Frequency of human papilomavirus and associated factors in gypsy and quilombola women : Human papillomavirus in gypsy and quilombola women.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the general population is widely known, however, there are still few studies related to this infection in minority groups, Thus, the objective is to analyze the frequency of human papillomavirus and associated factors in quilombola and gypsy women. METHODS: Cross-sectional research with 145 quilombola and gypsy women from Caxias, Maranhão. Two Pap smear collections were performed and a questionnaire with 46 questions was applied between January, 2020 and March, 2021. Descriptive analysis and Odds Ratio with 95% confidence interval were performed. The research was approved by the ethics committee. RESULTS: There were 09 cases of atypia. The frequency of human papillomavirus was 41.37%, with a higher risk in quilombolas 55 (91.70%). Multiple infections were prevalent (53%) with high-risk genotypes 21 (35%). Types 16 and 18 together accounted for 42.85% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of human papillomavirus infection was higher than those recorded in the Northeast and Brazil, and therefore type 16 predominated. Due to limitations, the virus lineages and sublineages were not evaluated. Quilombola women had a higher rate of infection than gypsies.

Promoting justice through community-based research: International case studies.

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches to promoting justice focus on working from the ground up and giving a voice to marginalized communities regarding their concerns, potential solutions, and how to address social justice issues that matter to them. The pursuit of justice is often related to efforts to attain personal as well as collective well-being. In this paper, we illustrate three exemplars of community psychologists' efforts to promote justice. Within each case study, we discuss the social and community context and examine how the researchers built partnerships and solidarity, developed ways of doing, and approached challenges and solutions. First, we present an example to promote economic justice through an entrepreneurship initiative developed in collaboration with young Black youth with disabilities in the United States. The second case illustrates an effort to promote reproductive justice in collaboration with Roma women and girls in Spain. The third exemplar depicts the use of life stories as a method to raise the voices of displaced, marginalized indigenous women in Peru. Based on these three case studies, we present a synthesis model of social justice. We also discuss implications for future studies emphasizing the importance of engaging community participants in research meaningful ways, developing sustainable partnerships, and decolonizing research.

Etnicidad: un enfoque basado en los derechos humanos

La Región de las Américas constituye un territorio extremadamente rico desde el punto de vista de la diversidad cultural, en la cual se presentan una variedad de desafíos relacionados con el reconocimiento y el respeto de los derechos humanos de los miembros de los pueblos indígenas, los afrodescendientes, los romaníes, así como de otros grupos étnicos. A lo largo del curso de la vida, estas personas experimentan discriminación estructural y poca representatividad e inclusión en los procesos de toma de decisiones, lo cual dificulta su acceso a los servicios de salud, afecta la calidad de la atención que reciben y tiene un efecto general en sus condiciones de vida. Por tanto, la protección y la promoción de su salud y seguridad socioeconómica es una cuestión no solo de política pública, sino también de protección y ejercicio de los derechos humanos. En esta publicación se presentan los instrumentos internacionales y regionales de derechos humanos y los sistemas de protección de esos derechos instaurados por las Naciones Unidas y el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, así como medidas para hacerlos efectivos, con especial hincapié en el derecho a la salud de estos grupos en los países de las Américas.

Situación del pueblo rom en las Américas durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Reunión virtual, 4 de junio del 2021

La Región de las Américas se caracteriza por su riqueza étnica y cultural. En el marco de la salud universal, los Estados Miembros de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) han priorizado acciones para asegurar que todas las personas y todas las comunidades tengan acceso, sin ningún tipo de discriminación, a servicios de salud que sean integrales, adecuados, oportunos y de calidad. Sin embargo, las relaciones de poder asimétricas y de dominación han dado lugar a que los miembros de ciertos grupos étnicos experimenten sistemáticamente distintas formas de discriminación y exclusión que dan lugar a inequidades e injusticia social. El 4 de junio del 2021, la OPS organizó una reunión virtual en respuesta al llamado de las redes gitanas para abordar la situación de salud en la Región en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. En este informe se presentan la situación y los objetivos del pueblo rom en los países asistentes, así como estrategias, recomendaciones y medidas de seguimiento que deben aplicarse en los países para mejorar la atención de salud que reciben.

Characterization of ADME genes variation in Roma and 20 populations worldwide.

The products of the polymorphic ADME genes are involved in Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of drugs. The pharmacogenetic data have been studied extensively due to their clinical importance in the appropriate drug prescription, but such data from the isolated populations are rather scarce. We analyzed the distribution of 95 polymorphisms in 31 core ADME genes in 20 populations worldwide and in newly genotyped samples from the Roma (Gypsy) population living in Croatia. Global distribution of ADME core gene loci differentiated three major clusters; (1) African, (2) East Asian, and (3) joint European, South Asian and South American cluster. The SLCO1B3 (rs4149117) and CYP3A4 (rs2242480) genes differentiated at the highest level the African group of populations, while NAT2 gene loci (rs1208, rs1801280, and rs1799929) and VKORC1 (rs9923231) differentiated East Asian populations. The VKORC1 rs9923231 was among the investigated loci the one with the largest global minor allele frequency (MAF) range; its MAF ranged from 0.027 in Nigeria to 0.924 in Han Chinese. The distribution of the investigated gene loci positions Roma population within the joined European and South Asian clusters, suggesting that their ADME gene pool is a combination of ancestral (Indian) and more recent (European) surrounding, as it was already implied by other genetic markers. However, when compared to the populations worldwide, the Croatian Roma have extreme MAF values in 10 out of the 95 investigated ADME core gene loci. Among loci which have extraordinary MAFs in Roma population two have strong proof of clinical importance: rs1799853 (CYP2C9) for warfarin dosage, and rs12248560 (CYP2C19) for clopidogrel dosage, efficacy and toxicity. This finding confirms the importance of taking the Roma as well as the other isolated populations`genetic profiles into account in pharmaco-therapeutic practice.

Characteristics of gonorrhea and syphilis cases among the Roma ethnic group in Belgrade, Serbia.

BACKGROUND: The Roma ethnic group is the largest and most marginalized minority in Europe, believed to be vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections. AIM: The purpose of the study was to investigate frequency and characteristics of gonorrhea and syphilis among the Roma population in Belgrade. METHODS: Data from the City Institute for Skin and Venereal Diseases to which all gonorrhea and syphilis cases are referred were analyzed. RESULTS: During the period of 2010-2014 sexually transmitted infections were more frequent among Roma than in rest of Belgrade population. Average percentages of Roma among all reported subjects with syphilis and those with gonorrhea were 9.6% and 13.5%, respectively, while the percentage of Roma in the total Belgrade population was about 1.6%. Roma with syphilis and gonorrhea were more frequently men (75%), most frequently aged 20-29 years (43.4%), never married (64.5%), with elementary school or less (59.2%), unemployed (80.3%), and heterosexual (89.5%). Among Roma 10.5% were sex workers and 68.4% did not know the source of their infection. Significant differences between Roma cases and other cases in Belgrade in all characteristics observed were in agreement with differences between Roma population and the total population of Serbia. CONCLUSION: The present study confirmed the vulnerability of the Roma population to sexually transmitted infections.

Predictors of cardiovascular risk in a population of diabetic adults of Gypsy origin, in Granada.

AIMS: The aim of this work is to identify cardiovascular risk factors in a population of ethnic Gypsy diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to compare this population with a control group of non-Gypsy patients also diagnosed with T2DM and with a similar sociological background. DESIGN: Observational descriptive cross-cutting study. METHODS: Using a systematic random sampling, we selected a sample of 220 Gypsy patients diagnosed with T2DM and another sample of 230 non-Gypsy patients, also diagnosed with T2DM. Both samples were composed of patients registered at the Almanjáyar and Cartuja health centres, in Granada (Spain). The data were collected between October 2010 and October 2011. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the Gypsy and non-Gypsy patients in the following variables concerning the control of cardiovascular risk: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS: The factors of cardiovascular risk presented by Gypsy patients diagnosed with T2DM were more acute than those of non-Gypsy patients (Tab. 7, Ref. 26).

Gadjés em tendas Calons: um estudo exploratório com grupos ciganos semi-nômades em território capixaba / Gadjés in Calon tents: an exploratory study with semi-nomadic gypsie groups on a capixaba territory

A despeito da presença cigana no Brasil desde o século XVI, o conhecimento acerca do seu modo de vida é ainda insipiente. A literatura revela que as práticas sociais dirigidas ao povo cigano são pautadas em fortes estigmas relacionados a uma identidade considerada estranha e perigosa. O presente estudo descreve os processos identitários vinculados a um grupo da etnia Calon que busca a valorização de sua cultura e práticas endogrupais, reafirmando características que consideram positivas, de modo a compensar os estereótipos fortemente negativos que lhes são atribuídos. Verificou-se que a identidade cigana se sustenta nas estratégias de resistência criadas pelo grupo para que seus membros se reconheçam como parte da cultura cigana em constante confronto com as culturas não-ciganas (AU)

e about their way of life is still insipient. Literature shows that social practices aimed at the gypsy people are based on strong stigmas related to an identity considered strange and dangerous. The present study describes the identity processes related to a group of the Calon ethnicity that seeks the promotion of their culture and their group practices, reaffirming characteristics that they consider positive, in order to offset the very negative stereotypes attributed to them. It was found that the gypsy identity is sustained through strategies of resistance created by the group for its members to recognize themselves as part of the gypsy culture in constant confrontation with the non-gypsy cultures (AU)

Processos identitários entre ciganos: da exclusão a uma cultura de liberdade / Identity processes among the gypsy people: from exclusion to a culture of freedom

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo saber como hombres y mujeres gitanas construyen su identidad étnica a través de las relaciones establecidas entre esta comunidad y grupos no-gitanos. Para ello, participaron de la investigación 07 hombres y 10 mujeres gitanas. Se realizaron entrevistas individuales con un guión semi-estructurado y se hizo el análisis de los datos por medio del software ALCESTE y del análisis del contenido. Los resultados demostraron que la cultura gitana posee aspectos singulares, con dos pilares aparentemente fundamentales para su estructuración - relaciones parentales y relaciones de género. Al dinamizar esas dimensiones, encontramos otras características importantes, como creencias religiosas, respeto por los ancianos, fidelidad en los acuerdos realizados y control de la virginidad femenina hasta el matrimonio.

This study aimed to know how gypsy men and women produce their ethnic identity through the relationship they establish between their community and the non-gypsy world. For that, 07 gypsy men and 10 gypsy women participated in this research. Individual interviews have been carried out with semistructured script and the data analysis was done using the software ALCESTE and the Content Analysis. The results have demonstrated that the gypsy culture has singular aspects, with two apparently fundamental pillars for their structuring - parental relationship and gender subjects. Applying dynamics to those dimensions, we find other important themes in the organization of this ethnic group, like religious beliefs, respect to the elderly, fidelity to the agreements and control of the female virginity until marriage.

Este estudo objetivou conhecer como homens e mulheres ciganos constroem sua identidade étnica através das relações estabelecidas entre essa comunidade e grupos não-ciganos. Participaram da pesquisa 07 homens e 10 mulheres ciganas. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais com roteiro semiestruturado e procedeu-se a análise dos dados através do software ALCESTE e da Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados demonstraram que a cultura cigana possui aspectos singulares, com dois pilares aparentemente fundamentais para sua estruturação - relações parentais e relações de gênero. Dinamizando essas dimensões, encontramos outras características importantes, como crenças religiosas, respeito aos mais velhos, fidelidade aos acordos firmados e controle da virgindade feminina até o casamento.

Identidade narrativa: papéis familiares e de gênero na perspectiva de meninas ciganas / From the intuition as philosophical method to the cartography as research method: considerations on the cartographer's cognitive exercis

Este artigo apresenta como algumas meninas ciganas da região metropolitana de Barcelona (Espanha) avaliam os papéis familiares e de gênero, tanto de uma perspectiva intra como intercultural (em relação à cultura paya)1. Para a obtenção desses dados, organizaram-se entrevistas grupais com meninas entre sete e nove anos de idade, participantes de atividades educativas extracurriculares em uma associação cigana de sua cidade. Os resultados apontam uma visão influenciada pelos valores tradicionais de sua cultura, com marcada diferenciação de papéis familiares e de gênero, tanto entre os diferentes subsistemas familiares, como entre a cultura identificada como cigana e a identificada como não cigana, também vista como mais flexível, ainda que não como mais positiva.(AU)

This article aims to present the way that some gypsy girls in the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Spain) evaluate the family and gender roles, from an intra and intercultural point of view (in relation to non-Roma - paya - culture). To obtain these data, group interviews with girls between seven and nine years old were organized, participating in extra-curricular educational activities at a Roma association of their city. The results indicates an evaluation strongly influenced by traditional values of their culture, with marked differentiation of roles of gender and family, among the different family’s subsystems, and also between cultural aspects identified as roma or non-roma, these one, seen as more flexible, though not as more positive.(AU)

[The prevalence of caries and associated factors in children 2-5 years old from the Almanjáyar and Cartuja Health Centers of the capital Granada]. / Prevalencia de caries y factores asociados en niños de 2-5 años de los Centros de Salud Almanjáyar y Cartuja de Granada capital.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate caries prevalence and associated factors in children 2-5 years old in a deprived community. DESIGN: Transversal, cross-sectional study. SETTING: Paediatric services. Health centres of Almanjáyar and Cartuja in Granada (Spain). PATIENTS: 173 children attending to a pediatric revision. MEASUREMENTS: Children's odontological examination and revision of clinical records followed by structured interview with the mother or tutor. Target variables were caries, sociodemographic factors, nutritional habits, oral hygiene, medical antecedents, familiar experience of caries and use of dentistry services. RESULTS: Total prevalence of caries was 37%, but 29% among the majority population and 58% in the gipsy group. Statistically significant associated factors with caries were: increasing age (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2-3.2), father unemployment (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.3-9.9), high consumption of sweets (OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.1-8.5), deficient oral hygiene (OR = 9.3, 95% CI = 3.4-24.7), mother's consultation for toothache or tooth extraction (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.1-7.9) and not attendance to dentistry services due to high costs or fear (OR = 4.3, 95% CI = 1.5-12.4). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of caries in the gipsy population is very high, and it is probably associated with factors previously reported but not yet controlled. There is a need to initiate therapeutic and preventive measures in this community, and to detect barriers and facilitate the use of public dentistry services.

[Health status of gypsy and non-gypsy children in a health district in Granada]. / Situación de salud entre niños gitanos y no gitanos de una comarca granadina.

AIM: To evaluate the health status of gypsy and non-gypsy children and to determine how far stereotypes need to be eradicated in order to improve decision-making. The aim of this investigation originated in the observation of different behaviors in the population of a health district in Granada, Spain, and in the apparent concentration of certain diseases in the pediatric population of the gypsy minority. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from the clinical histories and variables of the mother and child health program of the Iznalloz Health Center were analyzed and compared. Of these clinical histories 149 (38.40%) belonged to gypsy children and 239 (61.59%) belonged to non-gypsy children. RESULTS: Outstanding variables were:a) the start of breastfeeding and its continuation until the third month were the same for both groups; b) gypsy children were up to 3.53 times more likely to be admitted to the neonatal unit than non-gypsy children; c) metabolic illness or degenerative illness accounted for 1.4%, and d) incomplete follow-up was up to 3.24 times more likely in gypsy children than in non-gypsy children.

[Transcultural nursing and beliefs: values and practices of the Gypsy population]. / Enfermagem transcultural e as crenças, valores e práticas do povo cigano.

It's a question of mini-ethnographic study in nursing where it is emphasized the belief of cares, mettles, way of life, world sight of a group of gypsies of origin ROM. It was exploited the theoretical referential by LEININGER for helping the understanding of this culture, visualizing proposals in procedures and decisions of care, so as to provide cares culturally congruent. The author advocates some definitions referring to the especialty of gypsy culture concerning its cultural approaches when providing care, as subsidized for future studies.

Isolated X-linked thrombocytopenia in two unrelated families is associated with point mutations in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein gene.

The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is characterized by defective platelet and lymphocyte function associated with eczema and increased susceptibility to malignancies. It is caused by mutations of the WAS protein-encoding gene (WASP). X-lined thrombocytopenia, defined by low platelet counts and volume, may be an allelic variant of WAS. In patients with XLT from two unrelated families, WASP gene defects were identified by single-strand conformational polymorphism and by sequencing. Point mutations in exon 2 of the WASP gene were found in the patients from both families in which XLT segregated. Several obligate heterozygote female members of these families display a random pattern of X inactivation in their peripheral blood leukocytes. This study shows that XLT may be caused by mutations of the WASP, thus representing an allelic variant of WAS.

[Intervention with community health agents in immunization programs in the gypsy population]. / Intervención con agentes de salud comunitarios en programas de inmunizaciones en la comunidad gitana.

OBJECTIVE: To measure how the vaccination coverage of the Gypsy child population in the Cartuja and Almanjayar quarters evolved throughout a Health Education Intervention using Community Health workers belonging to the Gypsy community. DESIGN: A descriptive study, pre-test/post-test, with no control group. SETTING: Community level. Primary Care. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: The whole of the Gypsy child population under 14, consisting of 1,073 children, and four Community Health workers. INTERVENTIONS: Health Education for mothers and carers, by means of home visits carried out by four Health workers, previously trained and contracted for this purpose for a year by the Andalusian School of Public Health. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We measured the Vaccination Coverage in September 1988 (42.2%) in order to establish the situation both at the start of the intervention in March 1990 (46.2%) and at its end in March 1991 (68.2%). We measured Vaccination Coverage of the different vaccine doses through frequency allocations. CONCLUSIONS: The Health Centre increased Vaccination Coverage by 4% in 18 months. The intervention increased it by 22.2% in 12 months. This demonstrates the intervention's effectiveness and underlines the importance of carrying out this kind of intervention when working with at-risk population groups.

Trachoma, an imported disease.

The authors review the incidence of trachoma in the Czech Republic during the last 20 years. Trachoma has become almost exclusively an imported disease. In 1989-1990 the authors treated 34 foreign nationals with imported trachoma at the Infectious Diseases Clinic in Prague. Even after many years' stay in the Czech Republic foreigners may develop exacerbations of the trachomatous process.

[Results and analysis of research on HBsAg in pregnant women at a health center over 4 years]. / Resultados y análisis de la investigación de AgHBs en las embarazadas de un centro de salud durante 4 años.

Vertical transmission of hepatitis B is the primary means of acquiring the disease by new carriers. The Cartuja Health Center performs systemic screening of pregnant women subjects as possible carriers. The purpose of the study is to determine the prevalence of pregnant carriers, seroepidemiological characteristics and intervention guidelines followed. We reviewed 454 pregnant women with serology performed between 1986 and 1989, including factors such as age, race, HBV serology, risk, and subsequent prevention. We calculated the prevalence of carriers. Moreover, we compared the proportion of Gypsy carriers versus non-carriers, and the prevalence of Gypsy versus Payos (non-Gypsy) carriers. Fourteen cases were AgBHs (+) (3.1%). There was no age difference between carriers and non-carriers. The proportion of Gypsy women in the carrier group was higher than in the non-carrier group (p less than 0.01), while the prevalence of carriers was also higher in Gypsy women than in pregnant women of Payo origin (p = 0.00082). Only one carrier had prior risk history. Of the 14 women with AgBHs (+), 13 gave birth; the recommended guidelines were followed in 9 cases. Routine screening for AgBHs in pregnant women is justified by the low sensitivity of the risk criteria, and the possibility for prevention.