Primary plasma cell leukemia in Latin America: demographic, clinical, and prognostic characteristics. A study of GELAMM group.

Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) is an infrequent and aggressive plasma cell disorder. The prognosis is still very poor, and the optimal treatment remains to be established. A retrospective, multicentric, international observational study was performed. Patients from 9 countries of Latin America (LATAM) with a diagnosis of pPCL between 2012 and 2020 were included. 72 patients were included. Treatment was based on thalidomide in 15%, proteasome inhibitors (PI)-based triplets in 38% and chemotherapy plus IMIDs and/or PI in 29%. The mortality rate at 3 months was 30%. The median overall survival (OS) was 18 months. In the multivariate analysis, frontline PI-based triplets, chemotherapy plus IMIDs and/or PI therapy, and maintenance were independent factors of better OS. In conclusion, the OS of pPCL is still poor in LATAM, with high early mortality. PI triplets, chemotherapy plus IMIDs, and/or PI and maintenance therapy were associated with improved survival.

Leucemia plasmocitária primária: relato de caso e revisão sistemática sobre seus fatores prognósticos / Primary plasma cell leukemia: a case report and systematic review of prognostic factors / Leucemia primaria de células plasmáticas: reporte de caso y revisión sistemática de sus factores pronósticos

A leucemia de células plasmocitárias (LCP) é uma neoplasia hematológica rara, de caráter agressivo, ainda sem consenso quanto ao melhor esquema terapêutico e prognóstico da doença. Alguns estudos a consideram como uma variante do mieloma múltiplo. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um relato de caso e desenvolver uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre os fatores prognósticos relacionados a essa enfermidade. Esta revisão sistemática seguiu o protocolo PRISMA, utilizou o PubMED como base de dados, buscando estudos que avaliassem fatores prognósticos da LCP. Os estudos selecionados foram posteriormente avaliados quanto a sua qualidade pelo protocolo STROBE. A primeira busca identificou 260 artigos. Após aplicado critério de exclusão, dez foram selecionados. Destes, oito avaliaram fatores prognósticos clínicos e laboratoriais; cinco avaliaram, além disso, fatores citogenéticos; e um avaliou apenas a idade como fator prognóstico. A qualidade dos estudos, avaliada pelo protocolo STROBE, apresentou uma classificação média de 79,1%. Nos estudos analisados, idade > 65 ou > 60 anos, performance status ECOG > 2, hipercalcemia, aumento de lactato desidrogenase (LDH), aumento da creatinina, plaquetopenia e hipoalbuminemia foram encontrados como preditores de prognóstico ruim. Foram também demonstradas alterações citogenéticas consideradas de alto risco, como as translocações e deleções de genes. Diversas condições clínicas, laboratoriais e citogenéticas parecem estar associadas ao pior prognóstico na LCP. O conhecimento desses fatores pode interferir na prática clínica. Entretanto, ainda são necessários estudos mais robustos, multicêntricos e com maior número amostral para aprofundar o conhecimento sobre essa patologia.

Plasma Cell Leukemia (PCL) is rare and aggressive hematologic disorder, with no consensus on the best therapeutic scheme or disease prognosis. Some studies consider it to be a variant of multiple myeloma. This research sought to report a PCL case and to present a systematic literature review on its prognostic factor related. Bibliographic search followed the PRISMA protocol, and was conducted on the PubMED database to identify studies on PCL prognostic factors. Of the 260 articles identified, only ten were included after application of exclusion criteria. Of these, eight evaluated clinical and laboratorial prognostic factors; five assessed cytogenetic factors; and only one investigated age as a prognostic factor. Quality of the selected studies was evaluated by STROBE protocol, presenting a median classification of 79.1%. Age >65 or >60 years old, status performance ECOG>2, hypercalcemia, increased DHL, increased creatinine, thrombocytopenia, and hypoalbuminemia were the factors identified as predictors of a bad prognosis. Studies also showed high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities such as genetic translocation and deletions. Many clinical, laboratorial and cytogenetic conditions seem to be related to a worse PCL prognosis. Since knowledge of these factor can interfere in the clinical practice, more robust studies are needed on this pathology.

La leucemia de células plasmáticas (LCP) es una neoplasia hematológica rara, de carácter agresivo, sin consenso sobre el mejor régimen terapéutico y pronóstico de la enfermedad. Algunos estudios la consideran como una variante del mieloma múltiple. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un reporte de caso y desarrollar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre los factores pronósticos relacionados con esta enfermedad. Esta revisión sistemática siguió el protocolo PRISMA, utilizó PubMED como base de datos para la búsqueda de estudios que evaluaran los factores pronósticos para LCP. Los estudios seleccionados fueron posteriormente evaluados por su calidad mediante el protocolo STROBE. La primera búsqueda identificó 260 artículos. Después de aplicados los criterios de exclusión, se seleccionaron diez. De estos, ocho evaluaron los factores pronósticos clínicos y de laboratorio, cinco evaluaron también los factores citogenéticos y uno evaluó la edad solo como factor pronóstico. La calidad de los estudios, evaluada por el protocolo STROBE, presentó una calificación promedio del 79,1%. En los estudios analizados, la edad > 65 o > 60 años, el estado funcional ECOG > 2, la hipercalcemia, el aumento de lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH), el aumento de creatinina, la trombocitopenia y la hipoalbuminemia fueron los predictores de mal pronóstico. También se demostraron alteraciones citogenéticas que se consideraron de alto riesgo, como translocaciones y deleciones de genes. Varias condiciones clínicas, de laboratorio y citogenéticas parecen estar asociadas con peor pronóstico en LCP. El conocimiento de estos factores puede interferir en la práctica clínica. Sin embargo, aún se necesitan estudios más robustos, multicéntricos y con mayor tamaño muestral para profundizar en el conocimiento sobre esta patología.

Malignant pleural effusion in multiple myeloma: a case report / Derrame pleural malign em mieloma múltiplo: relato de caso

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplasm of monoclonal plasma cells that accumulate in bone marrow (BM). Malignant pleural effusions (MPE), as part of multiple myeloma clinical presentation, are unusual. Is even more rare as the first sign of presentation, occurring in less than 1% of the cases. The most common associated immunoglobulin with malignant pleural effusions is IgA subtype (80%). This condition carry a poor prognosis. We aim to describe a refractory case of multiple myeloma with extensive disease that presented with extramedullary relapse with malignant pleural effusions , besides discussing the importance of differential diagnosis.

O mieloma múltiplo (MM) é uma neoplasia maligna de células plasmáticas monoclonais que se acumulam na medula óssea (MO). Os derrames pleurais malignos (EPM), como parte da apresentação clínica do mieloma múltiplo, são incomuns. É ainda mais raro como primeiro sinal de apresentação, ocorrendo em menos de 1% dos casos. A imunoglobulina associada mais comum a derrames pleurais malignos é o subtipo IgA (80%). Esta condição carrega um mau prognóstico. Nosso objetivo é descrever um caso refratário de mieloma múltiplo com doença extensa que apresentou recidiva extramedular com derrame pleural maligno, além de discutir a importância do diagnóstico diferencial

Guía de práctica clínica para el tratamiento del mieloma múltiple: guía para profesionales de la salud / Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of multiple myeloma: A guide for healthcare professionals

El mieloma múltiple (MM) es una patología caracterizada por una infiltración maligna de las células plasmáticas de la médula ósea, y se encuentra asociada con un incremento en el nivel de proteína monoclonal, tanto en sangre como en orina. Este crecimiento incontrolado, genera consecuencias, incluyendo destrucción ósea, falla de medula ósea, supresión de la producción de inmunoglobulina e insuficiencia renal. Se considera que es la enfermedad maligna ósea primaria más común. Según datos del Instituto Nacional de Cáncer de los Estados Unidos, la incidencia de esta patología, ajustada por edad, en población americana entre los años 2003 y 2007 fue de 7 casos por 100.000 hombres y de 4,6 casos por 100.000 mujeres y se sabe que la mediana de edad de presentación de la enfermedad es a los 66 años. Según las estimaciones hechas por GLOBOCAN 2012, la tasa de incidencia mundial, estandarizada por edad en hombres es de 1,7 casos por 100.000 personas año y en las mujeres de 1,2 casos por 100.000 personas año.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a pathology characterized by a malignant infiltration of the plasma cells of the bone marrow, and is associated with an increase in the level of monoclonal protein, both in blood and urine. This uncontrolled growth leads to consequences, including bone destruction, bone marrow failure, suppression of immunoglobulin production, and kidney failure. It is considered to be the most common primary malignant bone disease. According to data from the National Cancer Institute of the United States, the incidence of this pathology, adjusted by age, in the American population between 2003 and 2007 was 7 cases per 100,000 men and 4.6 cases per 100,000 women, and the median age of presentation of the disease is known to be 66 years. According to estimates made by GLOBOCAN 2012, the global age-standardized incidence rate for men is 1.7 cases per 100,000 people per year and for women is 1.2 cases per 100,000 people per year.

[Primary plasma cell leukemia. Report of five cases]. / Leucemia de células plasmáticas primaria: experiencia en un hospital público chileno.

BACKGROUND: Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) is uncommon, aggressive and has a different biology than multiple myeloma (MM). AIM: To report the features of patients with pPCL. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of databases of the Hematology Department and the Hematology laboratory. RESULTS: Of 178 patients with monoclonal gammopathies, five (2.8%) patients aged 33 to 64 years (three females) had a pPCL. The mean hemoglobin was 7.3 g/dL, the mean white blood cell count was 52,500/mm3, with 58% plasma cells, and the mean platelet count was 83,600/mm3. The mean bone marrow infiltration was 89%, LDH was 2,003 IU/L, serum calcium was 13 mg/dL, and creatinine 1.5 mg/dL. Two patients had bone lesions. Three were IgG, one IgA lambda and one lambda light chain. CD20 was positive in one, CD56 was negative in all and CD117 was negative in 3 cases. By conventional cytogenetic analysis, two had a complex karyotype. By Fluorescence in situ Hybridization, one was positive for TP53 and another for t (11; 14). One patient did not receive any treatment, three patients received VTD PACE and one CTD. None underwent transplant. Three patients are alive. The mean survival was 14 months. CONCLUSIONS: These patients with pPCL were younger and had a more aggressive clinical outcome than in multiple myeloma.

Leucemia de células plasmáticas primaria: experiencia en un hospital público chileno / Primary plasma cell leukemia: report of five cases

Background: Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) is uncommon, aggressive and has a different biology than multiple myeloma (MM). Aim: To report the features of patients with pPCL. Material and Methods: Review of databases of the Hematology Department and the Hematology laboratory. Results: Of 178 patients with monoclonal gammopathies, five (2.8%) patients aged 33 to 64 years (three females) had a pPCL. The mean hemoglobin was 7.3 g/dL, the mean white blood cell count was 52,500/mm3, with 58% plasma cells, and the mean platelet count was 83,600/mm3. The mean bone marrow infiltration was 89%, LDH was 2,003 IU/L, serum calcium was 13 mg/dL, and creatinine 1.5 mg/dL. Two patients had bone lesions. Three were IgG, one IgA lambda and one lambda light chain. CD20 was positive in one, CD56 was negative in all and CD117 was negative in 3 cases. By conventional cytogenetic analysis, two had a complex karyotype. By Fluorescence in situ Hybridization, one was positive for TP53 and another for t (11; 14). One patient did not receive any treatment, three patients received VTD PACE and one CTD. None underwent transplant. Three patients are alive. The mean survival was 14 months. Conclusions: These patients with pPCL were younger and had a more aggressive clinical outcome than in multiple myeloma.

Seguridad y eficacia del uso de bortezomib en combinación con lenalidomida y dexametasona en pacientes com leucemia de células plasmáticas primaria / Safety and efficacy of bortezomib in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with primary plasma cell leukemia

La leucemia de células plasmáticas (LCP) es una forma rara pero agresiva del mieloma múltiple caracterizado por niveles elevados de células plasmáticas circulantes en la sangre periférica. La LCP se puede originar de novo (forma primaria) o ser secundaria a la transformación leucemia del mieloma múltiple (forma secundaria). El pronóstico de la LCP es pobre; con una mediana de sobrevida entre 6 y 11 meses. La sobrevida es más corta (entre dos y siete meses) cuando la LCP es secundaria y aparece en el contexto de un caso recurrente o refractario de MM. Respecto al tratamiento de la LCP, no existen ensayos prospectivos que hayan investigado la eficacia y seguridad de un tratamiento específico. Las recomendaciones actuales se basan primariamente en información proveniente de series pequeñas de casos recogidos de manera retrospectiva. En la presente evaluación de tecnología sanitaria se identificó evidencia de muy baja calidad respecto a los efectos de los regímenes que contienen bortezomib versus los regímenes sin bortezomib en pacientes con LCP primario. En general, la mediana de la sobrevida global observada en los estudios disponibles fue mayor en el grupo de pacientes que recibieron regímenes con bortezomib respecto a los regímenes sin bortezomib; llegando a ser superior a los 12 meses en una serie de casos. Aunque con un nivel de evidencia baja, el uso de regímenes en base a bortezomib sugiere la prolongación de la sobrevida, comparada con la quimioterapia convencional. Por lo expuesto, el Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación-IETSI, aprueba temporalmente el uso del esquema de bortezomib, lenalidomida y dexametasona para el tratamiento de pacientes con leucemia de células plasmáticas primaria. Dado que la evidencia que respalda el uso de regímenes en base a bortezomib para el tratamiento de pacientes con LCP primario es aún limitada, se establece que el efecto del tratamiento con el esquema de bortezomib, lenalidomida y dexametasona en el tratamiento de LCP primario se evaluará con los datos de los pacientes que hayan recibido el esquema por el lapso de dos años para determinar el impacto de su uso en varios desenlaces clínicos. Esta información será tomada en cuenta en la re-evaluación de este medicamento para efectos de un nuevo dictamen al terminar la vigencia del presente Dictamen Preliminar.(AU)

Leucemia de células plasmáticas. Presentación de un caso / Plasma Cell Leukemia. Case presentation

La leucemia de células plasmáticas es una rara y agresiva variante de mieloma múltiple caracterizada por la presencia en la circulación sanguínea de células plasmáticas, es clasificada como primaria o secundaria a un mieloma múltiple, representa de un 2 a un 4 por ciento de todos los casos de mieloma múltiple. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 68 años, femenina, con antecedentes de dolor lumbar, anemia tombocitopenia, hepatoesplenomegalia y un 25 por ciento de células plasmáticas en la lámina periférica. Se concluye como una leucemia de células plasmáticas (AU)

Plasma Cell Leukemia, is a rare and aggressive variant of multiple myeloma characterized by the presence in the blood circulation of plasma cells, it is classified as primary or secondary to a multiple myeloma, it represents from 2 to 4 percent of all cases of this disease. A female, 68 year old patient is presented with a history of low back pain, thrombocytopenia anemia, hepatosplenomegaly and 25 percent of plasma cells in the peripheral lamina concluding as a plasma cell leukemia (AU)

Mieloma múltiple en una forma infrecuente de debut y evolución: presentación de caso / Multiple myeloma in an infrequent way of debut and evolution: cse presentation

Fundamento: El mieloma múltiple descrito por primera vez por Rustizky en el año 1873 es frecuente en pacientes mayores de 65 años de edad, y las formas graves de esta enfermedad son poco frecuente. Presentación de caso: se reporta el caso de una paciente de 45 años de edad que acudió a consulta por infecciones a repetición y dolor lumbar; se diagnosticó en los resultados del estudio un mieloma múltiple de tipo leucemia de células plasmáticas primaria con morfología plasmoblástica. Conclusiones: la paciente evolucionó de forma desfavorable hasta su deceso(AU)

Background: The multiple myeloma was described for the first time by Rustizky in the year 1873 in frequent in patients over 65 years old and the serious ways of the disease are not very frequent. Case presentation: A 45 year old patient who came to consultation complaining of recurrent infections and lumbar pain was reported and it was diagnosed in the results of the lab studies of multiple myeloma of leukemia type of primary plasmatic cells with plasmoblastic morphology. Conclusions: The patient evolved unfavorably until her decease(AU)

New recurrent chromosome alterations in patients with multiple myeloma and plasma cell leukemia.

Chromosome abnormalities detected in metaphases from multiple myeloma (MM) cells have a clear impact on prognosis and response to therapy. Thirteen out of 50 (26%) patients with plasma cell disorders and abnormal karyotypes (11 with MM and 2 with plasma cell leukemia (PCL)) were selected for inclusion in the present report based on the presence of karyotypes with new and/or infrequent structural aberrations. Thirty-three new rearrangements, including a novel recurrent aberration: psu dic(5;1)(q35;q10), were detected. Chromosome 1 was the most frequently involved. Gains of genetic material (57%) were noted more frequently than losses (43%). Three rearrangements that were observed only once in the literature appear to be recurrent from our data: del(16)(q13), del(5)(p13) and i(3)(q10), the latter being a single structural aberration in the karyotype. Clinical parameters from our series were compared with 2 control groups: 20 MM cases with recurrent aberrations in MM/PCL with a similar distribution of abnormalities associated with poor prognosis (group 1), and 40 with normal karyotypes and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (group 2). Significantly increased serum calcium levels (p = 0.022) in patients with new and/or infrequent chromosome changes with respect to both control groups, and a higher percentage of bone marrow plasma cell infiltration (p = 0.005), ß(2) microglobulin, and lactate dehydrogenase levels (p < 0.0001) compared to group 2 were observed. Our results suggest that some of these novel rearrangements may be capable to deregulate genetic mechanisms related to the development and/or progression of the disease. The finding of new recurrent aberrations supports this hypothesis.

Plasma cell leukemia.

Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare, yet aggressive plasma cell (PC) neoplasm, variant of multiple myeloma (MM), characterized by high levels of PCs circulating in the peripheral blood. PCL can either originate de novo (primary PCL) or as a secondary leukemic transformation of MM (secondary PCL). Presenting signs and symptoms are similar to those seen in MM such as renal insufficiency, hypercalcemia, lytic bone lesions, anemia, and thrombocytopenia, but can also include hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. The diagnostic evaluation of a patient with suspected PCL should include a review of the peripheral blood smear, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) with immunofixation, and protein electrophoresis of an aliquot from a 24h urine collection (UPEP). The diagnosis is made when a monoclonal population of PCs is present in the peripheral blood with an absolute PC count exceeding 2000/µL and PC comprising 20% or more of the peripheral blood white cells. The prognosis of PCL is poor with a median survival of 7 to 11 months. Survival is even shorter (2 to 7 months) when PCL occurs in the context of refractory or relapsing MM. There have been no prospective randomized trials investigating the treatment of PCL. Recommendations are primarily based upon data from small retrospective series, case reports, and extrapolation of data from patients with MM. In general, patients are treated with induction therapy followed by hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in those who are appropriate candidates for this approach. The best induction regimen for PCL is not known and there is great variability in clinical practice. Newer agents that are being incorporated into frontline and salvage therapy for MM have also demonstrated activity in PCL such as Immunomodulatory agents and the use of bortezomib with different combinations.

Compromiso pleural en la leucemia de células plasmáticas: reporte de un caso / Pleural effusion in plasma cell leukemia: a case report

Multiple myeloma is a low malignant, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, which is characterized by infiltration of the bone marrow by clonal proliferation of atypical plasma cells. Extramedullary manifestations are relatively rare. Serous effusions in multiple myeloma are uncommon (6 percent of cases) but a myelomatous pleural effusion occurring in these patients is extremely rare. Plasma cell leukemia, occurring either de novo or in patients with long standing multiple myeloma, is the least common type of plasma cell dyscrasia. The authors describe the course of plasma cellular leukemia in a 63-year-old male patient where the first manifestation of the disease was a bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia and a contralateral pleural exudate with a cytological finding of plasma cells. The exudate disappeared after the first cycle of chemotherapy (vincristine, adriamycin, dexamethasone). After the third cycle of chemotherapy remission of the disease was recorded which was, however, short. After three months' remission the disease recurred, consequently underwent autologous bone marrow transplantation. The patient has maintained complete remission for 12 months after diagnosis. Pleural effusion is an unusual but important complication of multiple myeloma and does not necessarily carry the grave prognosis implied in previous reports.

El mieloma múltiple es una neoplasia maligna de células plasmáticas que invade la médula ósea y otros tejidos. Las manifestaciones extramedulares son relativamente raras. El derrame pleural en el mieloma múltiple es poco frecuente (6 por ciento de los casos), y el derrame pleural neoplásico es extremadamente raro. La leucemia de células plasmáticas, que se produce de novo o en pacientes con mieloma múltiple, es la variedad menos común de discrasia de células plasmáticas. Los autores describen el cuadro clínico de un paciente de 63 años con leucemia de células plasmáticas, donde la primera manifestación de la enfermedad fue una neumonía neumocócica bacteriémica asociado a un derrame pleural contralateral, que correspondió a un exudado predominio mononuclear. El examen citológico reveló abundantes células plasmáticas inmaduras en el líquido pleural y la sangre periférica. El derrame pleural desapareció después del primer ciclo de quimioterapia (vincristina, adriamicina, dexametasona). Después de tres meses de remisión, la enfermedad neoplásica recidivó, siendo el paciente sometido a trasplante autólogo de médula ósea. El paciente se ha mantenido en remisión completa un año después del diagnóstico. El derrame pleural es una complicación poco común, pero importante, del mieloma múltiple y no necesariamente conlleva un mal pronóstico.

Linfoma difuso de grandes células B com diferenciação plasmoblástica: caracterização clínica, morfológica e imunofenotípica / Diffuse large B-cell differentiation with plasmoblástica: clinical, morphological and immunophenotypic

OS linfomas B difusos de grandes células plasmobásticos (LBDGC-LP) constituem um grupo heterogêneo de doenças com curso clínico agressivo, descritos inicialmente em pacientes HIV+. O LP tem sido associado à infecção pelo Herpes vírus tipo 8 em pacientes HIV+ e esses linfornas têm sido observados em pacientes HIV(-). Várias entidades tais como plasmocitoma anaplásico (PA) e pouco diferenciado (PPD) exibem uma superposição morfológica e imuno-histoquímica com os LP, principalmente quando estão em localização extra-ossea. O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para o diagnóstico diferencial das neoplasias linfóides com diferenciação plasmocitoide. Foram revisados 154 casos diagnosticados como Plasmocitomas, LBDGC, LBDGC-PL e Linfomas de pequenas células com diferenciação plasmocitoíde (LPC-P) dos arquivos de um centro de referência em oncologia. Foram selecionados 34 casos com padrão plasmocitoíde / plasmoblástico, confirmados por imunoistoquímica. Foram utilizados os seguintes marcadores: CD20, VS38c, CD56, CD79a, Mib, Lana-1 (HHV-8), Kappa e Lambda. Os casos foram analisados e classificados em quatro grupos morfológicos: Plasmocitomas bem diferenciados (PBD), PPD, PAlLP, LPC-P. Os PBD tinham localização óssea predominante e em 2/3 destes havia Mieloma associado, enquanto os LP tiveram apresentação nodal e visceral em 82 por cento dos casos. A positividade para CD56 ocorreu predominantemente nos PBD (p=O,04). Em um caso de LP/PA houve positividade para CD56 forte. A sobrevida foi significativamente menor nos casos de LP/PA. Nenhum dos casos mostrou positividade para LNA-1 (HHV-8). A associação com HIV foi observada em um caso de LP. A forte expressão de CD56 nos plasmocitomas sugere que este seja útil no diagnóstico diferencial. A sobrevida foi significativamente menor nos LP. A expressão de Lana-1 (HHV-8) foi negativa em todos os casos de Linfomas e Plasmocitomas, refutando a hipótese de que alguns Linfomas Plasmoblásticos representem a variante sólida do Linfoma de Efusão Primário na nossa série.