RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether intrathecal chemotherapy improves clinical outcomes in patients with meningeal carcinomatosis. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included consecutive patients with breast cancer diagnosed with meningeal carcinomatosis. Clinical and treatment data were collected from the patients' medical charts. The primary outcome was overall survival, and the secondary outcomes were time to neurological deterioration and reporting of clinical benefit. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for potential confounders were used to evaluate the clinical response and overall survival, respectively. RESULTS: Overall, 109 female patients were included, 50 (45.9%) of whom received intrathecal chemotherapy with methotrexate and dexamethasone. The median treatment duration was 3 weeks (range, 1-13 weeks). Patients treated with intrathecal chemotherapy were more likely to report clinical benefit (74% versus 57.7%, adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 9.0, 95%CI=2.6-30.9, p<0.001). However, there was no difference in the time to neurologic deterioration (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.96, 95%CI= 0.57-1.59, p=0.86). Patients who received intrathecal chemotherapy did not show an increase in overall survival compared with that of patients who did not receive intrathecal chemotherapy (median overall survival = 1.8 months, 95%CI= 1.27-3.0 versus 2.5, 95%CI= 1.9-3.9, adjusted HR = 0.71, 95%CI= 0.41-1.22, p=0.21). There was a significant interaction between intrathecal chemotherapy and systemic treatment, and patients who received systemic therapy without intrathecal chemotherapy had better overall survival than that of the no-treatment group (adjusted HR = 0.38, 95%CI= 0.20-0.70, p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Intrathecal chemotherapy did not increase overall survival or time to neurological deterioration and should not preclude or postpone systemic treatments.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Carcinomatose Meníngea , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinomatose Meníngea/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinomatose Meníngea/diagnóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Metotrexato/efeitos adversos , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Resumen La carcinomatosis meníngea es una entidad poco frecuente, que puede formar parte de la historia natural de muchos procesos neoplásicos. Se presenta habitualmente con síntomas poco específicos, como cefalea, cambios en la conducta o alteraciones motoras y sensitivas. A continuación, presentamos el caso de una paciente con carcinomatosis meníngea por melanoma metastásico y su evolución clínica.
La carcinomatosis meníngea es una entidad poco frecuente, que puede formar parte de la historia natural de muchos procesos neoplásicos. Se presenta habitualmente con síntomas poco específicos, como cefalea, cambios en la conducta o alteraciones motoras y sensitivas. A continuación, presentamos el caso de una paciente con carcinomatosis meníngea por melanoma metastásico y su evolución clínica.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Idoso , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Carcinomatose Meníngea/secundário , Melanoma/patologia , Evolução FatalRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Intrathecal chemotherapy is a local therapeutic modality used for treatment of leptomeningeal metastases. However, the techniques currently used, i.e. repeated lumbar puncture and Ommaya reservoir, have certain disadvantages. Lumbar intrathecal port (LIP) placement is a relatively novel technique, which has been used for pain management in cancer patients. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of LIP for intrathecal administration of chemotherapeutic agents in patients with leptomeningeal metastases. METHODS: Retrospective study of 13 patients treated with intrathecal chemotherapy for secondary leptomeningeal involvement of a primary solid tumor were included in this retrospective study. The patients received intrathecal chemotherapy through a LIP. RESULTS: The patients received a total of 123 intrathecal chemotherapy doses. No grade 3-4 toxicity, technical problem or severe complication developed. During a median of 136 days of follow-up (range, 67-376 days), 12 patients died (92.3%). The treatment resulted in symptom improvement in all patients and self-rated overall health and quality of life improved, compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The LIP system, which has been used for intrathecal pain management for decades, appears to offer a safe alternative for intrathecal chemotherapy in patients with leptomeningeal metastases. Further studies are warranted to clarify its potential use in this setting.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Carcinomatose Meníngea , Neoplasias Meníngeas , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Carcinomatose Meníngea/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Meníngeas/tratamento farmacológico , Qualidade de Vida , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Background: Intrathecal chemotherapy is a local therapeutic modality used for treatment of leptomeningeal metastases. However, the techniques currently used, i.e. repeated lumbar puncture and Ommaya reservoir, have certain disadvantages. Lumbar intrathecal port (LIP) placement is a relatively novel technique, which has been used for pain management in cancer patients. Objective: To investigate the use of LIP for intrathecal administration of chemotherapeutic agents in patients with leptomeningeal metastases. Methods: Retrospective study of 13 patients treated with intrathecal chemotherapy for secondary leptomeningeal involvement of a primary solid tumor were included in this retrospective study. The patients received intrathecal chemotherapy through a LIP. Results: The patients received a total of 123 intrathecal chemotherapy doses. No grade 3-4 toxicity, technical problem or severe complication developed. During a median of 136 days of follow-up (range, 67-376 days), 12 patients died (92.3%). The treatment resulted in symptom improvement in all patients and self-rated overall health and quality of life improved, compared with baseline. Conclusions: The LIP system, which has been used for intrathecal pain management for decades, appears to offer a safe alternative for intrathecal chemotherapy in patients with leptomeningeal metastases. Further studies are warranted to clarify its potential use in this setting.
RESUMEN Antecedentes: La quimioterapia intratecal es una modalidad terapéutica local utilizada para el tratamiento de metástasis leptomeníngeas. Sin embargo, las técnicas empleadas actualmente, es decir, las punciones lumbares repetidas y el depósito de Ommaya, tienen algunos inconvenientes. La colocación de un puerto intratecal lumbar (LIP) es una técnica relativamente nueva que se ha utilizado para el tratamiento del dolor en pacientes con cáncer. Objetivo: Investigar el uso de LIP para la administración intratecal de agentes quimioterapéuticos en pacientes con metástasis leptomeníngeas. Métodos: Este estudio retrospectivo incluyó un total de 13 pacientes tratados con quimioterapia intratecal por afectación leptomeníngea secundaria de un tumor sólido primario. Los pacientes recibieron quimioterapia intratecal a través de un LIP. Resultados: Los pacientes recibieron un total de 123 dosis de quimioterapia intratecal. No se desarrolló toxicidad de grado 3-4, ni se presentaron problemas técnicos o complicaciones graves. Durante un promedio de 136 días de seguimiento (rango, 67-376 días), murieron 12 pacientes (92,3 %). El tratamiento dio como resultado una mejoría de los síntomas en todos los pacientes. La salud general autoevaluada y la calidad de vida mejoraron en comparación con los valores iniciales. Conclusiones: El sistema LIP que se ha utilizado para el manejo del dolor intratecal durante décadas, parece ofrecer una alternativa segura para la quimioterapia intratecal en pacientes con metástasis leptomeníngeas. Serán necesarios más estudios para determinar su uso potencial en este ámbito.
Assuntos
Humanos , Carcinomatose Meníngea/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Meníngeas/tratamento farmacológico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Qualidade de Vida , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Introduction: Leptomeningeal metastasis is an extremely rare evolution of colon cancer, with reduced survival, requiring early palliative treatment in order to improve the patient's quality of life. The aim of this study was to report the case of a patient with colon cancer with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, from the perspective of the nutritional approach in exclusive palliative care. Case report: Young female patient with diagnosis of colon cancer, metastatic to leptomeninges, admitted to a Palliative Care Unit, with reduced functionality and nutritional risk. From the 1st to the 8th day of hospitalization, she remained on zero diet. In the few moments when she was more alert, there was an attempt to offer liquid oral diet, which could not be achieved due to high risk of bronchoaspiration. After multiprofessional team discussions and conversations with the patient's family members, it was decided to place the nasoenteric catheter (NEC). The patient alternated periods on zero diet and nutrition by NEC according to clinical and nutritional conditions. Conclusion: It is necessary to reconcile a safe food route for quality of life and death, considering not only the patient, but the feelings and meanings the family members attribute to food
Introdução: A metástase leptomeníngea é uma evolução extremamente rara do câncer de cólon, com sobrevida reduzida, demandando tratamento paliativo precoce no intuito de melhorar a qualidade de vida do paciente. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o caso de uma paciente com câncer de cólon com carcinomatose leptomeníngea, sob a perspectiva da abordagem nutricional em cuidados paliativos exclusivos. Relato do caso: Paciente jovem, sexo feminino, com diagnóstico de câncer de cólon, metastático para leptomeninge de rara evolução, admitida na Unidade de Cuidados Paliativos, com funcionalidade reduzida e risco nutricional. Do 1º ao 8º dia de internação, manteve dieta zero. Nos poucos momentos em que esteve mais alerta, houve uma tentativa de oferta de dieta via oral líquida, o que não pôde ser alcançado em virtude do alto risco de broncoaspiração. Após discussões entre a equipe multiprofissional e conversas com familiares da paciente, optou-se pela colocação do cateter nasoentérico (CNE). A paciente alternava períodos de dieta zero e nutrição pela CNE de acordo com suas condições clínicas e nutricionais. Conclusão: É necessário conciliar uma via alimentar segura para qualidade de vida e de morte, contemplando não somente o paciente, como também os sentidos e significados atribuídos à alimentação por seus familiares
Introducción: La metástasis leptomeníngea es una evolución extremadamente rara del cáncer de colon, con supervivencia reducida, requiriendo tratamiento paliativo precoz para mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente. El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar el caso de una paciente con cáncer de colon con carcinometosis leptomeníngea, desde la perspectiva del abordaje nutricional en cuidados paliativos exclusivos. Relato del caso: Paciente joven con diagnóstico de cáncer de colon, metastásico a leptomeninge, ingresado en una Unidad de Cuidados Paliativos, con funcionalidad y riesgo nutricional reducidos. Desde el 1º al 8º día de hospitalización, permaneció con dieta cero. En los pocos momentos en que estuvo alerta, se intentó ofrecer dieta líquida oral, lo que no se pudo lograr por alto riesgo de broncoaspiración. Luego de discusiones entre el equipo multiprofesional y conversaciones con familiares del paciente, se decidió colocar el catéter nasoentérico (CNE). El paciente alternó períodos de dieta cero y nutrición por CNE de acuerdo con sus condiciones clínicas y nutricionales. Conclusión: Es necesario conciliar una ruta alimentaria segura para la calidad de vida y la muerte, contemplando no solo al paciente, sino también los sentidos y significados atribuidos a la alimentación por sus familiares
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Cuidados Paliativos , Estado Nutricional , Neoplasias do Colo , Carcinomatose MeníngeaRESUMO
Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) refers to the infiltration of malignant cells in the pia-arachnoids. LMC is undiagnosed until autopsy in about 20% of cases. A nonspecific neurologic symptomatology makes diagnosis challenging; especially in the scenario of unknown malignancy. Diagnosis is made by the identification of malignant cells in CSF; though studies have shown that serial examination may be required for acceptable accuracy. We report 3 cases with distinct neurological presentations, negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations and neurological imaging. A 52 year old woman with history of breast cancer on remission, a 2 year old male with left ear rhabdomyosarcoma status post resection, and a 59 year old woman with communicating hydrocephalus of unknown etiology. LMC was diagnosed at autopsy and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. LMC is a complication requiring a high level of clinical suspicion. Postmortem examination is an invaluable tool to confirm LMC as part of the multidisciplinary approach aiming towards the improvement of clinical diagnosis.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Hidrocefalia/patologia , Carcinomatose Meníngea/diagnóstico , Rabdomiossarcoma/patologia , Autopsia , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Carcinomatose Meníngea/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Improvement in oncologic therapy has increased survival in oncologic patients. There has been a concomitant increase in the incidence of secondary meningeal involvement. Early diagnosis is mandatory. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with the presence of secondary neoplastic cells in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with suspected carcinomatous meningitis (CM) Methods: Cross-sectional study involving adult patients with solid cancer diagnosis and suspected CM between 2004 and 2014 at Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. All included patients had at least one lumbar puncture with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. CM cases were defined by the presence of neoplastic cells in CFS. We evaluated the association of each factor (cancer characteristics, clinical engagement of central nervous system, CSF analysis) with CM using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: We included 77 patients: mean age was 62 years (SD 13.1), 58.4% (45) were female. The most common oncologic disease was lung cancer 29.9% (23), followed by breast 23.4% (18) cancer. CM was detected in 23.4% (18) patients. In univariate analysis, glychorrachia, the CSF leukocyte count, the meningeal involvement on MRI, headache and delirium were significantly associated with MC. In the multivariate model that included the variables significantly associated in the crude analysis, the only variable that remained significantly associated with MC was the glychorrachia (OR 0.93 95%CI 0.9 - 0.97, p <0.001). DISCUSSION: These results suggest that as the glychorrachia increases, the probability of having MC decreases. These findings are consistent with previous studies.
Assuntos
Líquido Cefalorraquidiano/citologia , Carcinomatose Meníngea/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Carcinomatose Meníngea/secundário , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Primary leptomeningeal gliomatosis (PLG) is a poorly recognized tumor of the central nervous system. OBJECTIVE: To describe the histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of PLG. METHODS: Results of our multicentric retrospective study of 6 PLG cases (3 pediatric and 3 adult) were compared with literature data. RESULTS: The mean age was 54.7 years for adults and 8.7 years for children, with 3 males and 3 females. Clinical symptoms were nonspecific. Cerebrospinal fluid analyses showed a high protein level often associated with pleocytosis but without neoplastic cells. On neuroimaging, diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement and hydrocephalus were observed, except in 1 case. PLG was mostly misinterpreted as infectious or tumoral meningitis. The first biopsy was negative in 50% of cases. Histopathologically, PLG cases corresponded to 1 oligodendroglioma without 1p19q codeletion and 5 astrocytomas without expression of p53. No immunostaining for IDH1R132H and no mutations of IDH1/2 and H3F3A genes were found. Overall survival was highly variable (2-82 months) but seems to be increased in children treated with chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: This study shows the difficulties of PLG diagnosis. The challenge is to achieve an early biopsy to establish a diagnosis and to begin a treatment, but the prognosis remains poor. PLG seems to have a different molecular and immunohistochemical pattern compared with intraparenchymal malignant gliomas.
Assuntos
Carcinomatose Meníngea/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Neuroepiteliomatosas/diagnóstico , Adulto , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Carcinomatose Meníngea/mortalidade , Neoplasias Neuroepiteliomatosas/mortalidade , Neuroimagem , Prognóstico , Estudos RetrospectivosAssuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Melanoma Amelanótico/patologia , Carcinomatose Meníngea/patologia , Paraparesia/complicações , Neoplasias Encefálicas/complicações , Neoplasias Encefálicas/secundário , Evolução Fatal , Humanos , Masculino , Melanoma/complicações , Melanoma Amelanótico/complicações , Carcinomatose Meníngea/complicações , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Gástricas/complicaçõesRESUMO
Os tumores neuroectodérmicos primitivos (PNET) são tumores malignos, não diferenciados, raramente apresentados na idade adulta, principalmente os de localização supratentorial. Apresentamos neste artigo o caso de um paciente de 19 anos, que nos chegou transferido de outro hospital com o diagnóstico de hidrocefalia. A existência do PNET associado a carcinomatose leptomeníngea foi comprovada como causa da hidrocefalia.
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) are malignant tumors exceptionally present in adulthood, especially those with supratentorial location. In this article, we present the case of a young man who was transfer fromanother institutionwith the diagnosis of hydrocephalus; during his stay, we corroborated the presence of supratentorial PNET associated to leptomeningeal carcinomatosis that was a cause of hydrocephalus.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Tumores Neuroectodérmicos Primitivos/complicações , Carcinomatose Meníngea/complicações , Hidrocefalia/etiologiaAssuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Receptores ErbB/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinomatose Meníngea/secundário , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Cloridrato de Erlotinib , Éxons , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Carcinomatose Meníngea/genética , Carcinomatose Meníngea/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Quinazolinas/administração & dosagem , Quinazolinas/uso terapêutico , Deleção de Sequência , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
La carcinomatosis meníngea (CM) es una diseminación difusa de células tumorales en el interior del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) y/o las leptomeninges con siembras difusas de tumores metastásicos sobre ellas. Esta enfermedad ocurre en aproximadamenteel 8 por ciento de las neoplasias malignas. En este trabajo se hace referencia a una paciente femenina pre-escolar de 4 años de edad, debutó con una cefalea bifrontal matutina y ocasionales, acompañadas de vómitos que se hicieron cada vez más frecuentes y que la llevaron a la pérdida de peso progresivo, luego se acompañaba de ataxia troncular, en una RMN se evidenció una lesión tumoral de la fosa posterior, que producía hidrocefalia triventricular, fue intervenida quirúrgicamente donde se realizó exéresis total del tumor. La paciente tuvo una evolución postquirúrgica inmediata favorable, pero luego presentó múltiples complicaciones, luego de mejorar se vuelve a estudiar con RMN donde se mostró un engrosamiento difuso de las meninges que por biopsia se confirmó una invasión leptomeningea del tumor primario operado.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Carcinomatose Meníngea/cirurgia , Carcinomatose Meníngea/complicações , Carcinomatose Meníngea/diagnóstico , Carcinomatose Meníngea/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Carcinomatose Meníngea/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinomatose Meníngea/radioterapia , Metástase Neoplásica , Diagnóstico por Imagem , HidrocefaliaRESUMO
Prognosis in patients with carcinomatous meningitis (CM) is poor, and numerous prognostic factors for response and survival have been described, but remain controversial. In general, series are small and involve a heterogeneous type of solid neoplasms. The purpose of this study was to describe a series of patients with breast cancer-associated CM to determine the clinical features and prognostic factors associated with survival. We conducted a retrospective study on 49 patients diagnosed between January 2003 and December 2007 at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Mexico City. CSF cytopathology samples were re-reviewed to confirm the diagnosis. Overall survival (OS) for patients with breast cancer with CM was 7 weeks. Factors independently associated with better OS included absence of encephalopathy at diagnosis (11 weeks versus 1 week; p = .036), low CSF protein content (15 versus 5 weeks; p = .022), and nontriple-negative receptor status in the primary breast cancer tumor (13 versus 3 weeks; p = .015). According to multivariate analysis, patients were divided into favorable and poor prognostic groups, with OS of 14 weeks and 2 weeks, respectively (p < .001). These factors can identify a subgroup of patients who are candidates for an intensive management approach.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Carcinomatose Meníngea/etiologia , Carcinomatose Meníngea/mortalidade , Carcinomatose Meníngea/secundário , Adulto , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Líquido Cefalorraquidiano , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Carcinomatose Meníngea/diagnóstico , Carcinomatose Meníngea/terapia , Metotrexato/uso terapêutico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Prognóstico , Punção Espinal , Taxa de Sobrevida , TrastuzumabRESUMO
The involvement of the leptomeninges by metastatic tumors can be observed in solid tumors, in which case it is termed meningeal carcinomatosis (MC), and in lymphoproliferative malignant disease. It is more common in breast and lung cancer, as well as melanoma, with adenocarcinoma being the most frequent histological type. MC is usually a late event, with disseminated and progressive disease already present and, it is characterized by multifocal neurological signs and symptoms. Diagnosis is based on the evaluation of clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging studies. The better systemic disease control is observed with new therapeutic agents, and the development of neuroimaging methods is responsible for the increasing incidence of such metastatic evolution. Intrathecal chemotherapy is generally the treatment of choice, although frequently palliative. Prognosis is guarded, although a higher performance status may indicate a subgroup of patients with a more favorable outcome.
O acometimento leptomeníngeo por metástases tumorais pode ocorrer em tumores sólidos, sendo chamado de carcinomatose meníngea (CM), e também em doenças linfoproliferativas. Tumores de mama, pulmão e melanoma são os principais responsáveis pelos casos, e adenocarcinoma é a histologia mais frequentemente encontrada. A CM é um evento tardio na evolução da doença e caracteriza-se por sinais e sintomas neurológicos multifocais. O diagnóstico se faz pela avaliação conjunta do quadro clínico, neuroimagem e estudo do líquido cefalorraquidiano. O maior controle da doença sistêmica obtido com as novas modalidades terapêuticas e a baixa penetração de drogas no sistema nervoso central, aliados ao desenvolvimento nos métodos de neuroimagem observado nas últimas décadas, são fatores que respondem por um aumento na incidência desta apresentação. A quimioterapia intratecal é o tratamento de escolha, porém, frequentemente paliativo. O prognóstico é reservado, sendo que o melhor performance status pode selecionar um subgrupo de pacientes com melhor evolução.
Assuntos
Humanos , Carcinomatose Meníngea/diagnóstico , Carcinomatose Meníngea/terapia , Carcinomatose Meníngea/secundário , PrognósticoRESUMO
Meningeal carcinomatosis (MC) occurs in up to 5% of breast cancer patients. Few studies have evaluated prognostic markers in breast cancer patients with MC. Our aim was to describe the treatment of breast cancer patients with MC, and identify prognostic factors related to survival. Sixty breast cancer patients that had a diagnosis of MC between January 2003 and December 2009 were included. The median age was 46 years (range 27-76). Most patients had invasive ductal carcinoma (78.3%) and high histological/nuclear grade (61.7/53.3%). Estrogen and progesterone receptors were positive in 51.7 and 43.3% of patients, respectively, and 15% were HER-2-positive. Symptoms at presentation were headache, cranial nerve dysfunction, seizures, and intracranial hypertension signals. Diagnosis was made by CSF cytology in 66.7% of cases and by MRI in 71.7%. Intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy was used in 68.3% of patients, and 21.6% received a new systemic treatment (chemo- or hormone therapy). Median survival was 3.3 months (range 0.03-90.4). There was no survival difference according to age, nuclear grade, hormonal and HER-2 status, CSF features, sites of metastasis, systemic and IT chemotherapy, or radiotherapy. However, histological grade and performance status had a significant impact on survival in the multivariate analysis. Only four papers have addressed prognostic factors in breast cancer patients with MC in the last two decades. The results of those reports are discussed here. High histological grade and poor performance status seem to impact survival of breast cancer patients with MC. Prospective studies are necessary to clarify the role of IT and systemic treatment in the treatment of those patients.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patologia , Carcinomatose Meníngea/secundário , Adulto , Idoso , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/mortalidade , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/terapia , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Carcinomatose Meníngea/mortalidade , Carcinomatose Meníngea/terapia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , Radioterapia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The involvement of the leptomeninges by metastatic tumors can be observed in solid tumors, in which case it is termed meningeal carcinomatosis (MC), and in lymphoproliferative malignant disease. It is more common in breast and lung cancer, as well as melanoma, with adenocarcinoma being the most frequent histological type. MC is usually a late event, with disseminated and progressive disease already present and, it is characterized by multifocal neurological signs and symptoms. Diagnosis is based on the evaluation of clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging studies. The better systemic disease control is observed with new therapeutic agents, and the development of neuroimaging methods is responsible for the increasing incidence of such metastatic evolution. Intrathecal chemotherapy is generally the treatment of choice, although frequently palliative. Prognosis is guarded, although a higher performance status may indicate a subgroup of patients with a more favorable outcome.