RESUMO
Background: Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is an arthropod-borne virus classified as a type species of the genusEphemerovirus, family Rhabdoviridae. BEFV is the causative agent of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF), a non-contagiousdisease of acute febrile clinical signs in cattle and water buffalo. Some species might act as reservoir hosts, and antibodiesto BEFV have also been found in asymptomatic sheep, goats, pigs, and many wild animals. This study aimed to conducta retrospective cross-sectional serological screening in South Korea to address BEFV seroprevalence and identify riskfactors for becoming seropositive for the virus in sheep and goats.Materials, Methods & Results: The apparent prevalence rates were considered to be the animal-level prevalence, definedas the proportion of serum neutralization test (SNT)-positive animals out of the total number of animals tested in the studyarea, and flock prevalence was defined as the proportion of SNT-positive flocks out of the total number of tested flocksin the area. A flock was classified as positive if at least one animal was SNT-positive. At the national level in 2011, 28 of177 flocks (15.8%; 95% CI, 11.2-21.9%) and 71 of 498 heads (14.3%, 95% CI: 11.5-17.6%) that were analyzed showedserum neutralizing antibodies against BEFV. Our results revealed that age class, vector control, and geographic locationaffected seroprevalence to differing extents. In the univariate analysis, older age was a significant risk factor (OR, 2.327;95% CI, 1.147-4.721; P = 0.017 in adults). The management risk factor attributes showed that preventive measures, suchas routine application of insecticides in farms, decreased the odds of seropositivity for BEFV (OR, 0.514; 95% CI, 0.267-0.991; P = 0.044). Vector control was a significant protective factor, while animal species, flock size, and flock structurewere not significantly associated. Differences in seroprevalence between variations in the...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ovinos/virologia , Ruminantes/virologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Objetivou-se investigar a presença do Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular (VEV) e seus fatores de risco para ocorrência e disseminação da enfermidade em equídeos das mesorregiões Leste e Oeste Potiguar do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Foram analisadas pela técnica de virusneutralização, 809 amostras sanguíneas de equídeos provenientes de noventa propriedades de dezesseis municípios Potiguares durante os meses de julho de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019. Os fatores de riscos associados ao VEV foram avaliados por meio de questionário epidemiológico e os dados submetidos a análise estatística no programa IBM SPSS Statistics versão 21.0 com nível de confiança de 95%. Posteriormente, todas as variáveis estatisticamente significantes foram submetidas a análise de regressão de Poisson. A soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-VEV foi 24,6% (199/809), sendo 3,2% (13/402) de soropositivos na mesorregião Leste e 45,7% (186/407) na do Oeste Potiguar. Com relação aos sorotipos, observou-se uma prevalência de 3,8% (31/809) e 24,5% (198/809) para Indiana 2 e 3 respectivamente, com 15,1% (30/198) de coinfecção. Equídeos criados na mesorregião Oeste, em propriedades que não realizam quarentena e onde os animais enfermos são mantidos no rebanho, foram consideradas fatores predisponentes a infecção pelo VEV. Esses resultados demonstram a circulação do VEV em equídeos no Rio Grande do Norte, com destaque ao Oeste Potiguar, e sendo necessário a aplicação de medidas sanitárias que impeçam introdução e disseminação do vírus ente as espécies susceptíveis, principalmente em condições climáticas favoráveis para a sua manutenção, no ambiente de criação e pastagens.
This study aimed to investigate the presence of Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and risk factors for its occurrence and dissemination in equines from the Eastern and Western mesoregions of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Blood samples were analyzed, by Serum Virus Neutralization Assay, from 809 animals belonging to 90 properties distributed in sixteen municipalities from July 2018 to February 2019. Risk factors were assessed using an epidemiological questionnaire. Data were submitted to statistical analysis using the software IBM SPSS Statistics, version 21.0 with a 95% confidence level. Also, all statistically significant variables were subjected to Poisson regression analysis. The occurrence of anti-VSV antibodies was 24.6% (199/809) with 3.2% (13/402) and 45.7% (186/407) of seropositivity in the Western and Eastern mesoregion, respectively. Regarding serotypes, there were an occurrence of 3.8% (31/809) and 24.5% (198/809) for Indiana 2 and 3, respectively, and 15.1% (30/198) of co-infection for both. Equines kept of the Western mesoregion, on properties that do not quarantine, and where sick animals are kept in the herd, were considered risk factors for LVV infection. These results demonstrate the presence of VSV in equines in Rio Grande do Norte, with emphasis on Oeste Potiguar, and that sanitary measures must be adopted to prevent the introduction and viral spreading among susceptible species, especially due to favorable climatic conditions for the maintenance of VSV in the breeding and pasture environment.
Assuntos
Animais , Cavalos , Cavalos/virologia , Estomatite Vesicular/virologia , Fatores Biológicos/análise , Fatores de Risco , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/diagnósticoRESUMO
Objetivou-se investigar a presença do Vírus da Estomatite Vesicular (VEV) e seus fatores de risco para ocorrência e disseminação da enfermidade em equídeos das mesorregiões Leste e Oeste Potiguar do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. Foram analisadas pela técnica de virusneutralização, 809 amostras sanguíneas de equídeos provenientes de noventa propriedades de dezesseis municípios Potiguares durante os meses de julho de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019. Os fatores de riscos associados ao VEV foram avaliados por meio de questionário epidemiológico e os dados submetidos a análise estatística no programa IBM SPSS Statistics versão 21.0 com nível de confiança de 95%. Posteriormente, todas as variáveis estatisticamente significantes foram submetidas a análise de regressão de Poisson. A soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-VEV foi 24,6% (199/809), sendo 3,2% (13/402) de soropositivos na mesorregião Leste e 45,7% (186/407) na do Oeste Potiguar. Com relação aos sorotipos, observou-se uma prevalência de 3,8% (31/809) e 24,5% (198/809) para Indiana 2 e 3 respectivamente, com 15,1% (30/198) de coinfecção. Equídeos criados na mesorregião Oeste, em propriedades que não realizam quarentena e onde os animais enfermos são mantidos no rebanho, foram consideradas fatores predisponentes a infecção pelo VEV. Esses resultados demonstram a circulação do VEV em equídeos no Rio Grande do Norte, com destaque ao Oeste Potiguar, e sendo necessário a aplicação de medidas sanitárias que impeçam introdução e disseminação do vírus ente as espécies susceptíveis, principalmente em condições climáticas favoráveis para a sua manutenção, no ambiente de criação e pastagens.(AU)
This study aimed to investigate the presence of Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and risk factors for its occurrence and dissemination in equines from the Eastern and Western mesoregions of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Blood samples were analyzed, by Serum Virus Neutralization Assay, from 809 animals belonging to 90 properties distributed in sixteen municipalities from July 2018 to February 2019. Risk factors were assessed using an epidemiological questionnaire. Data were submitted to statistical analysis using the software IBM SPSS Statistics, version 21.0 with a 95% confidence level. Also, all statistically significant variables were subjected to Poisson regression analysis. The occurrence of anti-VSV antibodies was 24.6% (199/809) with 3.2% (13/402) and 45.7% (186/407) of seropositivity in the Western and Eastern mesoregion, respectively. Regarding serotypes, there were an occurrence of 3.8% (31/809) and 24.5% (198/809) for Indiana 2 and 3, respectively, and 15.1% (30/198) of co-infection for both. Equines kept of the Western mesoregion, on properties that do not quarantine, and where sick animals are kept in the herd, were considered risk factors for LVV infection. These results demonstrate the presence of VSV in equines in Rio Grande do Norte, with emphasis on Oeste Potiguar, and that sanitary measures must be adopted to prevent the introduction and viral spreading among susceptible species, especially due to favorable climatic conditions for the maintenance of VSV in the breeding and pasture environment.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cavalos , Cavalos/virologia , Estomatite Vesicular/virologia , Fatores Biológicos/análise , Fatores de Risco , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/diagnósticoRESUMO
Background: Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is an arthropod-borne virus classified as a type species of the genusEphemerovirus, family Rhabdoviridae. BEFV is the causative agent of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF), a non-contagiousdisease of acute febrile clinical signs in cattle and water buffalo. Some species might act as reservoir hosts, and antibodiesto BEFV have also been found in asymptomatic sheep, goats, pigs, and many wild animals. This study aimed to conducta retrospective cross-sectional serological screening in South Korea to address BEFV seroprevalence and identify riskfactors for becoming seropositive for the virus in sheep and goats.Materials, Methods & Results: The apparent prevalence rates were considered to be the animal-level prevalence, definedas the proportion of serum neutralization test (SNT)-positive animals out of the total number of animals tested in the studyarea, and flock prevalence was defined as the proportion of SNT-positive flocks out of the total number of tested flocksin the area. A flock was classified as positive if at least one animal was SNT-positive. At the national level in 2011, 28 of177 flocks (15.8%; 95% CI, 11.2-21.9%) and 71 of 498 heads (14.3%, 95% CI: 11.5-17.6%) that were analyzed showedserum neutralizing antibodies against BEFV. Our results revealed that age class, vector control, and geographic locationaffected seroprevalence to differing extents. In the univariate analysis, older age was a significant risk factor (OR, 2.327;95% CI, 1.147-4.721; P = 0.017 in adults). The management risk factor attributes showed that preventive measures, suchas routine application of insecticides in farms, decreased the odds of seropositivity for BEFV (OR, 0.514; 95% CI, 0.267-0.991; P = 0.044). Vector control was a significant protective factor, while animal species, flock size, and flock structurewere not significantly associated. Differences in seroprevalence between variations in the...
Assuntos
Animais , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Ovinos/virologia , Ruminantes/virologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
A raiva é uma doença infecciosa ocasionada por vírus do gênero Lyssavirus. Considerada uma antropozoonose é caracterizada por encefalite progressiva e de curso fatal. A doença é transmitida através da inoculação do agente em indivíduos suscetíveis, sendo a principal forma de transmissão a mordedura praticada por animal raivoso. A vacinação animal é a principal estratégia para controle da doença, a vigilância e diagnóstico de casos suspeitos são essenciais para desencadear as medidas de profilaxia e controle de foco. Esta revisão bibliográfica objetiva apresentar a raiva animal bem como as atividades de controle e vigilância da raiva em cães e gatos.
Rabies is an infectious disease caused by viruses of the Lyssavirus genus. Considered an anthropozoonosis, it is characterized by progressive encephalitis with a fatal course. The disease is transmitted through the inoculation of the agent in susceptible individuals, the main form of transmission being the biting practiced by a rabid animal. Animal vaccination is the main strategy for disease control, surveillance and diagnosis of suspected cases are essential to trigger prophylaxis and outbreak control measures. This literature review aims to present animal rabies as well as rabies control and surveillance activities in dogs and cats.
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Cães , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/prevenção & controle , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , LyssavirusRESUMO
The knowledge of genomic data of new plant viruses is increasing exponentially; however, some aspects of their biology, such as vectors and host range, remain mostly unknown. This information is crucial for the understanding of virus-plant interactions, control strategies, and mechanisms to prevent outbreaks. Typically, rhabdoviruses infect monocot and dicot plants and are vectored in nature by hemipteran sap-sucking insects, including aphids, leafhoppers, and planthoppers. However, several strains of a potentially whitefly-transmitted virus, papaya cytorhabdovirus, were recently described: (i) bean-associated cytorhabdovirus (BaCV) in Brazil, (ii) papaya virus E (PpVE) in Ecuador, and (iii) citrus-associated rhabdovirus (CiaRV) in China. Here, we examine the potential of the Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) to transmit BaCV, its morphological and cytopathological characteristics, and assess the incidence of BaCV across bean producing areas in Brazil. Our results show that BaCV is efficiently transmitted, in experimental conditions, by B. tabaci MEAM1 to bean cultivars, and with lower efficiency to cowpea and soybean. Moreover, we detected BaCV RNA in viruliferous whiteflies but we were unable to visualize viral particles or viroplasm in the whitefly tissues. BaCV could not be singly isolated for pathogenicity tests, identification of the induced symptoms, and the transmission assay. BaCV was detected in five out of the seven states in Brazil included in our study, suggesting that it is widely distributed throughout bean producing areas in the country. This is the first report of a whitefly-transmitted rhabdovirus.
Assuntos
Hemípteros/virologia , Doenças das Plantas/virologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/transmissão , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Rhabdoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Evolução Biológica , Brasil , Carica/virologia , China , Equador , Genômica , Oriente Médio , Folhas de Planta/virologia , Vírus de Plantas , Plantas/virologia , Rhabdoviridae/classificação , Rhabdoviridae/genética , Análise de SequênciaRESUMO
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide belonging to the glucagon/secretin superfamily. In teleost fish, PACAP has been demonstrated to have an immunomodulatory role. Although previous studies have shown that viral/bacterial infections can influence the transcription of PACAP splicing variants and associated receptors in salmonids, the antiviral activity of PACAP has never been studied in teleost. Thus, in the present work, we investigated in vitro the influence of synthetic Clarias gariepinus PACAP-38 on the transcription of genes related to viral immunity using the rainbow trout monocyte/macrophage-like cell line RTS11 as a model. Positive transcriptional modulation of interferon gamma (IFNγ), interferon alpha (FNα1,2), interleukin 8 (IL-8), Mx and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) genes was found in a dose and time dependent manner. We also explored how a pre-treatment with PACAP could enhance antiviral immune response using poly (I:C) as viral mimic. Interferons and IL-8 transcription levels were enhanced when PACAP was added 24 h previous to poly (I:C) exposure. With these evidences, we tested in vivo how PACAP administration by immersion bath affected the survival of rainbow trout fry to a challenge with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). After challenge, PACAP-treated fish had increased survival compared to non-treated/challenge fish. Furthermore, PACAP was able to decrease the viral load in spleen/kidney and stimulate the transcription of IFNs and Mx when compared to untreated infected fish. Altogether, the results of this work provide valuable insights regarding the role of teleost PACAP in antiviral immunity and point to a potential application of this peptide to reduce the impact of viral infections in aquaculture.
Assuntos
Antivirais/imunologia , Peixes-Gato/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixes/genética , Imunidade Inata , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Polipeptídeo Hipofisário Ativador de Adenilato Ciclase/genética , Animais , Proteínas de Peixes/imunologia , Novirhabdovirus/fisiologia , Polipeptídeo Hipofisário Ativador de Adenilato Ciclase/imunologia , Poli I-C/farmacologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterináriaRESUMO
The genome of a novel rhabdovirus was detected in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.). The newly identified virus, tentatively named "yerba mate virus A" (YmVA), has a genome of 14,961 nucleotides. Notably, eight open reading frames were identified in the antigenomic orientation of the negative-sense, single-stranded viral RNA, including two novel accessory genes, in the order 3'-N-P-3-4-M-G-L-8-5'. Sequence comparisons of the encoded proteins as well as phylogenetic analysis suggest that YmVA is a new member of the genus Cytorhabdovirus, family Rhabdoviridae. YmVA's unique genomic organization and phylogenetic relationships indicate that this virus likely represents a distinct evolutionary lineage among the cytorhabdoviruses.
Assuntos
Ilex paraguariensis/virologia , Doenças das Plantas/virologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Rhabdoviridae/classificação , Argentina , Genoma Viral , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Fases de Leitura Aberta , FilogeniaRESUMO
PIM kinases are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that potentiate the progression of the cell cycle and inhibit apoptosis. Because of this, they are considered to be proto-oncogenes, and they represent an interesting target for the development of anticancer drugs. In mammals, three PIM kinases exist (PIM-1, PIM-2 and PIM-3), and different inhibitors have been developed to block their activity. In addition to their involvement in cancer, some publications have reported that the PIM kinases have pro-viral activity, and different mechanisms where PIM kinases favour viral infections have been proposed. Zebrafish possess more than 300 Pim kinase members in their genome, and by using RNA-Seq analysis, we found a high number of Pim kinase genes that were significantly induced after infection with spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV). Moreover, analysis of the miRNAs modulated by this infection revealed that some of them could be involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of Pim kinase abundance. To elucidate the potential role of the 16 overexpressed Pim kinases in the infectivity of SVCV, we used three different pan-PIM kinase inhibitors (SGI-1776, INCB053914 and AZD1208), and different experiments were conducted both in vitro and in vivo. We observed that the PIM kinase inhibitors had a protective effect against SVCV, indicating that, similar to what is observed in mammals, PIM kinases are beneficial for the virus in zebrafish. Moreover, zebrafish Pim kinases seem to facilitate viral entry into the host cells because when ZF4 cells were pre-incubated with the virus and then were treated with the inhibitors, the protective effect of the inhibitors was abrogated. Although more investigation is necessary, these results show that pan-PIM kinase inhibitors could serve as a useful treatment for preventing the spread of viral diseases.
Assuntos
Rim/enzimologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-pim-1/genética , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Internalização do Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Peixe-Zebra/virologia , Animais , Apoptose , Compostos de Bifenilo/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Rim/virologia , Poli I-C/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-pim-1/antagonistas & inibidores , Piridazinas/farmacologia , RNA-Seq , Rhabdoviridae , Tiazolidinas/farmacologia , Peixe-Zebra/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Spring viraemia of carp (SVC) is an infectious disease responsible for severe economic losses for various cyprinid species, particularly common carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio). The causative agent is the SVC virus (SVCV), a member of the Sprivivirus genus, Rhabdoviridae family, and a List 1 pathogen notifiable by the World Organization for Animal Health. This study describes the diagnosis of an SVCV pathogen isolated in October 2015 from wild common carp inhabiting a natural lagoon in central Mexico. While neither an epidemic nor fish mortalities were reported, the collected killed specimens exhibited clinical signs of disease (e.g., exopthalmia, moderate abdominal distension and haemorrhaging, as well as internal haemorrhages and adhesions). Histological results of injuries were consistent with the pathology caused by SVCV. This finding was supported by the isolation of a virus in EPC and BF-2 cells and subsequent RT-PCR confirmation of SVCV. The phylogenetic analyses of partial SVCV glycoprotein gene sequences classified the isolates into the Ia genogroup. These findings make this the first report of SVCV detection in Mexico, extending the southern geographical range of SVCV within North America. However, since this pathogen was detected in fish inhabiting a natural body of water without tributaries or effluents, it is difficult to estimate the risk of SVCV for other wild/feral cohabitating cyprinid species in the lagoon. The status of this virus is also unknown for other bodies of water within this region.
Assuntos
Carpas , Doenças dos Peixes/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Rhabdoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Sepse/veterinária , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Glicoproteínas/análise , México , Filogenia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Sepse/diagnóstico , Sepse/virologia , Proteínas Virais/análiseRESUMO
CD40 is a crucial signal mediating factor in T-dependent B cell responses and involved in many aspects of cellular and humoral immunity. In this paper, recombinant protein of CD40 in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and its antibodies (Abs) were produced, native CD40 molecules in flounder tissues were identified, then the CD40+ leukocytes in T/B lymphocytes were characterized, and the variations of CD40+ leukocytes in flounder after Hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV) infection and immunization were investigated, respectively. The results showed that the Abs could specifically recognize native flounder CD40 molecule at 32 kDa. The proportions of CD40+ leukocytes were varied by flounder tissues. CD40+/IgM+ B lymphocytes, CD40+/CD4-1+ T lymphocytes, CD40+/CD4-2+ T lymphocytes and CD40+/CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) were 1.18 ± 0.27%, 0.69 ± 0.17%, 0.75 ± 0.14% and 0.25 ± 0.14%; were 2.80 ± 0.32%, 0.71 ± 0.19%, 0.88 ± 0.23% and 0.33 ± 0.17% in spleen; 4.11 ± 0.47%, 0.92 ± 0.18%, 1.09 ± 0.17% and 0.9 ± 0.17% in head kidney; 1.92 ± 0.39%, 1.02 ± 0.23%, 1.33 ± 0.38% and 0.67 ± 0.24% in intestine; 1.24 ± 0.36%, 1.21 ± 0.24%, 1.70 ± 0.3% and 0.97 ± 0.21% in gill, respectively. The percentages of CD40+ leukocytes in PBLs were significantly increased in both HIRRV infection and immunization groups, and reached their peak levels at 3rd day with 5.70 ± 0.16% and 6.40 ± 0.13%, respectively. Concluded with our previous study, these data first reported that CD40 molecules were expressed on both B and T lymphocytes in teleost, and had a coordination with T and B lymphocytes in immune responses.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD40/imunologia , Doenças dos Peixes/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixes/imunologia , Linguado/imunologia , Leucócitos/imunologia , Novirhabdovirus/imunologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/imunologia , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Linguado/virologia , Leucócitos/virologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologiaRESUMO
We have determined the complete genome sequence of a new rhabdovirus, tentatively named Caligus rogercresseyi rhabdovirus Ch01 (CrRV-Ch01), which was found in the parasite Caligus rogercresseyi, present on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Chile. The genome encodes the five canonical rhabdovirus proteins in addition to an unknown protein, in the order N-P-M-U (unknown)-G-L. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus clusters with two rhabdoviruses (Lepeophtheirus salmonis rhabdovirus No9 and Lepeophtheirus salmonis rhabdovirus No127) obtained from another parasitic caligid, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, present on farmed Atlantic salmon on the west coast of Norway.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes/virologia , Genoma Viral , Filogenia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Rhabdoviridae/genética , Salmo salar/virologia , Animais , Chile , Copépodes/virologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Pesqueiros , Efeito Fundador , Fases de Leitura Aberta , Rhabdoviridae/classificação , Rhabdoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Salmo salar/parasitologia , Sequenciamento Completo do GenomaRESUMO
A descriptive epidemiological survey of rabies in herbivorous reared in the state of Parana, Brazil, was carried out from 1977 to 2012. The positive cases and the total number of brain samples processed for diagnostic purposes were distributed according to species, year, month, geographical region and municipality. Chi-square test was used to verify if rabies was associated to these factors. Probabilistic model was applied to historical series in order to verify cyclic and seasonal patterns. In Parana, rabies is an endemic disease with variable yearly occurrence, without seasonal pattern and with a possible cyclic pattern every 18 years. Cattle (86.9%) and equides (11.3%) were mainly affected. Rabies was registered in 47.6% of all municipalities, indicating a great spread of this disease in Parana, mainly during the last decade. Middlewest and Curitiba regions, followed by Pioneer North and West regions, were the areas of most occurrence. The number of cases per municipality was weakly correlated with the number of shelters for Desmodus rotundus (r=0.469; p < 0.0001). Therefore, we suggest that annual immunization of cattle and equides should be applied in the high occurrence areas (Middlewest and Curitiba regions) and encouraged in intermediate occurrence areas (Pioneer North and West regions).(AU)
Realizou-se estudo epidemiológico descritivo da raiva dos herbívoros no estado do Paraná entre os anos de 1977 e 2012. Os casos confirmados de raiva e o total de amostras de encéfalo encaminhadas para o diagnóstico foram distribuídos por espécie, por ano, por meses, por mesorregião geográfica e por municípios, aplicando-se o teste de Qui-quadrado para verificar se havia associação com esses fatores. Modelo probabilístico foi ajustado à série histórica para verificação de padrões cíclico ou sazonal. Comprovou-se que a raiva é uma doença endêmica no PR, com ocorrência variável entre os anos, sem padrão sazonal e com ciclicidade aparente a cada 18 anos, acometendo, sobretudo, bovinos (86,9%) e equídeos (11,3%). Verificou-se grande difusão no estado (47,6% dos municípios), e a maior expansão geográfica aconteceu na última década. As áreas de ocorrência maior foram as mesorregiões Centro Oriental e de Curitiba, seguidas por Norte Pioneiro e Oeste. O número de casos de raiva por município se correlacionou, ainda que fracamente, com o número de abrigos de Desmodus rotundus (r=0,469; p < 0,0001). Sugere-se que a imunização anual de bovinos e equídeos passe a ser adotada nas áreas de maior ocorrência (mesorregiões Centro Oriental e de Curitiba) e encorajada nas de ocorrência intermediária (mesorregiões Norte Pioneiro e Oeste).(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Lyssavirus , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/epidemiologia , Doenças Endêmicas/veterinária , Encefalite/epidemiologia , Equidae , Vacinação em Massa/veterináriaRESUMO
Realizou-se estudo epidemiológico descritivo da raiva dos herbívoros no estado do Paraná entre os anos de 1977 e 2012. Os casos confirmados de raiva e o total de amostras de encéfalo encaminhadas para o diagnóstico foram distribuídos por espécie, por ano, por meses, por mesorregião geográfica e por municípios, aplicando-se o teste de Qui-quadrado para verificar se havia associação com esses fatores. Modelo probabilístico foi ajustado à série histórica para verificação de padrões cíclico ou sazonal. Comprovou-se que a raiva é uma doença endêmica no PR, com ocorrência variável entre os anos, sem padrão sazonal e com ciclicidade aparente a cada 18 anos, acometendo, sobretudo, bovinos (86,9%) e equídeos (11,3%). Verificou-se grande difusão no estado (47,6% dos municípios), e a maior expansão geográfica aconteceu na última década. As áreas de ocorrência maior foram as mesorregiões Centro Oriental e de Curitiba, seguidas por Norte Pioneiro e Oeste. O número de casos de raiva por município se correlacionou, ainda que fracamente, com o número de abrigos de Desmodus rotundus (r=0,469; p<0,0001). Sugere-se que a imunização anual de bovinos e equídeos passe a ser adotada nas áreas de maior ocorrência (mesorregiões Centro Oriental e de Curitiba) e encorajada nas de ocorrência intermediária (mesorregiões Norte Pioneiro e Oeste).(AU)
A descriptive epidemiological survey of rabies in herbivorous reared in the state of Parana, Brazil, was carried out from 1977 to 2012. The positive cases and the total number of brain samples processed for diagnostic purposes were distributed according to species, year, month, geographical region and municipality. Chi-square test was used to verify if rabies was associated to these factors. Probabilistic model was applied to historical series in order to verify cyclic and seasonal patterns. In Parana, rabies is an endemic disease with variable yearly occurrence, without seasonal pattern and with a possible cyclic pattern every 18 years. Cattle (86.9%) and equides (11.3%) were mainly affected. Rabies was registered in 47.6% of all municipalities, indicating a great spread of this disease in Parana, mainly during the last decade. Middlewest and Curitiba regions, followed by Pioneer North and West regions, were the areas of most occurrence. The number of cases per municipality was weakly correlated with the number of shelters for Desmodus rotundus (r=0.469; p<0.0001). Therefore, we suggest that annual immunization of cattle and equides should be applied in the high occurrence areas (Middlewest and Curitiba regions) and encouraged in intermediate occurrence areas (Pioneer North and West regions).(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Encefalite/epidemiologia , Doenças Endêmicas/veterinária , Equidae , Lyssavirus , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/epidemiologia , Vacinação em Massa/veterináriaRESUMO
Piry virus (PIRYV) is a rhabdovirus (genus Vesiculovirus) and is described as a possible human pathogen, originally isolated from a Philander opossum trapped in Para State, Northern Brazil. This study describes the complete full coding sequence and the genetic characterization of PIRYV. The genome sequence reveals that PIRYV has a typical vesiculovirus-like organization, encoding the five genes typical of the genus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that PIRYV is most closely related to Perinet virus and clustered in the same clade as Chandipura and Isfahan vesiculoviruses.
Assuntos
Genoma Viral , Vesiculovirus/genética , Sequência de Bases , Genômica , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , RNA Viral/genética , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Vesiculovirus/classificação , Vesiculovirus/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Rabies is responsible for 50,000 deaths per year worldwide. Mainland France has been officially freed from rabies in non-flying animals since 2001. METHOD: We wanted to provide an update on the French situation, using published data, and describe possible options since official guidelines are lacking. RESULTS: Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) (early and careful cleaning and dressing of the wound, vaccination, and in case of high-risk exposure, injection of specific anti-rabies immunoglobulins) is known to be efficient except in rare cases. It is recommended after grade II contact (+specific immunoglobulins in immunodepressed patients), or grade III contact (vaccination+immunoglobulins). DISCUSSION: Mainland France being rabies-free, 3 options may be considered in case of bite by a dog or a cat that cannot be monitored in France: (a) consider the risk of rabies as null, so no PEP should be administrated, whatever the severity of bites; (b) consider there is a weak but lethal risk, so the international recommendations should be applied, using immunoglobulins in some cases; (c) consider that the risk is extremely low but cannot be excluded, and that the patient should be vaccinated to be protected, but without adding immunoglobulins (whether in case of grade II or III bites). CONCLUSION: There are no national guidelines for rabies in France, and so the physician managing the patient is the one who will decide to treat or not.
Assuntos
Profilaxia Pós-Exposição/métodos , Raiva/epidemiologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Animais Selvagens/virologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Anticorpos Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Mordeduras e Picadas/terapia , Mordeduras e Picadas/virologia , Quirópteros/virologia , Reservatórios de Doenças , Cães , Raposas , França/epidemiologia , Guiana Francesa/epidemiologia , Saúde Global , Humanos , Imunização Passiva , Lyssavirus/genética , Lyssavirus/patogenicidade , Imperícia , Animais de Estimação/virologia , Profilaxia Pós-Exposição/normas , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Raiva/transmissão , Raiva/veterinária , Raiva/virologia , Vacina Antirrábica/uso terapêutico , Vírus da Raiva/genética , Vírus da Raiva/imunologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Risco , Viagem , Vacinação/métodos , Vacinação/veterinária , Organização Mundial da Saúde , ZoonosesRESUMO
La rabia es una enfermedad viral zoonótica, producida por un virus del genero Lyssavirus de la Familia Rhabdoviridae, cuya principal fuente de transmisión es la mordedura de animales a humanos. Es una enfermedad fatal y se han descrito casos por ciclos urbanos y rurales. El caso que reportamos es el de una joven de 22 años, quien ingresa por un cuadro de dolor de características neuropáticas en el miembro superior derecho, con antecedente de mordedura por un gato de varios meses atrás, hospitalizada por el servicio de Neurología por sospecha de lesión de plejo braquial, con resonancia de columna cervical y líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) normales, quien posteriormente presenta deterioro clínico tórpido a un proceso encefalopático que en pocos días la llevó a la muerte. Se confirmó que la paciente presentó una encefalitis por un virus de rabia. Expondremos cómo fue el manejo de la paciente y todos los nexos epidemiológicos.
Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease, caused by a virus of the genus Lyssavirus of the Rhabdoviridae family. Its main source is transmission from animals to humans bite. The disease is fatal and has been reported to occur in rural and urban cycles. This reported case is a 22-year old, who was admitted with symptoms of neuropathic pain in the right arm, with a history of being bitten by a cat a few months earlier. The patient was hospitalized in the Neurology Department for suspected brachial plexopathy, and normal spinal MRI and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were found. The patient subsequently presented encephalopathic decline that resulted in death within a few days. It was confirmed that the patient had encephalitis due to the rabies virus. We present the management of the patient and all epidemiological links.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Adulto , Gatos , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae , Encefalite , Vírus da Encefalite , Raiva , Zoonoses , Lyssavirus , Colômbia , Zoonoses ViraisRESUMO
Rhabdoviruses infect a variety of hosts, including non-avian reptiles. Consensus PCR techniques were used to obtain partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene sequence from five rhabdoviruses of South American lizards; Marco, Chaco, Timbo, Sena Madureira, and a rhabdovirus from a caiman lizard (Dracaena guianensis). The caiman lizard rhabdovirus formed inclusions in erythrocytes, which may be a route for infecting hematophagous insects. This is the first information on behavior of a rhabdovirus in squamates. We also obtained sequence from two rhabdoviruses of Australian lizards, confirming previous Charleville virus sequence and finding that, unlike a previous sequence report but in agreement with serologic reports, Almpiwar virus is clearly distinct from Charleville virus. Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis revealed that most known rhabdoviruses of squamates cluster in the Almpiwar subgroup. The exception is Marco virus, which is found in the Hart Park group.
Assuntos
Répteis/virologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , Rhabdoviridae/genética , Animais , Austrália , Eritrócitos/virologia , Lagartos/virologia , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Rhabdoviridae/classificação , Rhabdoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Rhabdoviridae/ultraestrutura , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/patologia , América do SulRESUMO
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) viruses have been classified into two serotypes: New Jersey (VSNJV) and Indiana (VSIV). Here, we have characterized field isolates causing vesicular stomatitis in Brazil and Argentina over a 35-year span. Cluster analysis based on either serological relatedness, as inferred from virus neutralization and complement fixation assays, or nucleotide sequences of two separate genes (phosphoprotein or glycoprotein) grouped the field isolates into two distinct monophyletic groups within the Indiana serogroup. One group included seven viruses from Brazil and Argentina that were serologically classified as Indiana-2 and Cocal virus (COCV). The other group contained three viruses from Brazil that were serologically classified as Indiana-3 and the prototype of this group, Alagoas virus (VSAV). Interestingly, two vesiculoviruses that were isolated from insects but do not cause disease in animals, one from Brazil (Maraba virus; MARAV) and the other from Colombia (CoAr 171638), grouped into two separate genetic lineages within the Indiana serotype. Our data provide support for the classification of viruses causing clinical VS in livestock in Brazil and Argentina into two distinct groups: Indiana-2 (VSIV-2) and Indiana-3 (VSIV-3). We suggest using nomenclature for these viruses that includes the serotype, year and place of occurrence, and affected host. This nomenclature is consistent with that currently utilized to describe field isolates of VSNJV or VSIV in scientific literature.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/virologia , Insetos/virologia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/veterinária , Vesiculovirus/genética , Vesiculovirus/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos Virais/genética , Bovinos , Cavalos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Testes de Neutralização , Filogenia , Infecções por Rhabdoviridae/virologia , América do Sul , Vesiculovirus/classificação , Vesiculovirus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
An enriched environment has previously been described as enhancing natural killer cell activity of recognizing and killing virally infected cells. However, the effects of environmental enrichment on behavioral changes in relation to virus clearance and the neuropathology of encephalitis have not been studied in detail. We tested the hypothesis that environmental enrichment leads to less CNS neuroinvasion and/or more rapid viral clearance in association with T cells without neuronal damage. Stereology-based estimates of activated microglia perineuronal nets and neurons in CA3 were correlated with behavioral changes in the Piry rhabdovirus model of encephalitis in the albino Swiss mouse. Two-month-old female mice maintained in impoverished (IE) or enriched environments (EE) for 3 months were behaviorally tested. After the tests, an equal volume of Piry virus (IEPy, EEPy)-infected or normal brain homogenates were nasally instilled. Eight days post-instillation (dpi), when behavioral changes became apparent, brains were fixed and processed to detect viral antigens, activated microglia, perineuronal nets, and T lymphocytes by immuno- or histochemical reactions. At 20 or 40 dpi, the remaining animals were behaviorally tested and processed for the same markers. In IEPy mice, burrowing activity decreased and recovered earlier (8-10 dpi) than open field (20-40 dpi) but remained unaltered in the EEPy group. EEPy mice presented higher T-cell infiltration, less CNS cell infection by the virus and/or faster virus clearance, less microgliosis, and less damage to the extracellular matrix than IEPy. In both EEPy and IEPy animals, CA3 neuronal number remained unaltered. The results suggest that an enriched environment promotes a more effective immune response to clear CNS virus and not at the cost of CNS damage.