RESUMO
Piaractus brachypomus (Pacú) is the main native fish species cultivated in Peru and holds great potential for growth in aquaculture from the Peruvian Amazon. Between October 2021 and January 2022 in two fish producing farms in the Amazon region of San Martín in Peru, P. brachypomus individuals were examined for parasite evaluation. A total of 6366 monogeneans were isolated from the gills of 30 fish, revealing a prevalence of 100%, with an abundance and mean intensity of 212 parasites per fish. Monogeneans were morphologically identified as Mymarothecium viatorum and Anacanthorus penilabiatus. The genetic divergence in the 28S rDNA gene found among A. penilabiatus sequences was 0.1% and among Anacanthorus spp. it ranged from 0.9% to 7.5%. The genetic divergence found among the M. viatorum sequences was 0.3%. These finding represents the first molecular data of M. viatorum and A. penilabiatus in Peru using the 28S rDNA gene of these monogeneans. The new sequences obtained will contribute to future studies on the phylogenetic relationships among dactylogyrids. However, further research with a broader range of host-parasite samples and additional genetic markers is needed to clarify these relationships and provide stronger support for the phylogenetic positions.
Assuntos
Aquicultura , Doenças dos Peixes , Infecções por Trematódeos , Animais , Peru/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/epidemiologia , Brânquias/parasitologia , Filogenia , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/genética , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , RNA Ribossômico 28S/análise , Prevalência , Pesqueiros , DNA Ribossômico/análise , DNA Ribossômico/genéticaRESUMO
Three fish blood flukes (Aporocotylidae Odhner, 1912) infect mullets (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae): Cardicola mugilis Yamaguti, 1970 and Plethorchis acanthus Martin, 1975 infect striped mullet, Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 in the Central Pacific Ocean (Hawaiian Islands) and Brisbane River (Australia), respectively; Cardicola brasiliensis Knoff & Amato, 1992 infects Lebranche mullet, Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836 from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (Brazil). White mullets were cast-netted from the mouth of Deer River, a coastal saltmarsh of Mobile Bay, in the north-central Gulf of Mexico and examined for blood fluke infections. Specimens of Mugilitrema labowskiae Warren & Bullard n. gen., n. sp. were found infecting the endocardial surface and inter-trabecular spaces of the atrium, ventricle, and bulbous arteriosus. The new genus and species differ from all other aporocotylids by having the combination of two post-caecal testes, a uterus with straight ascending and descending portions, and a common genital pore. The 28S analysis recovered the new species and P.acanthus as sister taxa and Aporocotylidae as monophyletic. Carditis associated with intense infections comprised endocardial hyperplasia, resulting in a thickened cardiac endothelium. Probable dead or deteriorating eggs in the myocardium were encapsulated by granulomas composed of epithelioid histiocytes. Live eggs infected the afferent artery of gill filaments and were associated with varied hyperplasia of the overlying epithelium and haemorrhaging from the afferent artery in high-intensity infections. The new species is the first aporocotylid infecting a mullet from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean and only the second description of demonstrable endocarditis attributed to an adult fish blood fluke infection.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes , Filogenia , Smegmamorpha , Trematódeos , Infecções por Trematódeos , Animais , Baías , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Golfo do México , Smegmamorpha/parasitologia , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologiaRESUMO
We propose and describe Alobophora sandrae Cajiao-Mora & Bullard n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Caballerotrematidae) for specimens we collected from arapaima, Arapaima gigas sensu lato (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae) in the Amazon River near Leticia, Colombia. Alobophora differs from Caballerotrema Prudhoe, 1960 by lacking head collar projections and by having clustered corner spines and a narrow head collar (4-5× wider than pharynx), whereas Caballerotrema has head collar projections, lacks clustered corner spines, and has a broad head collar (7-8× wider than pharynx). We reassign Caballerotrema annulatum (Diesing, 1850) Ostrowski de Núñez & Sattmann, 2002 to the new genus, as Alobophora annulata (Diesing, 1850) Cajiao-Mora and Bullard n. comb., and provide a supplemental description of Caballerotrema brasiliense Prudhoe, 1960 based on specimens we collected from arapaima. We also examined the holotype and a paratype of Caballerotrema piscicola (Stunkard, 1960) Kostadinova & Gibson, 2001 and concluded that C. piscicola is a junior subjective synonym of C. brasiliense. Our 28S phylogeny recovered A. sandrae sister to A. annulata, with that clade sister to a clade comprising C. brasiliense and an innominate species of Caballerotrema. Caballerotrematidae was recovered sister to Echinostomatidae. We also provide a dichotomous key to caballerotrematids based on head collar projections, corner spine arrangement, proportional pharynx and head collar breadth, testes shape and arrangement, body surface spine shape and distribution, vitellarium distribution, and abundance of prostatic cells.
Title: Alobophora sandrae n. gen. n. sp. (Digenea : Caballerotrematidae) infectant Arapaima gigas sensu lato (Osteoglossiformes : Arapaimidae) avec une révision de Caballerotrema, une clé des Caballerotrematidae et une phylogénie mise à jour. Abstract: Nous proposons et décrivons Alobophora sandrae Cajiao-Mora & Bullard n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea : Caballerotrematidae) pour les spécimens que nous avons collectés chez l'arapaïma, Arapaima gigas sensu lato (Osteoglossiformes : Arapaimidae) dans le fleuve Amazone près de Leticia (Colombie). Alobophora diffère de Caballerotrema Prudhoe, 1960 par l'absence de projections du collier céphalique et par la présence d'épines angulaires groupées et d'un collier céphalique étroit (4 à 5 fois plus large que le pharynx), tandis que Caballerotrema présente des projections du collier céphalique, n'a pas d'épines angulaires groupées et a un collier céphalique large (7 à 8 fois plus large que le pharynx). Nous réaffectons Caballerotrema annulatum (Diesing, 1850) Ostrowski de Núñez & Sattmann, 2002 au nouveau genre, sous le nom d'Alobophora annulata (Diesing, 1850) Cajiao-Mora et Bullard n. comb., et fournissons une description supplémentaire de Caballerotrema brasiliense Prudhoe, 1960 basée sur des spécimens que nous avons collectés sur des arapaïmas. Nous avons également examiné l'holotype et un paratype de Caballerotrema piscicola (Stunkard, 1960) Kostadinova & Gibson, 2001 et avons conclu que C. piscicola est un synonyme subjectif junior de C. brasiliense. Notre phylogénie 28S a trouvé A. sandrae groupe-frère d'A. annulata, avec ce clade frère d'un clade comprenant C. brasiliense et une espèce non nommée de Caballerotrema. Les Caballerotrematidae ont été trouvés comme groupe-frère des Echinostomatidae. Nous fournissons également une clé dichotomique des Caballerotrematidae basée sur les projections du collier de la tête, la disposition des épines d'angle, la largeur proportionnelle du pharynx et du collier de la tête, la forme et la disposition des testicules, la forme et la distribution des épines de la surface du corps, la distribution du vitellarium et l'abondance des cellules prostatiques.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes , Filogenia , Rios , Trematódeos , Infecções por Trematódeos , Animais , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Trematódeos/genética , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Colômbia , Peixes/parasitologia , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genéticaRESUMO
Echinochasmids are a group of globally distributed digeneans, and the adults are found in the intestines of birds, mammals and reptiles. In the Neotropical region of Mexico, adult specimens were obtained from seven fish-eating bird species in six localities, whereas specimens of Stephanoprora aylacostoma were obtained experimentally in Argentina. Morphologically, the new specimens from the Neotropical region of Mexico were identified as Stephanoprora uruguayense and an undescribed species of Echinochasmus. Sequences for two nuclear (large subunit (28S) and internal transcribed spacer from DNA ribosomal (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2)) molecular markers were generated and analysed together with other sequences downloaded from GenBank. The phylogenies obtained with each molecular marker indicated that Echinochasmus is paraphyletic and agreed with previous phylogenetic studies. The first cluster included the type species (E. coaxatus, which has 24 head-collar spines) plus three congeneric species. The second cluster contained species of Echinochasmus plus Stephanoprora, including the species analysed herein, S. uruguayense, S. aylacostoma (with 22 head-collar spines) and Echinochasmus sp. (with 20 head-collar spines), which formed three independent subclades, allowing us to recognize a lineage that was described morphologically as a new species. Echinochasmus ostrowskiae n. sp. can be distinguished from its congeners by having a head collar with 20 spines in a single row, seven spines on each edge and three angle spines, and a pharynx with an irregular edge and by the body, egg and collar spine sizes. Additionally, new host and locality records for S. uruguayense are presented, expanding its geographical distribution range in the Americas.
Assuntos
Filogenia , Infecções por Trematódeos , Animais , México , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Trematódeos/genética , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Aves/parasitologia , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/análise , Doenças das Aves/parasitologia , Argentina , DNA de Helmintos/análise , RNA Ribossômico 28S/análise , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genéticaRESUMO
A new species of hemiurid trematode found on the gills and in the aorta of the pelagic thresher Alopias pelagicus from the eastern Pacific, off Costa Rica, is described based on an integrative taxonomic approach that includes the use of light and scanning electron microscopy, and 28S rDNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis was also performed to explore, for the first time, the relationships of a member of the subfamily Otiotrematinae within the suborder Hemiurata. Paronatrema davidbowiei n. sp. can be distinguished from the congeners by having tegumental spines on the dorsal surface of the forebody, papillae on the oral sucker, and different morphology or number of testicular follicles. BLAST analysis revealed that sequences of Paronatrema davidbowiei n. sp. had the highest degree of similarity with Hirudinella spp. (Hirudinellidae). Results from Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses, returning trees with the exact same topology and strong branch support, distinguished between the two superfamilies included in the suborder Hemiurata: Azygioidea and Hemiuroidea. Our analysis placed the new species in a clade with Copiatestes filiferus, the only existing sequence of the family Syncoeliidae.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Filogenia , Trematódeos , Infecções por Trematódeos , Animais , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/genética , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura/veterinária , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , RNA Ribossômico 28S/análise , Costa Rica , Brânquias/parasitologia , DNA Ribossômico/análise , DNA de Helmintos/análise , Perciformes/parasitologia , Teorema de BayesRESUMO
In aquaculture worldwide, most of the chemotherapeutic agents used for disease control and treatment are unregulated chemical products derived from agriculture. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of therapeutic baths with albendazole against the monogeneans Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri, which infest the gills of Colossoma macropomum, and the hematological and histopathological effects of this anthelmintic agent on these fish. Albendazole at a concentration of 500 mg/L was used in three baths of 24 hours each, with intervals of 24 hours between these baths. Three replications of this treatment were used, and the control group consisted of water from the cultivation tank. Afterwards, hematological, histopathological and parasitological analyses were conducted. We found that the therapeutic baths with albendazole at 500 mg/L presented high efficacy (94.9%) against monogeneans de C. macropomum and caused few physiological or histopathological alterations. Therefore, baths with albendazole at 500 mg/L, as used in this strategy, can be recommended for controlling and treating infections by monogeneans in C. macropomum.
Assuntos
Albendazol , Anti-Helmínticos , Doenças dos Peixes , Animais , Doenças dos Peixes/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Albendazol/uso terapêutico , Albendazol/farmacologia , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Caraciformes/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Trematódeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Platelmintos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Five adult Greater Caribbean manatees Trichechus manatus manatus were found stranded on various coasts of Puerto Rico; 2 stranded alive and 3 stranded dead. Clinical signs observed in live-stranded manatees included emaciation, weakness, bradypnea, arrhythmia, and nasal mucus discharge. Postmortem examinations revealed serosanguinous, mucohemorrhagic, or suppurative exudate in bronchi associated with luminal adult Pulmonicola cochleotrema (range: 18-182 trematodes), accompanied by pulmonary abscesses in 2 cases. Histologically, we observed eosinophilic bronchopneumonia of varying severity (n = 4) and chronic erosive to eosinophilic tracheobronchitis (n = 4) with squamous metaplasia (n = 3) and intralesional trematodes and eggs. The trematode identity was confirmed and compared through molecular analysis for the amplified 18S rDNA fragment. Comorbidities included enteric chiorchosis (n = 5), gastric heterocheilosis (n = 4), malnutrition (n = 4), trauma related to watercraft collision (n = 3), systemic toxoplasmosis (n = 1), acute bacterial peritonitis (n = 1), and interstitial nephritis (n = 1), suggesting that immunosuppression was a predisposing factor for lower respiratory tract pulmonicolosis. Based on lesion severity, clinical signs, and the presence and absence of other findings to explain death, this condition was considered the primary cause of death in 1 manatee, a contributory cause of death in 3 manatees, and an incidental finding in 1 individual. These clinicopathological descriptions will facilitate the diagnosis and clinical management of pulmonicolosis in T. manatus, a species endangered with extinction.
Assuntos
Trematódeos , Infecções por Trematódeos , Animais , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Trematódeos/classificação , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/epidemiologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Masculino , Bronquite/veterinária , Bronquite/parasitologia , Pneumonia/veterinária , Pneumonia/parasitologia , Trichechus manatus , FemininoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: An integrative taxonomic description of Aponurus laguncula (Lecithasteridae), a digenean parasitic species of Chaetodipterus faber (Acanthuriformes) from Brazilian Southeast, is provided. Morphological techniques, as whole mounted slides, histology and scanning electron microscopy, and molecular analyses supported that integrative description. METHODS: Fifteen digenean specimens were stained in hydrochloric carmine and mounted on permanent slides. Two specimens were stained in hematoxylin and eosin following histological routine processing. Four parasites were dehydrated through a graded ethanol series, critical point dried with carbon dioxide and coated with gold to scanning electron microscopy analysis. Sequence of the large ribosomal subunit (28S rDNA) gene was generated and used to construct a phylogeny based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses. RESULTS: Morphological description and morphometric data obtained in present study were in accordance with previous studies of the species. Use of another morphological techniques, as scanning electron microscopy and histology, corroborated the observed features of whole mounted slides. Also, they provided a better observation of previous reported characteristics and new features reporting, such as an elongated hermaphroditic duct, a smooth tegument and cells that compose the prostatic gland. The molecular sequence obtained in the present study formed a robust clade with available sequences of species of Aponurus. CONCLUSIONS: The integrative taxonomic approach successfully combined morphological observations, including both previously reported features and new descriptions from histological and electron microscopy analyses, with molecular data to identify these specimens as A. laguncula. Moreover, the detailed characterization of structures, such as the gonads in A. laguncula, that would be challenging to analyze using a single technique, was possible. Further molecular studies with less conserved genetic markers should be conducted to understand phylogenetic relationships between Aponurus species.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Filogenia , Trematódeos , Infecções por Trematódeos , Animais , Brasil , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Trematódeos/genética , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Trematódeos/ultraestrutura , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , Peixes/parasitologia , DNA Ribossômico/genética , DNA de Helmintos/genéticaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The present study describes three new dactylogyrid species infecting the gill filaments of cichlid fishes (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) from the Amazon basin, Peru: Sciadicleithrum amazoniensis n. sp. on Biotodoma cupido (Heckel, 1840), and Sciadicleithrum feliciajaramae n. sp. and Sciadicleithrum souzatecci n. sp. on Bujurquina peregrinabunda Kullander, 1986. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Some monogeneans were stained with Gomori's trichrome and mounted in Canada Balsam to determine internal soft structures. Others were cleared in Hoyer's medium for the study of sclerotized structures. Drawings were made using a drawing tube and a microprojector. RESULTS: Sciadicleithrum amazoniensis n. sp. is characterized by the presence of a male copulatory organ (MCO) with a coil of approximately 2 counterclockwise rings, an accessory piece articulated to base of the MCO with an expanded proximal end and a bifurcated distal end, and a sinistral vaginal aperture. Sciadicleithrum feliciajaramae n. sp. can be differentiated from all its congeners by its J-shaped MCO with about half a counterclockwise loop and a rod-shaped accessory piece articulated to the base of the MCO, with the distal end bent. Sciadicleithrum souzatecci n. sp. differs from all other members of Sciadicleithrum by having an elongated MCO with about a clockwise loop and a funnel-shaped base. Additionally, Sciadicleithrum souzatecci n. sp. is characterized by its weakly sclerotized, C-shaped accessory piece with a robust middle process. CONCLUSIONS: Present findings are added to the other 26 species previously known in Sciadicleithrum.This is the first data on the parasites of B. peregrinabunda.
Assuntos
Ciclídeos , Doenças dos Peixes , Brânquias , Trematódeos , Infecções por Trematódeos , Animais , Ciclídeos/parasitologia , Peru , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Brânquias/parasitologia , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Platelmintos/classificação , Platelmintos/isolamento & purificação , Platelmintos/anatomia & histologia , Masculino , FemininoRESUMO
This study investigated the in vitro antimicrobial and anthelmintic effect of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) against the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila, the monogeneans Dactylogyrus minutus, Dactylogyrus extensus, Gyrodactylus cyprini, and the cestode Schyzocotyle acheilognathi, as well as their toxicity to Cyprinus carpio Koi. In the antimicrobial in vitro test, the inhibition zone method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were performed. In order to determine the time and efficacy of monogenean parasite mortality, the parasites were exposed to CuNP concentrations of 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 mg L-1, and a control group with tank water and one with copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) at a concentration of 0.3 mg L-1, performed in triplicate. The parasites were observed every 10 min for 300 min, and mortality was recorded. For the cestodes, parasites were immersed in CuNP concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 300 mg L-1. At the end of the in vitro tests, the anthelmintic efficacy of each treatment was calculated. To assess the tolerance and toxicity in fish, they were exposed to CuNP concentrations of 0.6, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg L-1 for 12 h. The MIC demonstrated that CuNPs effectively inhibited the growth of A. hydrophila up to a dilution of 12,500 mg L-1 and showed an inhibition zone of 14.0 ± 1.6 mm for CuNPs. The results of anthelmintic activity showed a dose-dependent effect of concentration for both groups of parasites, with the most effective concentration being 300 mg L-1 in 120 min. In the toxicity test, the carps showed tolerance to lower concentrations. The study indicated that CuNPs were effective against the studied pathogens. However, it proved to be toxic to fish at high concentrations. The use of low concentrations is recommended still requires further investigation.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos , Carpas , Cobre , Doenças dos Peixes , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Animais , Carpas/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/tratamento farmacológico , Cobre/toxicidade , Cobre/farmacologia , Nanopartículas Metálicas/toxicidade , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Anti-Helmínticos/toxicidade , Cestoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Aeromonas hydrophila/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Trematódeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/toxicidade , Infecções por Cestoides/veterinária , Infecções por Cestoides/tratamento farmacológico , Relação Dose-Resposta a DrogaRESUMO
Herein, we provide a supplemental description of Caballerotrema annulatum (Diesing, 1850) Ostrowski de Núñez and Sattmann, 2002 (Digenea: Caballerotrematidae Tkach, Kudlai, and Kostadinova, 2016) based on specimens collected from the intestine of an electric eel, Electrophorus cf. varii (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) captured in the Amazon River (Colombia). This caballerotrematid can be differentiated from its congeners by the following combination of morphological features: body surface spines forming contiguous transverse rows, concentric (wrapping dorso-ventrally around body), distributing into posterior body half (vs. restricted to anterior body half in Caballerotrema brasiliensePrudhoe, 1960; indeterminate for Caballerotrema aruanenseThatcher, 1980 and Caballerotrema piscicola [Stunkard, 1960] Kostadinova and Gibson, 2001); head collar lacking projections (vs. having them in C. brasiliense, C. aruanense, and C. piscicola), narrow (head collar more narrow than maximum body width vs. the head collar being obviously wider than the body in C. brasiliense, C. aruanense, and C. piscicola); corner spines clustered (vs. corner spines distributing as 2 separated pairs in C. brasiliense, C. aruanense, and C. piscicola); pharynx approximately at level of the corner spines (vs. pharynx far anterior to corner spines in C. brasiliense, C. aruanense, and C. piscicola); and testes ovoid and nonoverlapping (C. aruanense; vs. sinuous and overlapping in C. brasiliense and C. piscicola). Based on our results, we revise the diagnosis of CaballerotremaPrudhoe, 1960 to include features associated with the shape and distribution of body surface spines, orientation and position of head collar spines, cirrus sac, seminal vesicle, oviduct, Laurer's canal, oötype, vitellarium, and transverse vitelline ducts. We performed Bayesian inference analyses using the partial large subunit ribosomal (28S) DNA gene. Our 28S sequence of C. annulatum was recovered sister to that of Caballerotrema sp. (which is the only other caballerotrematid sequence available in GenBank) from an arapaima, Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae) in the Peruvian Amazon. Our sequence of C. annulatum comprises the only caballerotrematid sequenced tethered to a morphological description and a voucher specimen in a lending museum. The present study is a new host record and new locality record for C. annulatum. The phylogeny comprises the most resolved and taxon-rich evolutionary hypothesis for Echinostomatoidea published to date.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes , Filogenia , Rios , Trematódeos , Infecções por Trematódeos , Animais , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Colômbia , Gimnotiformes/parasitologia , DNA de Helmintos/química , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , Intestinos/parasitologiaRESUMO
The study of digeneans and their association with mollusks commenced in Europe and South America during the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. Digenean infestation can severely degrade host tissue, leading to diminished energy resources and eventual host mortality. However, these parasites can also induce various non-lethal effects, including changes in growth rates, survival rates, and reproductive capabilities, alongside physiological and behavioral alterations. While numerous studies have explored the ecological effects of digeneans on hosts in Europe and North America, our understanding of these dynamics in South America, particularly in first intermediate hosts, remains limited. Therefore, this paper aims to provide an overview of ecological investigations into digenean-mollusk systems in South America, emphasizing the importance of robust sampling designs and statistical analyses to address key ecological inquiries. Although fascinating examples exist of parasitism influencing different hierarchical levels of digenean-mollusk systems, particularly at the individual, population, and community levels, documentation of their ecosystem-level impacts is comparatively sparse. As South American studies of digenean-mollusk systems from an ecological perspective are still in their early stages, there is immense potential for uncovering unique ecological patterns in this largely unexplored region, propelling us toward further developmental strides in the parasite ecology.
Assuntos
Interações Hospedeiro-Parasita , Moluscos , Trematódeos , Animais , América do Sul , Trematódeos/fisiologia , Moluscos/parasitologia , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Members of the genus Scaphanocephalus mature in accipitrids, particularly osprey, Pandion haliaetus, with metacercaria causing Black Spot Syndrome in reef fishes. In most of the world, only the type species, Scaphanocephalus expansus (Creplin, 1842) has been reported. Recent molecular studies in the Western Atlantic, Mediterranean and Persian Gulf reveal multiple species of Scaphanocephalus, but have relied on 28S rDNA, mainly from metacercariae, which limits both morphological identification and resolution of closely related species. Here we combine nuclear rDNA with mitochondrial sequences from adult worms collected in osprey across North America and the Caribbean to describe species and elucidate life cycles in Scaphanocephalus. A new species described herein can be distinguished from S. expansus based on overall body shape and size. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole mitochondrial genome of Scaphanocephalus indicates a close relationship with Cryptocotyle. We conclude that at least 3 species of Scaphanocephalus are present in the Americas and 2 others are in the Old World. Specimens in the Americas have similar or identical 28S to those in the Mediterranean and Persian Gulf, but amphi-Atlantic species are unlikely in light of divergence in cytochrome c oxidase I and the lack of amphi-Atlantic avian and fish hosts. Our results provide insight into the geographic distribution and taxonomy of a little-studied trematode recently linked to an emerging pathology in ecologically important reef fishes.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes , Filogenia , Trematódeos , Infecções por Trematódeos , Animais , Trematódeos/genética , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Região do Caribe , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , América do Norte , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , DNA Ribossômico , DNA de Helmintos/genética , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , Peixes/parasitologiaRESUMO
Prevalence values for 3 digenean species of the family Opecoelidae were calculated during a half-year period from 20 individuals per month of the fish species Clinocottus analis, collected from an intertidal environment of Baja California, Mexico. Trematode species recovered were Opecoelus adsphaericus, Opecoelus cameroni, and Opecoelus pacificus. Of these, only O. adsphaericus was present throughout the study, whereas O. pacificus and O. cameroni were recorded for 1 or 2 mo, respectively, exhibiting relatively low prevalence values. The decrease in prevalence of O. adsphaericus coincides with the appearance of O. pacificus and O. cameroni; these last 2 species were found only in the largest hosts, and their presence represents new records for Mexican marine fauna.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Peixes , Trematódeos , Infecções por Trematódeos , Animais , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/epidemiologia , México/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Oceano Pacífico/epidemiologia , Perciformes/parasitologiaRESUMO
In freshwater ecosystems, parasite infection patterns are influenced by factors including spatial-temporal variations, host diet, and habitat. Fish often change diets, affecting their parasite communities. This study focused on non-native host fish Geophagus sveni, aiming to characterize diet and endoparasitic helminth fauna patterns in the invaded area, investigating spatial and seasonal possible differences of endoparasite infections and correlating with host diet, in São José dos Dourados River and Tietê River areas. The host fish were collected in these areas during the dry and rainy season using gillnets. The endoparasites were collected and preserved in alcohol and identified using taxonomic methods, and stomach contents were examined for diet analysis. Parasitism descriptors were calculated and evaluated spatially and seasonally by ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis tests. PERMANOVA assessed G. sveni diet differences, and RDA correlated the endohelminth abundance with the host diet. Two endoparasites were recorded: metacercariae of Austrodiplostomum compactum (Trematoda) and larvae and adults of Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) lanfrediae (Nematoda). Spatial differences were observed for the mean abundance and prevalence of R. (S.) lanfrediae and A. compactum prevalence. Seasonal variations of parasitic descriptors occurred for the nematode in the Tietê River area. The detritus and aquatic insects were the most consumed items by G. sveni. Detritus consumption positively correlates with nematode abundance. The findings indicate that factors such as artificial channels and rainfall, which can influence resource availability, may affect the fish's diet and potentially influence the structure of its endoparasite community. The study emphasizes the importance of understanding trophic chain-transmitted parasites and calls for further research in Neotropical environments.
Assuntos
Dieta , Doenças dos Peixes , Helmintíase Animal , Rios , Estações do Ano , Animais , Rios/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Doenças dos Peixes/epidemiologia , Helmintíase Animal/parasitologia , Helmintíase Animal/epidemiologia , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Trematódeos/classificação , Brasil/epidemiologia , Nematoides/isolamento & purificação , Nematoides/classificação , Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Helmintos/classificação , Conteúdo Gastrointestinal/parasitologiaRESUMO
Ochoterenatrema Caballero, 1943 is a genus of lecithodendriid digeneans that prior to this study included 8 species parasitic in bats in the Western Hemisphere. Species of Ochoterenatrema possess a unique morphological feature in form of the pseudogonotyl on the sinistral side of the ventral sucker. In this study, we describe 2 new species of Ochoterenatrema from bats in Ecuador. The new species are readily differentiated from their congeners by a combination of morphological characters, including the distribution of vitelline follicles, length of oesophagus, sucker ratio and the body shape, among other features. We have generated partial nuclear 28S rDNA and mitochondrial cox1 gene DNA sequences from both new species. The newly obtained sequences were used to differentiate among species and study the phylogenetic interrelationships among Ochoterenatrema spp. The internal topology of the clade was weakly supported, although the cox1 tree was much better resolved than the 28S tree. Comparison of sequences revealed 0-1.2% interspecific divergence in 28S and 3.3-20.5% interspecific divergence in cox1 among Ochoterenatrema spp. The new findings demonstrate that bats in South America likely harbor multiple additional undescribed species of Ochoterenatrema. More extensive sampling from broader geographic and host ranges, especially in North America, should allow for a better understanding of the evolution of host associations and morphological traits of this lineage of lecithodendriid digeneans.
Assuntos
Quirópteros , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 28S , Especificidade da Espécie , Trematódeos , Animais , Quirópteros/parasitologia , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/genética , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , EquadorRESUMO
The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is a cosmopolitan migratory, seasonal mysticete that frequents the Brazilian coast. Strands of specimens may occur during the migratory stay in the country. In 2021 and 2022, three live humpback whales stranded on the coast of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina states in southern Brazil. After euthanasia, specimens were necropsied, and organs were thoroughly examined for lesions. Grossly, in all three cases, the liver exhibited multifocal, irregular, firm, white areas on the hepatic capsule, which extended into the parenchyma. On the cut surface, the livers were yellow to pale brown with orangish to greenish areas, the bile ducts were prominent, thickened, and severely dilated, and leaf-shaped flukes were found inside of them. Additionally, one case showed moderate atrophy of the right hepatic lobe. The histological findings included dilation of bile ducts, hyperplasia of the bile duct epithelium, marked inflammatory infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils, and portal fibrosis. The parasite Brachycladium goliath was both morphologically and molecularly identified based on diagnostic key for trematodes and the original description of the species, and the amplification and sequencing of the ITS-2 region, respectively. Even though hepatic injury was not the primary cause of stranding, it may have contributed to the debilitation of the whales. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study that reports M. novaeangliae as a definitive host of B. goliath and that describes the lesions caused by the parasite in cetaceans.
Assuntos
Jubarte , Fígado , Trematódeos , Infecções por Trematódeos , Animais , Jubarte/parasitologia , Brasil , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , Trematódeos/genética , Fígado/parasitologia , Fígado/patologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , Filogenia , MasculinoRESUMO
Two new species of Urocleidoides are described from the gills of Pseudanos trimaculatus (Characiformes: Anostomidae) from the coastal drainages of the Eastern Amazon, Brazil. Urocleidoides itabocaensis n. sp. is characterized by having a sclerotized, tubular, sigmoid male copulatory organ (MCO), a circular sclerotized tandem brim associated with the base of the MCO; an accessory piece articulated with the MCO, a V-shaped, divided into two subunits, distal subunit spoon-shaped; and a vaginal pore dextroventral with opening marginal. Urocleidoides omphalocleithrum n. sp. is characterized by presenting a C-shaped or sigmoid MCO; an accessory piece articulated with the MCO, L-shaped, divided into two subunits, distal subunit gutter-shaped; a vaginal pore dextroventral with opening marginal; and a ventral bar broadly V-shaped, with anteromedial projection. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on partial 28S rDNA and COI mtDNA genes indicate that U. itabocaensis n. sp. and U. omphalocleithrum n. sp. are closely related and appear as a sister group to other Urocleidoides species (U. paradoxus, U. digitabulum and U. sinus) parasitizing anostomid fishes. This study represents the first record of monogenoids from the gills of P. trimaculatus for the Eastern Amazon.
Assuntos
Caraciformes , Filogenia , Especificidade da Espécie , Animais , Brasil , Caraciformes/parasitologia , Brânquias/parasitologia , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/genética , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , MasculinoRESUMO
As part of a parasitological survey, several specimens of two new monopisthocotylean species, Neotetraonchus celsomanueli sp. nov. and N.peruvianus sp. nov. (Dactylogyridea, Dactylogyridae), were collected from the gill filaments of the Peruvian sea catfish Galeichthys peruvianus (Siluriformes, Ariidae) off Puerto Pizarro, Tumbes region, Peru. Neotetraonchus celsomanueli sp. nov. is characterised by an MCO with a T-shaped distal end and an accessory piece that is ribbed and expanded proximally with a worm-shaped termination. Neotetraonchus peruvianus sp. nov. is typified by its MCO, which has a sledgehammer-shaped distal end and an accessory piece with a claw-shaped distal end. Additionally, N.peruvianus sp. nov. is characterised by its jellyfish-shaped onchium. A partial 28S rDNA sequence was obtained from N.celsomanueli sp. nov., and a phylogenetic analysis was conducted. This analysis revealed the phylogenetic position of Neotetraonchus celsomanueli sp. nov. within a clade comprising monopisthocotylean parasites of diadromous and marine ariid catfishes, including Hamatopeduncularia spp., Chauhanellus spp., Thysanotohaptor Kritsky, Shameem, Kumari & Krishnaveni, , and Neocalceostomoides spinivaginalis Lim, 1995. This finding brings the number of known Neotetraonchus species to seven and represents the first described Neotetraonchus species infecting marine catfishes from Peru.
Assuntos
Peixes-Gato , Doenças dos Peixes , Brânquias , Filogenia , Animais , Peixes-Gato/parasitologia , Peru , Doenças dos Peixes/parasitologia , Brânquias/parasitologia , Infecções por Trematódeos/veterinária , Infecções por Trematódeos/parasitologia , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Trematódeos/classificação , Trematódeos/genética , Trematódeos/anatomia & histologia , Trematódeos/isolamento & purificação , DNA de Helmintos/genética , RNA Ribossômico 28S/genética , Platelmintos/classificação , Platelmintos/genética , Platelmintos/anatomia & histologia , Platelmintos/isolamento & purificação , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
PURPOSE: This study investigated the anthelmintic efficacy of therapeutic baths with the essential oil of Piper marginatum Jacq against the monogeneans Anacanthorus spathulatus Kritsky, Thatcher & Kayton, 1979, Notozothecium janauachensis Belmont-Jégu, Domingues & Laterça 2004, Mymarothecium boegeri Cohen & Kohn, 2005 and Linguadactyloides brinkmanni Thatcher & Krytsky, 1983 in Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818, and its hematological and histopathological effects on this fish. METHODS: Short six therapeutic baths with 100 mg/L of the essential oil of P. marginatum and two control groups (water from the cultivation tank and water from the cultivation tank + 70% alcohol) were used for 20 min every two days. RESULTS: The therapeutic baths with 100 mg/L of the essential oil of P. marginatum had efficacy of 42.8% against monogeneans of C. macropomum gills. Toxicity was low for C. macropomum, because there were few physiological and histopathological changes that did not compromise the functioning of the gills of this fish. CONCLUSION: Short therapeutic baths with 100 mg/L of the essential oil of P. marginatum had low efficacy for controlling monogeneans in C. macropomum and thus cannot be recommended.