, with an average rate of 0.58/1000 civil police officers. In the characterization, all victims were men with an average age of 52.5 years (42 to 63 years) and a 95% percent Black ethnicity. Regarding police activity, 76% were investigators, with an average of 17.9 years (3 to 33 years) of service, and 81% of deaths occurred during off-duty hours. In 90% of homicide cases, firearms were the instrument that caused death, and in 62% of cases the perpetrator was unidentified. The sociodemographic, work, and homicide profile of civil police officers resembles the profile among military police officers and especially that of homicides in the general population.

Los homicidios de policías están asociados a factores individuales, sociales y laborales. El objetivo de este artículo fue caracterizar la mortalidad por homicidio de policías civiles en el estado de Bahía (Brasil), en el período entre 2012 y 2019. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo de la vigilancia de la mortalidad por homicidios de policías civiles en activo. Las variables estudiadas fueron sociodemográficas, actividad policial y ocurrencia. En el análisis se realizaron cálculos de tasas de mortalidad y estadísticas descriptivas utilizando el lenguaje computacional R, versión 4.2.2.Se registraron 27 homicidios de policías civiles en activo, con una media de 0,58/1000 policías civiles. En la caracterización, todos eran hombres, con media de edad de 52,5 años (42 a 63 años), y el 95%, negros. Con relación a la actividad policial, el 76% se desempeñaban como investigadores, con un promedio de 17,9 años (3 a 33 años) de servicio y el 81% de las muertes ocurrieron fuera de servicio. En el 90% de los homicidios, el arma de fuego fue el instrumento que provocó la muerte y en el 62% de los casos no se identificó al autor. Se concluye que el perfil sociodemográfico, laboral y de homicidios de los policías civiles es similar al perfil encontrado entre los policías militares y, especialmente, a los homicidios en la población general.

A public health approach to reducing violence within the CARICOM region.

Widespread crime has become a worldwide problem so much so that violence is now ranked fourth globally in its contribution to disability-adjusted life years in the 10 to 24 age group. Homicides, a surrogate marker of violent crime, have shown an upward trend in almost all of the CARICOM countries, and homicide rates over the past 3 years have consistently increased, though the pattern of violence varies by country. This background has informed the need for greater emphasis on the need for a different approach to dealing with crime in the CARICOM region. The CARICOM governments recently hosted a symposium on crime and violence as a public health issue. The public health approach to crime has been used with measurable success in different parts of the world and, more recently in Trinidad, one of the CARICOM countries. The paper outlines the outcomes of the symposium and discusses its implications for the region.

Factors associated with homicides of women in Brazil, by race or colour, 2016-2020. / Fatores associados ao homicídio de mulheres no Brasil, segundo raça/cor, 2016-2020.

This ecological, time-trend study examined rates of homicide against women residing in Brazil, by state and race/colour, from 2016 to 2020, by performing. Multiple analysis by regression model on longitudinal data. During the study period, 20,405 homicides of women were recorded in Brazil. Standardised homicides rates were higher among black women (6.1/100,000) than among white women (3.4/100,000). From 2016 to 2020, rates decreased 25.2%, from 4.7 deaths per 100,000 women in 2016 to 3.5 in 2020, with a statistically significant downward trend among both black and white women. Statistically significant inverse relationships were found between female homicide rates and HDI, illiteracy rate and proportion of ill-defined causes. The average homicide rate decreased in 2019 and 2020, as compared with 2016. Despite the decreasing time trend in homicide rates for both black and white women, they differed substantially by race, with worse outcomes for black women.

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as taxas de homicídios contra mulheres residentes no Brasil, segundo unidades da federação e raça/cor, no período de 2016 a 2020. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de tendência temporal. Foi realizada análise múltipla adotando-se modelo de regressão para dados longitudinais. No período, ocorreram no Brasil 20.405 homicídios de mulheres e as taxas padronizadas mostraram que as mulheres negras (6,1/100.000) apresentaram as maiores taxas, em comparação às brancas (3,4/100.000). O Brasil apresentou queda de 25,2% de 2016 a 2020. A taxa de homicídio variou de 4,7 mortes por 100 mil mulheres em 2016 para 3,5 em 2020, mas a tendência decrescente e estatisticamente significante foi observada nas taxas de mulheres negras e brancas. As variáveis IDH, taxa de analfabetismo e proporção de causas mal definidas apresentaram uma relação inversa e estatisticamente significante com as taxas de homicídio de mulheres. Nos anos de 2019 e 2020 houve uma diminuição da taxa média de homicídio em relação ao ano de 2016. Apesar do decrescimento na evolução temporal das taxas para negras e brancas, houve diferenças raciais importantes nos homicídios de mulheres, com piores resultados para as mulheres negras.

Firearm manufacturing and imports in the USA and their association to firearm homicides in Central America and the Caribbean, 1991-2019.

BACKGROUND: Firearm manufacturing and imports grew in the US during the mid-2000s. We hypothesise those increases corresponded to increased international firearms trafficking and in turn were associated with increases in firearm homicides abroad. METHODS: We used the Global Burden of Disease database to quantify annual firearm and non-firearm homicide rates in Central American and Caribbean countries, 1991-2019. We obtained US firearm manufacturing and import data from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. We used two-way fixed effects regressions to estimate within-country associations between homicide rates (firearm and non-firearm) and US firearm manufacturing and imports. FINDINGS: Firearm homicide rates in Central American and Caribbean countries increased from 8.38/100K population in 2004 to 17.55/100 K in 2012 and remained steady thereafter. Those surges coincided with increases in US firearm manufacturing/imports (from 4.99 million in 2004 to 13.12 million in 2012). Non-firearm homicides remained roughly constant from 1991 to 2019. Adjusted analysis showed that an annual increase of one million firearms manufactured/imported in the US corresponded to an annual increase of 1.42 (95% CI 0.62 to 2.21) firearm homicides per 100 K in Central American and Caribbean countries. The corresponding change for non-firearm homicides was -0.18 (95% CI -1.46 to 1.11). We found country-to-country variability in these effects. INTERPRETATION: Increases in US firearm manufacturing/imports were associated with increases in firearm homicide rates in Central American and Caribbean countries but not associated with non-firearm homicides. The specificity to firearm homicides suggests possible international repercussions of increased firearm manufacturing and imports in the US implications are discussed.

Euthanasia, consensual homicide, and refusal of treatment.

Consensual homicide remains a crime in jurisdictions where active voluntary euthanasia has been legalized. At the same time, both jurisdictions, in which euthanasia is legal and those in which it is not, recognize that all patients (whether severely ill or not) have the right to refuse or withdraw medical treatment (including life-saving treatment). In this paper, I focus on the tensions between these three norms (the permission of active euthanasia, the permission to reject life-saving treatment, and the prohibition of consensual homicide), assuming a justification of euthanasia based on the right to (personal) autonomy. I argue that the best way to provide a coherent account of these norms is to claim that patients have two distinct rights: the right to autonomy and the right to bodily integrity. This solution has some relevant implications for the discussion of the legalization of active euthanasia.

Homens autores de homicídios femininos e feminicídios: análise de casos entre 2018 e 2019 na cidade de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil / Male perpetrators of female homicides and femicides: analysis of cases between 2018 and 2019 in the Campinas city, São Paulo, Brazil

Resumo A violência contra as mulheres em entornos domésticos e familiares tem raízes na desigualdade existente entre os gêneros. Estudos sobre autores de violência letal são necessários para uma compreensão ampliada do fenômeno. O objetivo do estudo é caracterizar os crimes dessa natureza e seus autores, mediante autópsias verbais realizadas com conhecidos e familiares de mulheres vítimas de homicídio na cidade de Campinas. No total, foram estudados 38 casos de homicídio feminino, dos quais 63,2% correspondem a feminicídios. A maioria dos responsáveis pelos crimes eram conhecidos (parceiros, cônjuges e namorados) nos casos de feminicídio, e desconhecidos (sujeitos cuja identidade foi ignorada) nos casos de homicídio feminino. As mortes ocorreram majoritariamente em entornos domésticos, sendo ocasionadas mediante o uso expressivo de violência e o emprego de objetos cortantes/perfurantes e armas de fogo. A fuga foi a conduta mais frequente depois da perpetração dos assassinatos. Os casos foram discutidos articulando intervenções voltadas para grupos reflexivos de masculinidade, centros de educação e reabilitação ou programas de recuperação, problematizando as dificuldades e ganhos no marco da Lei Maria da Penha.

Abstract Violence against women in domestic and family environments has its roots in the inequalities that exist between the genders. Studies on perpetrators of lethal violence are necessary for an expanded understanding of the phenomenon. This study aims to characterize the crimes of this nature and their perpetrators, with verbal autopsies carried out with acquaintances and relatives of women victims of homicide in Campinas. In total, we studied 38 cases of female homicide, of which 63.2% correspond to femicides. Most perpetrators were acquaintances (partners, spouses, and lovers) in the cases of feminicide, and not acquaintances (subjects whose identity was unknown) in the cases of female homicide. The deaths occurred mostly in domestic environments and were caused by the expressive use of violence and the use of sharp/perforating objects and firearms. Fleeing was the most frequent behavior after the perpetration of the murders. The cases are discussed articulating the interventions aimed at the reflexive groups of masculinities, educational and rehabilitation centers, or recovery programs, problematizing their difficulties and gains within the framework of Lei Maria da Penha.

Muerte homicida en mujeres: análisis del registro de autopsias medicolegales / Homicidal death in women. Analysis of the medicolegal autopsy record

Justificación: El femicidio es un delito pluriofensivo, que además del daño directo, afecta al entorno familiar y social; la muerte violenta de mujeres constituye la forma más extrema de violencia contra la mujer. Objetivo: Estudiar las características de las mujeres sometidas a autopsia medicolegal, cuya manera de muerte se registró como homicida o pendiente de investigación policial. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo del registro de autopsias realizadas en las oficinas forenses de Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula y la Ceiba, durante los años 2022 y 2023. Se seleccionaron los registros pertenecientes al sexo femenino de 14 o más años de edad y cuya manera de muerte fue clasificada como homicida o pendiente de investigación policial. Resultados: Se analizaron 574 registros de mujeres, de las cuales 386 (67%) tenían manera de muerte homicida y 188 (33%) fueron clasificadas como pendiente de investigación policial. El 61,6% de las víctimas tenían menos de 40 años, con una media de edad de 36 años, los instrumentos de lesión más utilizados fueron las armas de fuego (43%), las armas blancas (11%). El 61,6% de las víctimas tenían menos de 40 años, el 41% no superaron la secundaria. Conclusión: El análisis del registro de mujeres autopsiadas cuya manera de muerte fue categorizada como homicida o pendiente de investigación policial, muestra un perfil caracterizado por ser mujeres jóvenes (Edad media de 36 años), de baja escolaridad, desempleadas o subempleadas, del área urbana y que fueron agredidas principalmente con armas de fuego y arma blanca...(AU)

Contemporary slave labor and subjectivity: psychosocial perspectives on the enslaved's narratives / Trabalho escravo contemporâneo e subjetividade: considerações psicossociais sobre narrativas de escravizado(a)s / Trabajo esclavo contemporáneo y subjetividad: consideraciones psicosociales sobre narrativas de personas esclavizadas

This study addresses the relation between subjectivity and contemporary enslaved labor from the enslaved workers' narratives in Brazil. A qualitative social research was carried out based on a constructionist perspective. We sought interaction with rescued workers and used (a) participant observation of workers' routine in an institutional project that supports them and a field diary, (b) semi-structured and open individual interviews with workers and a member of the team project. The fieldwork lasted a year and a half and the analysis followed Content Analysis. Freudian theory and Foucault's thought were used for interpretation, which managed to understand aspects of workers' experiences, exploitation characteristics, parental abandonment, as well as the tensions in self-classification as enslaved. The narratives pointed to a dramatic reality manifested in body exploitation, authoritarian abuses, violence, and negligence. At the same time, these narratives showed forms of worker resistance that calls for further investigations to increase knowledge on the subjective experiences of those who were enslaved.(AU)

O artigo aborda as relações entre subjetividade e trabalho escravo contemporâneo a partir da narrativa de trabalhadores(as) escravazados(as). Foi realizada uma pesquisa social qualitativa em uma perspectiva construcionista. Buscamos a interação com trabalhadores resgatados e realizamos a observação participante da rotina de trabalhadores atendidos em um projeto institucional, com diário de campo, e entrevistas individuais (semiestruturadas e abertas) com trabalhadores(as) e equipe do projeto institucional. O trabalho de campo durou um ano e meio, e a pesquisa foi realizada com o suporte da Análise de Conteúdo. Para a interpretação utilizamos aportes da teoria freudiana e do pensamento de Foucault, com os quais foi possível compreender aspectos das vivências dos trabalhadores, características da exploração, abandonos parentais e tensões em torno da autoclassificação como "escravo". As narrativas apontaram uma realidade dramática manifesta na exploração do corpo, em abusos autoritários, na violência e negligência. Ao mesmo tempo, as narrativas evidenciaram formas de resistência dos trabalhadores que convocam mais investigações para adensar o conhecimento sobre as experiências subjetivas desses que estão num lugar de escravizado(a).(AU)

Este artículo aborda la relación entre la subjetividad y el trabajo esclavo contemporáneo desde la narrativa de trabajadores esclavizados. Se realizó una investigación social cualitativa desde una perspectiva construccionista. Buscamos la interacción con los trabajadores liberados y utilizamos la observación participante de la rutina de los trabajadores atendidos en un proyecto institucional, diario de campo y entrevistas individuales (semiestructuradas y abiertas) con trabajadores y miembros del equipo del proyecto institucional. El trabajo de campo duró un año y medio, y se utilizó como apoyo el análisis de contenido. Para la interpretación se utilizaron aportes de la teoría freudiana y el pensamiento de Foucault, con lo que fue posible comprender aspectos de las vivencias de los trabajadores, características del escenario de explotación, abandono parental y las tensiones relacionadas con la autoclasificación "esclavo". Las narrativas apuntan a una realidad dramática manifestada en la explotación del cuerpo, abuso autoritario, violencia y abandono. Al mismo tiempo, evidenciaron formas de resistencia por parte de los trabajadores, que reclaman más investigaciones para profundizar en el conocimiento sobre las vivencias subjetivas de quienes se encuentran en esclavitud.(AU)

Effects of homicide timing on test scores: Quasi-experimental evidence from two cities in Colombia.

This study examines the effect of homicides around schools on the standardized test scores of fifth and ninth graders (N = 4729; Mage = 12.71 years, SDage = 2.13) using a quasi-experimental design in two Colombian cities. Exposure to homicides occurring within 7 days of the test and within 500 m of the school decreases test scores by 0.10 SD. Effects show a greater sensitivity to timing than distance, becoming null as the time to the testing date increases but remaining consistent across larger radii. Since students in the study are on average exposed to 12.1 homicides per year, even short-lived learning losses can accumulate to impair learning for substantial portions of the school year. Findings are discussed, considering previous empirical work.