Global transcriptome analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa NT06 response to potassium chloride, sodium lactate, sodium citrate, and microaerophilic conditions in a fish ecosystem.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that recently has been increasingly isolated from foods, especially from minimally processed fish-based products. Those are preserved by the addition of sodium chloride (NaCl) and packaging in a modified atmosphere. However, the current trends of minimizing NaCl content may result in an increased occurrence of P. aeruginosa. NaCl can be replaced with potassium chloride (KCl) or sodium salts of organic acids. Herein, we examined the antimicrobial effects of KCl, sodium lactate (NaL), sodium citrate (NaC), and sodium acetate (NaA) against P. aeruginosa NT06 isolated from fish. Transcriptome response of cells grown in medium imitating a fish product supplemented with KCl and KCl/NaL/NaC and maintained under microaerophilic conditions was analysed. Flow cytometry analysis showed that treatment with KCl and KCl/NaL/NaC resulted in changed metabolic activity of cells. In response to KCl and KCl/NaL/NaC treatment, genes related to cell maintenance, stress response, quorum sensing, virulence, efflux pump, and metabolism were differentially expressed. Collectively, our results provide an improved understanding of the response of P. aeruginosa to NaCl alternative compounds that can be implemented in fish-based products and encourage further exploration of the development of effective methods to protect foods against the P. aeruginosa, underestimate foodborne bacteria.

Performance evaluation of typical flocculants for efficient harvesting of Chlorella sorokiniana under different carbon application modes.

In this study, the growth characteristics of microalgae cultured with different carbon sources were analyzed, and the flocculation characteristics under the influence of carbon sources were evaluated using three typical flocculants. The results showed that the organic carbon sources could significantly increase the content of extracellular proteins in microalgae. Specifically, the extracellular protein concentrations of microalgae cultured with pure BG-11, ethanol, sodium acetate and glucose were 18.2 29.2, 97.3, and 34.7 mg/g, respectively. During the flocculation process, microalgae cultured with sodium acetate exhibited a weak response to the flocculant because of excessive extracellular proteins inhibited flocculation. In addition, the flocculation efficiency was also less than 50.0% cultured with sodium acetate in all pH test ranges when alum and chitosan were used as flocculants. It could be inferred that the flocculant initially happened to charge neutralization with the negatively charged proteins in the solution and then bridged the charges with the microalgae. These findings provide insights into the effects of different carbon sources on microalgal flocculation, promising organic integration of microalgae wastewater treatment and harvesting.

Sodium acetate prevents testicular damage in Wistar rats subjected to testicular ischaemia/reperfusion injury.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and sperm function-preserving properties of sodium acetate (ACE), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, in a rat model of testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D). MAIN METHODS: Littermate Wistar rats of identical weight were subjected to sham surgery or testicular T/D by rotating the left testis at 720° around its axis along the spermatic cord clockwise and fixing it in this position for two and a half hours. 1 h before detorsion, T/D + ACE-treated rats were treated with ACE (200 mg/kg/day, per os) while T/D rats were vehicle-treated by administering 0.5 mL of distilled water. After 72 h, animals were euthanized, and the left testes were harvested for bio-molecular and histological analysis. KEY FINDINGS: Acetate administration attenuated T/D-induced rises in serum and testicular HDAC and testicular xanthine oxidase, uric acid, MDA, GSSG, MPO, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, NFkB, HIF-1α, and VCAM-1. In addition, acetate treatment alleviated T/D-induced decline in sperm quality (count, motility, viability, and normal morphology) and testicular 3ß-HSD, 17ß-HSD, testosterone, GSH, GSH/GSSG, SOD, catalase, GPx, GST, Nrf2, and HO-1. Furthermore, acetate prevented T/D-distorted testicular histoarchitecture and spermatogenic germ cell loss. SIGNIFICANCE: Sodium acetate during the post-ischaemic phase of testicular T/D may be beneficial in preventing I/R injury and maintaining fertility.

Acetate Alleviates Gut Microbiota Depletion-Induced Retardation of Skeletal Muscle Growth and Development in Young Mice.

The normal growth and development of skeletal muscle is essential for the health of the body. The regulation of skeletal muscle by intestinal microorganisms and their metabolites has been continuously demonstrated. Acetate is the predominant short-chain fatty acids synthesized by gut microbiota through the fermentation of dietary fiber; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms governing the interaction between acetate and skeletal muscle during the rapid growth stage remains to be further elucidated. Herein, specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice, germ-free (GF) mice, and germ-free mice supplemented with sodium acetate (GS) were used to evaluate the effects of acetate on the skeletal muscle growth and development of young mice with gut microbiota deficiency. We found that the concentration of serum acetate, body mass gain, succinate dehydrogenase activity, and expression of the myogenesis maker gene of skeletal muscle in the GS group were higher than those in the GF group, following sodium acetate supplementation. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis revealed that acetate activated the biological processes that regulate skeletal muscle growth and development in the GF group, which are otherwise inhibited due to a gut microbiota deficiency. The in vitro experiment showed that acetate up-regulated Gm16062 to promote skeletal muscle cell differentiation. Overall, our findings proved that acetate promotes skeletal muscle growth and development in young mice via increasing Gm16062 expression.

Comparative Proteome Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles from Three Growth Phases of Haematococcus pluvialis under High Light and Sodium Acetate Stresses.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized particles involved in intercellular communications that intrinsically possess many attributes as a modern drug delivery platform. Haematococcus pluvialis-derived EVs (HpEVs) can be potentially exploited as a high-value-added bioproduct during astaxanthin production. The encapsulation of HpEV cargo is a crucial key for the determination of their biological functions and therapeutic potentials. However, little is known about the composition of HpEVs, limiting insights into their biological properties and application characteristics. This study examined the protein composition of HpEVs from three growth phases of H. pluvialis grown under high light (350 µmol·m-2·s-1) and sodium acetate (45 mM) stresses. A total of 2038 proteins were identified, the majority of which were associated with biological processes including signal transduction, cell proliferation, cell metabolism, and the cell response to stress. Comparative analysis indicated that H. pluvialis cells sort variant proteins into HpEVs at different physiological states. It was revealed that HpEVs from the early growth stage of H. pluvialis contain more proteins associated with cellular functions involved in primary metabolite, cell division, and cellular energy metabolism, while HpEVs from the late growth stage of H. pluvialis were enriched in proteins involved in cell wall synthesis and secondary metabolism. This is the first study to report and compare the protein composition of HpEVs from different growth stages of H. pluvialis, providing important information on the development and production of functional microalgal-derived EVs.

Effects of different types of Ringer's solution on patients with traumatic haemorrhagic shock: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the fluid resuscitation effect of sodium acetate Ringer's solution and sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution on patients with traumatic haemorrhagic shock. METHOD: We conducted a prospective cohort study in our emergency department on a total of 71 patients with traumatic haemorrhagic shock admitted between 1 December 2020 and 28 February 2022. Based on the time of admission, patients were randomly divided into a sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution group and sodium acetate Ringer's solution group, and a limited rehydration resuscitation strategy was adopted in both groups. General data were collected separately, and the patients' vital signs (body temperature, respiration, blood pressure and mean arterial pressure (MAP)), blood gas indices (pH, calculated bicarbonate (cHCO3-), partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and clearance of lactate (CLac)), shock indices, peripheral platelet counts, prothrombin times and plasma fibrinogen levels were measured and compared before and 1 h after resuscitation. RESULTS: The post-resuscitation heart rate of the sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution group was significantly lower than that of the sodium acetate Ringer's solution group (p < 0.05), and the MAP was also significantly lower (p < 0.05). The patients in the sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution group had significantly higher pH, cHCO3- and PaO2 values and lower pCO2 and CLac values (p < 0.05) than those in the sodium acetate Ringer's solution group, and the post-resuscitation peripheral platelet counts and fibrinogen levels were significantly higher, with shorter plasma prothrombin times and smaller shock indices (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution is beneficial for maintaining MAP at a low level after resuscitation. The use of sodium bicarbonate Ringer's solution in limited fluid resuscitation has positive results and is of high clinical value.

Modulation of antioxidant defense and PSII components by exogenously applied acetate mitigates salinity stress in Avena sativa.

Salinity stress has detrimental effects on various aspects of plant development. However, our understanding of strategies to mitigate these effects in crop plants remains limited. Recent research has shed light on the potential of sodium acetate as a mitigating component against salinity stress in several plant species. Here, we show the role of acetate sodium in counteracting the adverse effects on oat (Avena sativa) plants subjected to NaCl-induced salinity stress, including its impact on plant morphology, photosynthetic parameters, and gene expression related to photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity, ultimately leading to osmoprotection. The five-week experiment involved subjecting oat plants to four different conditions: water, salt (NaCl), sodium acetate, and a combination of salt and sodium acetate. The presence of NaCl significantly inhibited plant growth and root elongation, disrupted chlorophylls and carotenoids content, impaired chlorophyll fluorescence, and down-regulated genes associated with the plant antioxidant defense system. Furthermore, our findings reveal that when stressed plants were treated with sodium acetate, it partially reversed these adverse effects across all analyzed parameters. This reversal was particularly evident in the increased content of proline, thereby ensuring osmoprotection for oat plants, even under stressful conditions. These results provide compelling evidence regarding the positive impact of sodium acetate on various plant development parameters, with a particular focus on the enhancement of photosynthetic activity.

Carbon metabolism characteristics of quorum quenching bacteria Rhodococcus sp. BH4 determine the bioaugmentation efficiency under different carbon source conditions.

Carbon sources are critical factors influencing bacterial bioaugmentation, however, the underlying mechanisms, particularly the metabolic characteristics of bioaugmented bacteria remain poorly understood. The bioaugmented bacterium Rhodococcus sp. BH4 secretes the quorum quenching (QQ) enzyme QsdA to disrupt the quorum sensing (QS) in the activated sludge (AS) process, reducing AS yield in-situ. This study investigated the carbon metabolic characteristics of BH4 and explored the effects on bioaugmentation with different influent carbon sources. Because of the absence of glucose-specific phosphoenol phosphotransferase system (PTS), BH4 prefers sodium acetate to glucose. However, the lactones produced during extracellular glucose metabolism enhance BH4 qsdA expression. Moreover, BH4 possess carbon catabolite repression (CCR), acetate inhibits glucose utilization. BH4 microbeads were added to reactors with different carbon sources (R1: sodium acetate; R2: glucose; R3: a mixture of sodium acetate and glucose) for in-situ AS yield reduction. During operation, AS reduction efficiency decreased in the following order: R1 > R3 > R2. R2 and R3 microbeads exhibited similar QQ activity to R1, with less BH4 biomass at 5 d. 13C labeling and Michaelis-Menten equation showed that, due to differences in the competitiveness of carbon sources, R1 BH4 obtained the most carbon, whereas R2 BH4 obtained the least carbon. Moreover, acetate inhibited glucose utilization of R3 BH4. Transcriptome analysis showed that R1 BH4 qsdA expression was the lowest, R2 BH4 was the most serious form of programmed cell death, and the R3 BH4 PTS pathway was inhibited. At 10 d, R1 BH4 biomass and microbead QQ activity were higher than that in R3, and the R2 BH4 lost viability and QQ activity. This study provides new insights into bioaugmentation from the perspectives of carbon source competitiveness, carbon metabolism pathways, and CCR.

Short-chain fatty acids ameliorate experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane disease.

BACKGROUND: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as the link between gut microbiota and the immune system, had been reported to be protective in many autoimmune diseases by the modulation of T cell differentiation. The pathogenic role of autoreactive Th1 and Th17 cells and the protective role of Treg cells in the pathogenesis of anti-GBM disease have been fully demonstrated. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of SCFAs in a rat model of anti-GBM disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental anti-GBM disease was constructed by immunizing Wistar Kyoto rats with a nephrogenic T cell epitope α3127-148, and intervened by sodium acetate, sodium propionate, or sodium butyrate, 150 mM in the drinking water from day 0 to 42. Kidney injury was accessed by the biochemical analyzer, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. Antibody response was detected by ELISA. T cell clustering and proliferation were detected by flow cytometry. Human kidney 2 (HK2) cells were stimulated in vitro and cytokines were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS: Treatment with sodium acetate, sodium propionate, or sodium butyrate ameliorated the severity of kidney impairment in rats with anti-GBM glomerulonephritis. In the sodium butyrate-treated rats, the urinary protein, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels were significantly lower; the percentage of crescent formation in glomeruli was significantly reduced; and the kidneys showed reduced IgG deposition, complement activation, T cell, and macrophage infiltration as well as the level of circulating antibodies against anti-α3(IV)NC1. The treatment of sodium butyrate reduced the α3127-148-specific T cell activation and increased the Treg cells differentiation and the intestinal beneficial bacteria flora. It also alleviated the damage of HK2 cells treated with inflammatory factors and complement. CONCLUSION: Treatment with SCFAs, especially butyrate, alleviated anti-GBM nephritis in rat model, indicating its potential therapeutic effects in clinical usage.

Effect of sodium butyrate treatment at the basolateral membranes on the tight junction barrier function via a monocarboxylate transporter in goat mammary epithelial cells.

In lactating mammary glands, tight junctions (TJs) prevent blood from mixing with milk and maintain epithelial cell polarity, which is important for milk production. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sodium acetate and sodium butyrate (SB) stimulation direction on the TJ barrier function, which is measured with regard to transepithelial electrical resistance and fluorescein flux, in goat mammary epithelial cells. The expression and localization of the TJ proteins claudin-3 and claudin-4 were examined using Western blotting and immunofluorescence. SB treatment in the lower chamber of cell culture inserts adversely affected the TJ barrier function, whereas sodium acetate barely had any effect, regardless of stimulation direction. In addition, SB treatment in the lower chamber significantly upregulated claudin-3 and claudin-4, whereas TJ proteins showed intermittent localization. Moreover, SB induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ARC155858, a monocarboxylate transporter-1 inhibitor, alleviated the adverse impact of SB on TJs and the associated ER stress. Interestingly, sodium ß-hydroxybutyrate, a butyrate metabolite, did not affect the TJ barrier function. Our findings indicate that sodium acetate and SB influence the TJ barrier function differently, and excessive cellular uptake of SB can disrupt TJs and induce ER stress.

Sodium acetate abates lead-induced sexual dysfunction by upregulating testosterone-dependent eNOS/NO/cGMP signaling and activating Nrf2/HO-1 in male Wistar rat.

Oxidative stress has been linked with lead toxicity, including lead-induced sexual dysfunction. On the contrary, sodium acetate has been proven to exert antioxidant activity. However, the effect of sodium acetate on lead-induced sexual dysfunction has not been fully explored. This study investigated the effect of sodium acetate on lead-induced sexual dysfunction, exploring the involvement of testosterone, eNOS/NO/cGMP, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Twenty male Wistar rats with similar weights were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 5 rats/group) after two weeks of acclimatization. Animals were vehicle-treated (0.5 ml/day of distilled water, per os), acetate-treated (200 mg/kg/day, per os), lead-treated (20 mg/kg/day, per os), or lead + acetate-treated. The results revealed that sodium acetate treatment attenuated lead-induced rise in penile lead, malondialdehyde and oxidized glutathione concentrations, and acetylcholinesterase activity. In addition, lead exposure prolonged mount, intromission, and ejaculation latency and reduced mount, intromission, and ejaculation frequency, as well as the motivation to mate and penile reflex, which were improved by acetate treatment. More so, acetate treatment ameliorated lead-induced reductions in absolute and relative penile weight, eNOS, NO, cGMP, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, dopamine, Nrf2, HO-1, and reduced glutathione concentrations, as well as glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that sodium acetate attenuated lead-induced sexual dysfunction by upregulating testosterone-dependent eNOS/NO/cGMP and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. Despite the compelling data presented in this study, other possible associated mechanisms in the protective role of acetate should be explored.

Sodium acetate ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury via upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and downregulation of NFkB-mediated apoptotic signaling in Wistar rats.

Despite the effectiveness of doxorubicin (DOX) in the management of a wide range of cancers, a major challenge is its cardio-toxic effect. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis are major pathways for the cardiotoxic effect of DOX. On the other hand, acetate reportedly exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities. This particular research assessed the impact of acetate on cardiotoxicity induced by DOX. Mechanistically, acetate dramatically inhibited DOX-induced upregulation of xanthine oxidase and uric acid pathway as well as downregulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and its upstream proteins (reduced glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione, and catalase, glutathione reductase). In addition, acetate markedly attenuated DOX-driven rise inTNF-α, NFkB IL-6 and IL-1ß expression, and myeloperoxidase activity. Furthermore, acetate significantly ameliorated DOX-led suppression of Bcl-2 and Ca2+-ATPase activity and upregulation of Bax, caspase 3, and caspase 9 actions. Improved body weight, heart structural integrity, and cardiac function as depicted by cardiac injury markers convoyed these cascades of events. Summarily, the present study demonstrated that acetate protects against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by upregulating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and downregulating NFkB-mediated activation of Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase signaling.

Physical and Chemical Compatibility of Medications Commonly Used in Critically Ill Patients With Balanced Crystalloids: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate available evidence of physical and/or chemical compatibility of commonly used medications in critically ill patients with balanced crystalloids. DATA SOURCES: Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were queried from inception to September 2022. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: This review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. English-language studies reporting physical and/or chemical compatibility data between 50 selected medications and balanced crystalloids were included. A previously designed tool to assess risk of bias was adapted for use. DATA SYNTHESIS: Twenty-nine studies encompassing 39 (78%) medications and 188 unique combinations with balanced crystalloids were included. Combinations included 35 (70%) medications with lactated Ringer's, 26 (52%) medications with Plasma-Lyte, 10 (20%) medications with Normosol, and one (2%) medication with Isolyte. Studies commonly evaluated physical and chemical compatibility (55.2%). More medications were evaluated via Y-site than admixture. Incompatibilities were identified in 18% of combinations comprising 13 individual drugs. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE: This systematic review evaluates the compatibility of select critical care medications with balanced crystalloid solutions. Results may be used as a tool to guide clinicians on balanced crystalloid compatibility, potentially increasing ubiquitous use and reducing patient exposure to normal saline. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Data are limited regarding chemical/physical compatibility of commonly used medications in critically ill patients with balanced crystalloids. Additional compatibility studies are warranted, particularly methodologically rigorous studies assessing Plasma-Lyte, Normosol, and Isolyte. Of the evaluated medications, there was a low frequency of incompatibilities with balanced crystalloids.

A pragmatic, open-label, randomized controlled trial of Plasma-Lyte-148 versus standard intravenous fluids in children receiving kidney transplants (PLUTO).

Acute electrolyte and acid-base imbalance is experienced by many children following kidney transplant. This is partly because doctors give very large volumes of artificial fluids to keep the new kidney working. When severe, fluid imbalance can lead to seizures, cerebral edema and death. In this pragmatic, open-label, randomized controlled trial, we randomly assigned (1:1) pediatric kidney transplant recipients to Plasma-Lyte-148 or standard of care perioperative intravenous fluids (predominantly 0.45% sodium chloride and 0.9% sodium chloride solutions). We then compared clinically significant electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities in the first 72 hours post-transplant. The primary outcome, acute hyponatremia, was experienced by 53% of 68 participants in the Plasma-Lyte-148 group and 58% of 69 participants in the standard fluids group (odds ratio 0·77 (0·34 - 1·75)). Five of 16 secondary outcomes differed with Plasma-Lyte-148: hypernatremia was significantly more frequent (odds ratio 3·5 (1·1 - 10·8)), significantly fewer changes to fluid prescriptions were made (rate ratio 0·52 (0·40-0·67)), and significantly fewer participants experienced hyperchloremia (odds ratio 0·17 (0·07 - 0·40)), acidosis (odds ratio 0·09 (0·04 - 0·22)) and hypomagnesemia (odds ratio 0·21 (0·08 - 0·50)). No other secondary outcomes differed between groups. Serious adverse events were reported in 9% of participants randomized to Plasma-Lyte-148 and 7% of participants randomized to standard fluids. Thus, perioperative Plasma-Lyte-148 did not change the proportion of children who experienced acute hyponatremia compared to standard fluids. However fewer fluid prescription changes were made with Plasma-Lyte-148, while hyperchloremia and acidosis were less common.

Effect of 5% albumin on endothelial glycocalyx degradation during off-pump coronary artery bypass.

PURPOSE: The integrity of the endothelial glycocalyx (EG), a critical player in vascular homeostasis, reportedly influences the outcomes of critically ill patients. We investigated the effect of 5% albumin, which preserved EG integrity in preclinical studies, vs balanced crystalloid solution on EG degradation in patients undergoing off-pump coronary surgery. METHODS: Patients were randomized to receive either 5% albumin (N = 51) or balanced crystalloid solution (Plasma-Lyte [Baxter Incorporated, Seoul, Republic of Korea]; N = 53) for intravenous volume replacement during surgery (double-blinded). The primary outcome was plasma syndecan-1 concentration, a marker of EG degradation, measured after anesthetic induction (baseline), completion of grafting, and sternal closure. Secondary outcomes were atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, soluble thrombomodulin, and perioperative fluid balance. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) fluid requirements were 833 (270) mL and 1,323 (492) mL in the albumin and Plasma-Lyte group, respectively (mean difference, -489 mL; 95% confidence interval [CI], -643 to -335; P < 0.001). Plasma syndecan-1 concentration increased after completion of grafting (median difference, 116 ng·mL-1; 95% CI, 67 to 184; P < 0.001) and sternal closure (median difference, 57 ng·mL-1; 95% CI, 36 to 80; P < 0.001) compared with those at baseline, without any intergroup differences. Atrial natriuretic peptide, TNF-α, and soluble thrombomodulin concentrations were similar between the two groups. The amount of chest tube drainage was greater in the albumin group than that in the Plasma-Lyte group (median difference, 190 mL; 95% CI, 18 to 276; P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Off-pump coronary surgery was associated with significant EG degradation. Yet, intraoperative fluid therapy with 5% albumin could not ameliorate EG degradation when compared with balanced crystalloid solution. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03699462); first posted 9 October 2018.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: L'intégrité du glycocalyx endothélial (GE), un acteur essentiel de l'homéostasie vasculaire, influencerait le devenir des patient·es gravement malades. Nous avons étudié l'effet de l'albumine à 5 %, qui préservait l'intégrité du GE dans les études précliniques, par rapport à une solution cristalloïde équilibrée sur la dégradation du GE chez les patient·es bénéficiant d'une chirurgie coronarienne à cœur battant. MéTHODE: Les patient·es ont été randomisé·es à recevoir soit de l'albumine à 5 % (N = 51) ou de la solution cristalloïde équilibrée (Plasma-Lyte [Baxter Incorporated, Séoul, République de Corée]; N = 53) pour le remplacement du volume intraveineux pendant la chirurgie (en double aveugle). Le critère d'évaluation principal était la concentration plasmatique de syndécan-1, un marqueur de la dégradation du GE, mesurée après l'induction de l'anesthésie (ligne de base), la fin de la greffe et la fermeture du sternum. Les critères d'évaluation secondaires étaient le peptide natriurétique auriculaire (ANP), le facteur de nécrose tumorale (TNF)-α, la thrombomoduline soluble et le bilan hydrique périopératoire. RéSULTATS: Les besoins liquidiens moyens (écart type) étaient de 833 (270) mL et 1323 (492) mL dans les groupes albumine et Plasma-Lyte, respectivement (différence moyenne, −489 mL; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 %, −643 à −335; P < 0,001). La concentration plasmatique de syndécan-1 a augmenté après la fin de la greffe (différence médiane, 116 ng·mL−1; IC 95 %, 67 à 184; P < 0,001) et la fermeture du sternum (différence médiane, 57 ng·mL−1; IC 95 %, 36 à 80; P < 0,001) par rapport aux concentrations au départ, sans différences intergroupe. Les concentrations de peptide natriurétique auriculaire, de TNF-α et de thrombomoduline soluble étaient similaires entre les deux groupes. La quantité de drainage du drain thoracique était plus importante dans le groupe albumine que dans le groupe Plasma-Lyte (différence médiane, 190 mL; IC 95 %, 18 à 276; P = 0,03). CONCLUSION: La chirurgie coronarienne à cœur battant a été associée à une dégradation significative du glycocalyx endothélial. Pourtant, la fluidothérapie peropératoire avec 5 % d'albumine n'a pas pu améliorer la dégradation du GE par rapport à une solution cristalloïde équilibrée. ENREGISTREMENT DE L'éTUDE: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03699462); enregistrée pour la première fois le 9 octobre 2018.

Roles of nanoparticles in arsenic mobility and microbial community composition in arsenic-enriched soils.

Environmental effects of nano remediation engineering of arsenic (As) pollution need to be considered. In this study, the roles of Fe2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on the microbial mediated As mobilization from As contaminated soil were investigated. The addition of Fe2O3 and TiO2 NPs restrained As(V) release, and stimulated As(III) release. As(V) concentration decreased by 94% and 93% after Fe2O3 addition, and decreased by 89% and 45% after TiO2 addition compared to the Biotic and Biotic+Acetate (amended with sodium acetate) controls, respectively. The maximum values of As(III) were 20.5 and 27.1 µg/L at 48 d after Fe2O3 and TiO2 NPs addition, respectively, and were higher than that in Biotic+Acetate control (12.9 µg/L). The released As co-precipitated with Fe in soils in the presence of Fe2O3 NPs, but adsorbed on TiO2 NPs in the presence of TiO2 NPs. Moreover, the addition of NPs amended with sodium acetate as the electron donor clearly promoted As(V) reduction induced by microbes. The NPs addition changed the relative abundance of soil bacterial community, while Proteobacteria (42.8%-70.4%), Planctomycetes (2.6%-14.3%), and Firmicutes (3.5%-25.4%) were the dominant microorganisms in soils. Several potential As/Fe reducing bacteria were related to Pseudomonas, Geobacter, Desulfuromonas, and Thiobacillus. The addition of Fe2O3 and TiO2 NPs induced to the decrease of arrA gene. The results indicated that the addition of NPs had a negative impact on soil microbial population in a long term. The findings offer a relatively comprehensive assessment of Fe2O3 and TiO2 NPs effects on As mobilization and soil bacterial communities.

Acetate attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced cardiac injury via inhibition of NF-kB signaling and suppression of caspase 3-dependent apoptosis in Wistar rats.

AIM: The goal of the current study was to examine the potential therapeutic effects of sodium acetate on cardiac toxicities caused by cyclophosphamide in Wistar rats. The possible involvement of NF-kB/caspase 3 signaling was also explored. MAIN METHODS: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups at random. (n = 8). The control animals received 0.5 mL of distilled water orally for 14 days, the acetate-treated group received 200 mg/kg/day of sodium acetate orally for 14 consecutive days, and cyclophosphamide-treated rats received 150 mg/kg /day of cyclophosphamide i.p. on day 8, while cyclophosphamide + acetate group received sodium acetate and cyclophosphamide as earlier stated. KEY FINDINGS: Results showed that cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity, which manifested as a marked drop in body and cardiac weights as well as cardiac weight/tibial length, increased levels of troponin, C-reactive protein, lactate, and creatinine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities in the plasma and cardiac tissue. Histopathological examination also revealed toxic cardiac histopathological changes. These alterations were associated with a significant increase in xanthine oxidase and myeloperoxidase activities, uric acid, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, IL-1ß, NFkB, DNA fragmentation, and caspase 3 and caspase 9 activities in addition to a marked decline in Nrf2 and GSH levels, and SOD and catalase activities in the cardiac tissue. Acetate co-administration significantly attenuated cyclophosphamide cardiotoxicity by its antioxidant effect, preventing NFkB activation and caspase 9/caspase 3 signalings. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that acetate co-administration may have cardio-protective effects against cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting NF-kB signaling and suppressing caspase-3-dependent apoptosis.

Acetyl-CoA is a key molecule for nephron progenitor cell pool maintenance.

Nephron endowment at birth impacts long-term renal and cardiovascular health, and it is contingent on the nephron progenitor cell (NPC) pool. Glycolysis modulation is essential for determining NPC fate, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Combining RNA sequencing and quantitative proteomics we identify 267 genes commonly targeted by Wnt activation or glycolysis inhibition in NPCs. Several of the impacted pathways converge at Acetyl-CoA, a co-product of glucose metabolism. Notably, glycolysis inhibition downregulates key genes of the Mevalonate/cholesterol pathway and stimulates NPC differentiation. Sodium acetate supplementation rescues glycolysis inhibition effects and favors NPC maintenance without hindering nephrogenesis. Six2Cre-mediated removal of ATP-citrate lyase (Acly), an enzyme that converts citrate to acetyl-CoA, leads to NPC pool depletion, glomeruli count reduction, and increases Wnt4 expression at birth. Sodium acetate supplementation counters the effects of Acly deletion on cap-mesenchyme. Our findings show a pivotal role of acetyl-CoA metabolism in kidney development and uncover new avenues for manipulating nephrogenesis and preventing adult kidney disease.

Texture classification and in situ cation measurements by SEM-EDX provide detailed quantitative insights into cell wall cation interaction changes during ageing, soaking, and cooking of red kidney beans.

Hard-to-cook (HTC) is a textural defect that delays the softening of common bean seeds during cooking. While this defect is commonly associated with conventionally stored beans, soaking/cooking of beans in CaCl2 solutions or sodium acetate buffer can also prolong the cooking time of beans due to formation of Ca2+ crosslinked pectin retarding bean softening during cooking. In this study, the role of the cell wall-bound Mg2+/Ca2+ content and the degree of pectin methyl esterification (DM) was quantified, as important factors for bean texture-related changes stipulated in the pectin-cation-phytate hypothesis, the most plausible hypothesis of HTC development. Evaluation of texture changes during cooking of conventionally aged beans (35 °C and 83% RH for up to 20 weeks), beans soaked/cooked in CaCl2 solutions (0.01 to 0.1 M) or soaked in 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.4) revealed large bean-to-bean variations. Therefore a texture-based classification approach was used to better capture the relation between texture characteristics and cell wall polymer, in particular pectin, related changes. While cell wall-bound Ca2+ and pectin DM did not change/were not related to the texture variation during cooking of fresh beans, increased cell wall-bound Ca2+ and decreased pectin DM were associated with prolonged conventional storage of beans and their texture changes during subsequent cooking (due to pectin cross linking, retarding its solubilization during cooking). Exogenously added Ca2+ from pre-treating beans in CaCl2 solutions promoted to a great extent the cell wall-bound Ca2+ during soaking but even more so during cooking, complementing the harder texture associated with these beans during cooking (compared to conventionally stored and fresh beans). Similarly, free Ca2+ endogenously generated by phytase-catalysed phytate hydrolysis (beans treated by acetate buffer) promoted crosslinking of pectin by Ca2+ (cell wall-bound Ca2+), delaying softening of beans during cooking.

Enhanced biological wastewater treatment supplemented with anaerobic fermentation liquid of primary sludge.

The wastewater treatment performance in an inverted A2/O reactor supplemented with fermentation liquid of primary sludge was explored comparing to commercial carbon sources sodium acetate and glucose. Similar COD removal rate was observed with the effluent COD stably reaching the discharge standard for those 3 carbon sources. However, the fermentation liquid distributed more carbon source in the anaerobic zone. Fermentation liquid and sodium acetate tests achieved better nitrogen removal rate than glucose test. The fermentation liquid test showed the best biological phosphorus removal performance with the effluent phosphorus barely reaching the discharge standard. The microbial community characterization revealed that the fermentation liquid test was dominated by phylum Proteobacter in all the anoxic, anaerobic and aerobic zones. Denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) (i.e., genera Dechloromonas and unclassified_f__Rhodocyclaceae) were selectively enriched with high abundances (over 20%), which resulted in improved phosphorus removal efficiency. Moreover, the predicted abundances of enzymes involved in nitrogen and phosphorus removal were also enhanced by the fermentation liquid.