Longitudinal study of the role of salivary proteins on radiation-related caries onset in head and neck cancer patients using 5000 ppm fluoride dentifrice up to one-year post-intensity modulated radiotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: Longitudinal assessment of the role of specific proteins on radiotherapy caries (RC) onset in head and neck cancer patients(HNC) up to one-year post-IMRT using a 5000ppm fluoride paste daily. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dental status/salivary protein data were obtained from 40 HNC patients pre-IMRT, six months (T1) and 12 months (T2) post-IMRT (ethical approval/consent). DMFT/salivary parameters were quantified, including flow rate, mucin 5B/7, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), cystatin S and α-amylase. RESULTS: 45% patients had at least one carious lesion at T2, a significant reduction in the number of remaining teeth (65% <21), salivary flow rate (< 50%) and, protein secretion (< 0.05) post-IMRT. T1 IgA concentration/secretion rate was associated with RC (p < 0.05). Finally, IgA and total protein concentration obtained at T1 could provide a predictive pattern (AUC 82.3%) for the patients more predisposed to developing RC at T2. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the significant association of RC with salivary proteins in HNC patients treated with IMRT, revealing the potential role of salivary proteins in the early diagnosis of RC. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This research contributes to revealing salivary proteins association with RC, and its role in early diagnosis. Therefore, this could be the first step towards personalized medicine approaches to improve this group quality-of-life.

Effects of natural products-based dentifrices on acrylic resin for denture bases: A simulated period of 4 years.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of dentifrices based on Malva sylvestris and propolis and the effect on the acrylic resin. METHODS: The inhibitory effect against Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans was determined. The specimens of resin were divided into groups: Control (brushing with distilled water); brushing with Colgate; brushing with Protex; brushing with Malvatricin, brushing with Proporalcare Dental Gel and brushing with Green Propolis Dental Gel. Brushing was carried out in a brushing machine. Roughness and color were assessed. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by the Bonferroni post test (α= 0.05). RESULTS: The products evaluated showed antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms (P< 0.05), except Proporalcare Dental Gel, which was not effective against E. faecalis. Greater roughness (P< 0.05) was observed in the samples treated with Colgate. The samples from control and Protex groups showed the lowest color variation and the highest luminosity, with a difference in relation to the others (P< 0.05), which showed higher values, although clinically acceptable. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The dentifrices based on natural products can be indicated for cleaning prostheses, since they showed antimicrobial activity and did not cause perceptible color changes of the resin tested. The dentifrices did not produce adverse effects on the surface of the resin or did so less than the conventional dentifrice.

Effectiveness of experimental dentifrices based on essential oils on biofilm on complete dentures: an in vitro study.

Specific products containing natural resources can contribute to the innovation of complete denture hygiene. OBJECTIVE: To conduct an in vitro evaluation of experimental dentifrices containing essential oils of Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth (BvK), Copaifera officinalis (Co), Eucalyptus citriodora (Ec), Melaleuca alternifolia (Ma) and Pinus strobus (Ps) at 1%. METHODOLOGY: The variables evaluated were organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics, abrasiveness (mechanical brushing machine) simulating 2.5 years, and microbial load (Colony Forming Units - CFU/mL), metabolic activity (XTT assay) and cell viability (Live/Dead® BacLight™ kit) of the multispecies biofilm (Streptococcus mutans: Sm, Staphylococcus aureus: Sa, Candida albicans: Ca and Candida glabrata: Cg). Specimens of heat-polymerized acrylic resins (n=256) (n=96 specimens for abrasiveness, n=72 for microbial load count, n=72 for biofilm metabolic activity, n=16 for cell viability and total biofilm quantification) with formed biofilm were divided into eight groups for manual brushing (20 seconds) with a dental brush and distilled water (NC: negative control), Trihydral (PC: positive control), placebo (Pl), BvK, Co, Ec, Ma or Ps. After brushing, the specimens were washed with PBS and immersed in Letheen Broth medium, and the suspension was sown in solid specific medium. The organoleptic characteristics were presented by descriptive analysis. The values of density, pH, consistency and viscosity were presented in a table. The data were analyzed with the Wald test in a generalized linear model, followed by the Kruskal-Wallis test, Dunn's test (mass change) and the Bonferroni test (UFC and XTT). The Wald test in Generalized Estimating Equations and the Bonferroni test were used to analyze cell viability. RESULTS: All dentifrices showed stable organoleptic characteristics and adequate physicochemical properties. CN, Ec, Ps, Pl and PC showed low abrasiveness. There was a significant difference between the groups (p<0.001) for microbial load, metabolic activity and biofilm viability. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the BvK, Ec and Ps dentifrices are useful for cleaning complete dentures, as they have antimicrobial activity against biofilm. The dentifrices containing Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth showed medium abrasiveness and should be used with caution.

Effect of toothbrushing with conventional and whitening dentifrices on monolithic zirconia after finishing procedures.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of toothbrushing with conventional and whitening dentifrices on the color difference (ΔE00), gloss (Δgloss), and surface roughness (SR) of stained stabilized zirconia with 5 mol% of yttrium oxide (5Y-TZP) after polishing or glazing. METHODS: Specimens were divided into four groups (n=20): C (control), S (staining), SG (staining and glazing) and SP (staining and polishing). 50,000 toothbrushing cycles were performed with conventional (n=10) and whitening (n= 10) dentifrice slurries. The ΔE00 and Δgloss were measured using a spectrophotometer and CIEDE2000 system while SR was measured by laser confocal microscope. The ΔE00 and Δgloss data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA, and SR data were analyzed using the linear repeated measures model, with Bonferroni's complementary test (α= 0.05). RESULTS: The ΔE00 values were beyond the acceptability threshold and no differences were found among the groups. There was no difference among groups to Δgloss after toothbrushing with conventional dentifrice while SP presented the highest values of Δgloss after toothbrushing with whitening dentifrice. Conventional dentifrice decreased the SR of stained groups and whitening dentifrice decreased SR of S and SG. The toothbrushing with conventional and whitening dentifrices promoted color difference, but did not impair gloss and surface roughness of stained 5Y-TZP. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Monolithic zirconia has been routinely used for esthetic restorations, however the type of finishing procedures that is carried out on it must be taken into consideration, in addition to the fact that brushing can influence the color difference of the material as well as interfere with surface roughness and gloss.

Orientações de manutenção e higienização de prótese fixa total implantossuportada: revisão de literatura / Guidelines for maintenance and cleaning of implantssupported total fixed prosthesis: literature review

A evolução dos tratamentos em implantodontia possibilitou uma mudança nos tratamentos reabilitadores para pacientes edêntulos, tornando possível a colocação de próteses fixas, que proporcionam maior qualidade de vida para estes pacientes. Para que estas próteses tenham bom desempenho e longevidade satisfatórios é essencial que se mantenha um padrão adequado de higienização bucal e manutenção profissional. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura a respeito dos principais recursos disponíveis para higienização e manutenção das próteses totais fixas sobre implante (protocolo de Branemark), tanto nos cuidados domiciliares dos pacientes quanto no atendimento profissional do cirurgião dentista. Foi realizada uma busca eletrônica, não sistemática, nas bases de dados Lilacs, Pubmed/Medline, Scielo e ScienceDirect, cruzando-se os seguintes descritores: "Higiene Oral"; "Implantes Dentários"; "Implantação Dentária"; "Manutenção"; "Prótese Dentária Fixada por Implante" e "Prótese Dentária". Foram consultados artigos de revisão de literatura, revisão sistemática, meta-análise, estudos clínicos randomizados, além de livros pertinentes ao assunto, publicados no período de 1995 a 2022.Verificou-se na literatura disponível que os principais instrumentos indicados para uso domiciliar são escova dental, fio dental, escova interdental, irrigador oral, dentifrício e enxaguatório. No atendimento profissional em consultório odontológico deve ser dispendida atenção especial às instruções passadas ao paciente e também fazer o possível para motivar e encorajar o seu engajamento na rotina de higienização, além do acompanhamento periodontal, possíveis substituições de parafusos e instalação de placa oclusal estabilizadora, quando necessário. Manter uma higiene oral adequada é essencial para o sucesso das próteses fixas sobre implantes e o cirurgião dentista desempenha um papel crucial não apenas ao realizar o acompanhamento periódico do paciente, mas também ao sugerir os instrumentos mais apropriados, instruir sobre a higiene oral adequada e motivar o paciente a manter a saúde bucal satisfatória(AU)

The evolution of treatments in implantology has enable a change in rehabilitation treatments for edentulous patients, making it possible to place fixed prostheses that provide a better quality of life for these patients. In order to ensure good performance and satisfactory longevity, it is essential to maintain an appropriate standard of oral hygiene and professional maintenance. Thus, the objective of this work was to conduct a literature review on the main resources available for cleaning and maintenance of complete fixed prostheses on implants (Branemark protocol), both in the patients' home care and in the professional care provided by the dentist. A nonsystematic electronic search was carried out in the Lilacs, Pubmed/Medline, Scielo, and ScienceDirect databases, crossing the following descriptors: "Oral Hygiene"; "Dental Implants"; "Dental Implantation"; "Maintenance"; "Dental Prosthesis, ImplantSupported"; and "Prosthodontics". Literature review articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized clinical studies, and relevant books on the subject published from 1995 to 2022 were consulted. The literature available indicates that the main instruments recommended for home care are toothbrush, dental floss, interdental brush, oral irrigator, toothpaste, and mouthwash. In the professional dental office, special attention should be given to the instructions given to the patient, as well as to motivate and encourage their engagement in the hygiene routine, in addition to periodontal monitoring, possible screw replacements, and installation of an occlusal splint when necessary. Maintaining adequate oral hygiene is essential for the success of fixed prostheses on implants, and the dentist plays a crucial role, not only in providing periodic patient follow-up, but also in suggesting the most appropriate instruments, instructing on adequate oral hygiene, and motivating the patient to maintain satisfactory oral health(AU)

At-home bleaching versus whitening toothpastes for treatment of tooth discoloration: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of whitening toothpastes and at-home bleaching for the treatment of tooth discoloration. METHODOLOGY: A cost-effectiveness economic analysis was conducted, and eight randomized clinical trials were selected based on the whitening agent product used: blue covarine dentifrices (BCD), hydrogen peroxide dentifrices (HPD), dentifrices without bleaching agents (CD, negative control), and 10% carbamide peroxide (CP10, positive control) for at-home bleaching. The consumer/patient perspective was adopted, macro-costing techniques were used and a decision tree model was performed considering the costs in the American and Brazilian markets. The color change evaluation (ΔE*ab) was used to calculate the effectiveness of tooth bleaching. A probabilistic analysis was performed using a Monte Carlo simulation and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were obtained. RESULTS: CP10 resulted in the highest cost-effectiveness compared to the use of dentifrices in both markets. In Brazil, HPD was more cost-effective than BCD and CD. In the US, the increased costs of HPD and BCD did not generate any whitening benefit compared to CD. CONCLUSIONS: CP10 was more cost-effective than BCD and HPD for tooth bleaching from the perspectives of the Brazilian and American markets. Decision-making should consider the use of CP10 for treating tooth discoloration.

Effect of Toothpaste Fluoride Concentration on Color Stability of Resin Composites: An In Vitro Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the effects of two different dentifrice fluoride concentrations on the color stability of the composite. Material and Methods: Twenty-seven specimens (2×4×5 mm) each of microfilled (Gradia, GC, Japan) and nanohybrid (Grandio, VOCO, Germany) composites were prepared. The specimens were randomly divided into six groups (control, Fluoflor caries protection toothpaste with 1450ppm Fluoride (EXW, France), and Fluoflor kids toothpaste with 500ppm Fluoride (EXW, France) (n = 9). The specimens were immersed in a mixture of artificial saliva and toothpaste in a ratio of 1:3 and applied for 60 seconds every 12 hours for 42 days. The control samples were incubated in artificial saliva at 37°C. Primary and secondary color measurements were performed using color parameters (L∗a∗b) with a spectrophotoshade (MHT Optic Research AG, Niederhasli, Switzerland). Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance at a significance level of 0.05. Results: According to the two-way ANOVA analysis, there was no significant difference in color change between the composites and no difference in the level of discoloration between different fluoride concentrations(p>0.05). Also, None of the dentifrices caused clinically significant color changes(∆E˂3.3). Conclusion: No clinically unacceptable color changes were observed in the microfilled and nanofilled composites with different concentrations of fluoride toothpaste.

Color and surface roughness alterations of bulk-fill resin composites submitted to simulated toothbrushing with whitening dentifrices

Aim: To evaluate the surface roughness and color stability of bulk-fill resin composites after simulated toothbrushing with whitening dentifrices. The radioactive/relative dentin abrasion (RDA) and radioactive/relative enamel abrasion (REA) of dentifrices were also assessed. Methods: Specimens (n=10) of Tetric N Ceram Bulk Fill (TNCB), Filtek One Bulk Fill (FOB) resin composites, and Z100(Control) were prepared using a cylindrical Teflon matrix. Surface roughness (Ra, µm) was assessed by a roughness meter and the color evaluations (ΔEab , ΔE00 , WID ) were performed using a digital spectrophotometer based on the CIELAB system. Three measurements were performed per sample, before and after simulated toothbrushing with 3D Oral-B White Perfection (3DW) and Black is White (BW) dentifrices. The abrasivity (REA and RDA values) of the used dentifrices was also determined by the Hefferren abrasivity test. Results: The Ra values increased significantly in all resin composites after 3DW and BW toothbrushing. The acceptable threshold color varied among resin composites, and TNCB and Z100 presented the highest ΔEab and ΔE00 for BW dentifrice. The 3DW dentifrice was significantly more abrasive than BW dentifrice on enamel and dentin. Conclusions: simulated toothbrushing with tested whitening dentifrices increased the surface roughness at acceptable levels. The Tetric N Ceram Bulk-fill and Z100 composite showed the highest color alteration in BW. 3D White Perfection dentifrice was more abrasive on dentin and enamel than Black is White.

A prognosis and cost-effectiveness systematic review of non-invasive treatments for root caries / Revisão sistemática de prognóstico e custo-efetividade de tratamentos não invasivos para cárie radicular

Aim: to evaluate the prognosis of root cariestreatment with non-invasive methods, as well as to compare non-invasive therapies as viable alternatives for clinicians, indicating their cost-effectiveness.Literaturereview: Data collected were number of active lesions at baseline(BL) and in the last clinical assessment after follow-up(FL), and the follow-up period in months(P). The outcome was the monthly progression rate of the lesions that was calculated by (FL­BL)/P. A negative progression rate means the arrestment of the lesions. A cost-effectiveness rate was calculated. Results: From 596 titles retrieved in the search, 8 studies were included in a qualitative synthesis after assessed for eligibility. The monthly progression rate of lesions of home-based treatments (toothpastes, mouth rinses, supplemented milk intake) was an average of -0.79 (-3.68 to 2.3), while the office-based treatments (varnish, topic solutions) was 0.07 (-0.01 to 0.51), suggesting a better prognosis of the home-based treatments. The lowest monthly progression rate was -3.97 (toothpaste 5000ppm/F) while the highest was 2.31 (conventional toothpaste). The cost-effectiveness rate was better for treatments with toothpastes with 5000ppm/F (BRL21.78) when compared to mouthwashes (BRL579.47). Discussion: A better prognosis was found for toothpastes with a high fluoride concentration (5000ppm/F) compared to other therapies, as well as a better cost-effectiveness when compared to mouthwashes. Conclusion: Home-based therapiesrepresented the highest rates of good prognosis for treating root caries lesions within the available scientific evidence. Although 5000ppm/F toothpastes have a very high cost for the Brazilian market, this treatment presented the highest cost-effectiveness when compared to mouthrinses(PROSPERO:CRD42019136035).

Objetivo: avaliar o prognóstico do tratamento da cárie radicular com métodosnão invasivos, bem como comparar as terapias não invasivas como alternativas viáveis para os clínicos, indicando seu custo-efetividade. Revisão deliteratura: os dados coletados foram o número de lesões ativas no início do estudo(BL) e na última avaliação clínica após o acompanhamento(FL), e o período de acompanhamento em meses(P). O desfecho foi a taxa de progressão mensal das lesões calculada por (FL­BL)/P. Uma taxa de progressão negativa significou a inativação das lesões. Uma taxa de custo-efetividade foi calculada.Resultados: Dos 596 títulos recuperados na busca, 8 estudos foram incluídos em uma síntese qualitativa após avaliação de elegibilidade. A taxa de progressão mensal das lesões dos tratamentos caseiros (dentifrícios, enxaguatórios bucais, ingestão de leite complementado) foi em média -0,79 (-3,68 a 2,3), enquanto os tratamentos de consultório (verniz, soluções tópicas) foi de 0,07 (-0,01 a 0,51), sugerindo um melhor prognóstico dos tratamentos domiciliares. A menor taxa de progressão mensal foi de -3,97 (dentifrício 5000ppm/F), enquanto a maior foi de 2,31 (dentifrício convencional). A taxa de custo-efetividade foi melhor para tratamentos com dentifrícios com 5000ppm/F(R$21,78) quando comparados aos bochechos (R$579,47). Discussão: Foi encontrado melhor prognóstico para dentifrícios com alta concentração de flúor(5000ppm/F) em comparação com outras terapias, bem como melhor custo-efetividade quando comparados aos bochechos. Conclusão: As terapias domiciliares representaram as maiores taxas de bom prognóstico para o tratamento de lesões de cárie radicular dentro das evidências científicas disponíveis. Embora dentifrícios de 5000ppm/F tenham um custo muito alto para o mercado brasileiro, este tratamento apresentou o maior custo-efetividade quando comparado aos enxaguatórios bucais(PROSPERO:CRD42019136035).

Influence of the combined effect of desensitizing dentifrices and universal adhesives on dentin bond strength under erosive conditions.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate whether the use of desensitizing dentifrices containing obliterating agents can affect bond strength of eroded/abraded dentin. METHODOLOGY: A total of 100 dentin samples were obtained from human molars. The teeth were cut into 3 mm-thickness discs and allocated in five groups (n=20), according to the toothpaste used: WoF - abrasion with fluoride-free toothpaste (Cocoricó); Arg - toothpaste containing arginine (Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief); Nov - calcium sodium phosphosilicate toothpaste (Sensodyne Repair and Protect); SnF - fluoride-containing toothpaste (AmF/SnCl2/SnF2 - Elmex Erosion); and Control (no erosive/abrasive process). The erosive/abrasive cycle consisted of immersion in citric acid (1%, pH 2.6, 5 min, 4×/day) and abrasion (2×/day, 120-20 sec abrasion, 100 sec immersion) with each toothpaste. During intervals, samples were immersed in artificial saliva. This cycle was performed for five days. Two resin cylinders (2 mm in diameter) were constructed on each sample for the shear bond strength test using a universal adhesive system. The self-etch and etch-and-rinse (Scotchbond Universal) strategies were employed, each in half of the total sample (n=10). Bond strength (MPa) was measured in a shear test and failure modes were assessed with a stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis was performed using the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was found between the adhesive strategies tested (p<0.001), with the self-etching form showing higher values than the etch-and-rinse. Moreover, no significant differences were observed between the tested toothpastes (p=0.750) and interactions (p=0.438). CONCLUSION: The use of toothpaste containing obliterating agents does not affect bond strength to dentin subjected to erosive/abrasive conditions when a universal adhesive is used. However, the self-etch strategy might be preferred for eroded/abraded dentin.

CO2 laser irradiation combined with fluoridated dentifrice improved its protective effect on caries lesion progression regardless of the acidulated phosphate fluoride gel application: An in situ study.

OBJECTIVE: This in situ study aimed to investigate the efficacy of CO2 laser at a 10.6-µm wavelength combined with 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) and fluoridated dentifrice with 1100 µg F/g (FD) to control enamel caries progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen volunteers wore palatal appliances containing eight demineralized enamel specimens for four 14-day phases under sucrose exposure. These specimens were submitted to CO2 laser irradiation and APF alone or combined with FD. Treatment groups were non-fluoridated dentifrice-NFD, NFD + CO2 laser, NFD + APF, NFD + CO2 laser + APF, FD, FD + CO2 laser, FD + APF, and FD + CO2 laser + APF. Mineral loss, calcium fluoride (CaF2), fluorapatite (FAp), and fluoride in the biofilm were analyzed by analysis of variance followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test, p < 0.05. RESULTS: The highest mineral loss inhibition was noted when FD and CO2 laser irradiation were combined, which did not significantly differ from the FD + CO2 laser + APF group. The CaF2, FAp, and F in the biofilm were more pronounced when the FD and APF were combined. The CO2 laser irradiation promoted a slightly higher concentration of CaF2 in the enamel and F in the biofilm. CONCLUSION: Although APF promotes the high formation of CaF2 and FAp, the combined use of FD with CO2 laser overcomes the APF effect in inhibiting the progression of artificial caries-like lesions in situ. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Under the in situ design of this study, remineralization of white spot lesions was achieved through CO2 laser irradiation and daily use of fluoridated dentifrice. Future clinical trials are encouraged to substantiate this finding.

Dentifrícios branqueadores contendo Blue covarine: revisão de literatura / Bleaching dentifrices containing "Blue covarine" literature review

Introdução: O efeito branqueador dos dentifrícios contendo Blue covarine é fundamentado no seu mecanismo de ação, caracterizado pela sua deposição na superfície dentária, alterando a percepção da cor. Objetivo: Revisar a literatura e buscar evidência científica sobre o efeito branqueador do Blue Covarine em tecidos mineralizados e materiais restauradores estéticos. Materiais e métodos: Para a revisão da literatura foram feitas buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, BBO, SciELO e MEDLINE para identificar estudos clínicos e laboratoriais que avaliassem a ação branqueadora do agente óptico Blue covarine. Como estratégia de busca foram utilizados os descritores "Blue covarine", "Blue covarine e pasta de dentes", "Blue covarine and toothpaste", "Blue covarine e dentifrícios", "Blue covarine and dentifrices", "Blue covarine e dentifrícios branqueadores", "Blue covarine and whitening dentifrices", "Blue covarine e dentifrícios clareadores", "Blue covarine and bleaching dentifrices", "Blue covarine e pasta de dentes branqueadoras", "Blue covarine and whitening toothpaste", "Blue covarine e pasta de dentes clareadoras", "Blue covarine and bleaching toothpaste". Resultados: Dois pesquisadores selecionaram e analisaram criticamente 31 artigos, sendo 2 revisões da literatura, 4 estudos clínicos e 25 estudos laboratoriais. Divergências quanto ao desenho de estudo, métodos, amostra, critérios clínicos e parâmetros laboratoriais foram observados, além de conflitos de interesse. Conclusão: O Blue Covarine presente nos dentifrícios branqueadores parece ser efetivo na promoção do branqueamento dentário apenas quando associado aos agentes abrasivos presentes nas formulações, evidenciando que ensaios clínicos e laboratoriais, com metodologias semelhantes, são necessários para se obter evidência científica conclusiva sobre o efeito deste agente branqueador.(AU)

Introduction: The whitening effect of dentifrices containing Blue Covarine is based on its mechanism of action, characterized by its deposition on the tooth surface, altering the perception of color. Objective: To review the literature and seek scientific evidence on the whitening effect of Blue Covarine on mineralized tissues and aesthetic restorative materials. Materials and methods: For the literature review, searches were carried out in the PubMed, LILACS, BBO, SciELO and MEDLINE databases, in order to identify clinical and laboratory studies that evaluated the whitening action of the optical agent Blue Covarine. As a search strategy, the descriptors "Blue Covarine", "Blue Covarine and toothpaste", "Blue Covarine and dentifrices", "Blue Covarine and whitening dentifrices", "Blue Covarine and bleaching dentifrices", "Blue Covarine and whitening toothpaste", "Blue Covarine and bleaching toothpaste". Results: Two researchers selected and critically analyzed 31 articles, including 2 literature reviews, 4 clinical studies and 25 laboratory studies. Differences in study design, methods, sample, clinical criteria and laboratory parameters were observed, in addition to conflicts of interest. Conclusion: Blue Covarine present in whitening dentifrices seems to be effective in promoting dental whitening only when associated with abrasive agents present in the formulations, showing that clinical and laboratory tests, with similar methodologies, are necessary to obtain conclusive scientific evidence on the effect of this bleaching agent.(AU)

Is there an acceptable surrogate for caries clinical trials? Evidence from a systematic review of primary studies.

BACKGROUND: There is currently a lack of evidence supporting the use of valid surrogates in caries clinical trials. This study aimed at examining the validity of two surrogate outcomes used in randomized clinical trials for caries prevention, pit and fissure sealants and fluoridated dentifrices, according to the Prentice criteria. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), LILACS and Scopus databases up to 05 October 2022. The grey literature and the list of eligible studies' references were also screened. The search was conducted, selecting randomized clinical trials focussed on dental caries prevention using pit and fissure sealants or fluoridated dentifrices and with at least one surrogate endpoint for cavitated caries lesions. The risk of each surrogate endpoint and for the occurrence of cavitated caries lesions was calculated and compared. The association between each surrogate and the presence of cavitation was quantified, and each outcome was assessed graphically for validity according to the Prentice criteria. RESULTS: For pit and fissure sealants, from 1696 potentially eligible studies, 51 were included; while for fluoridated dentifrices, of 3887 potentially eligible studies, four were included. Possible surrogates assessed were retention of sealants, presence of white spot lesions, presence of plaque or marginal discoloration around the sealants, oral hygiene index, radiographic and fluorescence caries lesion assessments. However, only the retention of sealants and the presence of white spot lesions could be evaluated for their validity according to the Prentice criteria. CONCLUSION: Loss of retention of sealants and the presence of white spot lesions do not fulfil all of the Prentice criteria. Therefore, they cannot be considered valid surrogates for caries prevention.

The in vitro Effect of Dentifrices With Activated Charcoal on Eroded Teeth.

AIM: The objective of this research was to compare the abrasive potential of dentifrices containing activated charcoal with those of a conventional dentifrice on the development of erosive tooth wear (ETW) in vitro. METHODS: Enamel and dentin samples were divided into toothpastes (n = 12): group (G)1-Colgate Triple Action (1450 ppm F) (positive control); G2-Colgate Natural Extracts (1450 ppm F); G3-Colgate Luminous White Activated Carbon (1450 ppm F); G4-Oral-B Whitening Therapy Charcoal (1100 ppm F); G5-Oral-B 3D White Mineral Clean (1100 ppm F); G6-Curaprox Black Is White (950 ppm F); and G7-erosion only (no abrasion, negative control). All samples were submitted to erosive pH cycles and G1 to G6 to abrasive challenges (15 seconds) using toothpastes' slurries plus 45 seconds of treatment for 7 days. The final profile was overlaid to the baseline one for the ETW calculation (µm). The data were subjected to analysis of variance/Tukey or Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn tests (P < .05). RESULTS: Oral-B 3D White (13.0 ± 1.0, 9.37 [1.36] µm), Oral-B Whitening Therapy (15.1 ± 1.2, 8.58 [1.71] µm), and Colgate Luminous White (13.6 ± 1.0, 7.46 [0.94] µm) toothpastes promoted the greatest enamel and dentin wear. On the other hand, Colgate Triple Action (12.2 ± 1.2, 5.30 [1.26] µm), Colgate Natural Extracts (10.8 ± 1.1, 4.16 [1.11] µm), and Curaprox Black Is White (11.5 ± 1.5, 4.06 [0.92] µm) toothpastes promoted lower wear values, similar to erosion only (4.16 [0.94] µm) in the case of dentin but not enamel (7.1 ± 0.8 µm). CONCLUSIONS: Toothpastes containing charcoal combined with pyrophosphate may have a high abrasive effect on eroded tooth surfaces. Many patients influenced by digital marketing use toothpastes containing activated charcoal with the aim of bleaching their teeth. However, care should be taken when using these products, as they may have a high abrasive effect.

Fluoride concentration in dentifrices marketed In Argentina.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine the different forms of fluoride available in dentifrices commercialized in Argentina. METHODS: Thirty three different brands of fluoridated dentifrices were purchased in different cities of Argentina. The total fluoride (TF), total soluble fluoride (TSF) and ionic fluoride (IF) of two samples of each brand were analysed (µg F/ml) by ion-specific fluorine electrodes. RESULTS: A total of 67% of dentifrices showed fluoride content that compromises anti-caries activity. A total of 54.5% was formulated with sodium fluoride (NaF), 36.3% formulated with sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP), 3% NaF associated with MFP and 9% formulated with stannous fluoride (SnF2). The TF found was less than the amount declared by the manufacturer in all the brands analysed. The concentration of TF found in the fluoride dentifrices ranged from 590.3 to 1381.4 µg/ml F, TSF ranged from 343.1 to 1258.3 µg/ml F, and IF ranged from 13.1 to 913 µg/ml F. CONCLUSION: The concentrations of TF were below the reported values. TSF and IF were lower than the total fluoride concentration. Most of the samples studied have TSF concentration that compromises anti-caries effect. Additional studies with a larger number of samples are suggested to obtain more data.

Fluoride content in paediatric dentifrices commercialized in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine the total, soluble and ionic fluoride (IF) concentration in toothpastes for children since there is a lack of information about this data. METHODS: Fifteen different brands of toothpastes were purchased in different cities in Brazil. The total fluoride (TF), total soluble fluoride (TSF) and IF of two samples of each brand were determined (µg/g F). RESULTS: The concentration of TF found in the fluoride toothpastes ranged from 324.4 to 1466.2 µg/g F, TSF ranged from 214.6 to 1424.1 µg/g F and IF ranged from 108.3 to 1320.1 µg/g F. TSF ranged between TF and IF. Most toothpastes were formulated with sodium fluoride (NaF), and only one with monofluorophosphate (MFP). The concentrations of TF were below the reported values. TSF and IF were below the TF concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The measured TF was less than that declared by the manufacturer in all the products. Most of the evaluated fluoride toothpastes commercialized in Brazil showed concentrations of TF below what was stated on the packaging, but with enough TSF to provide an anti-caries effect.

In vitro assessment of activated charcoal-based dental products.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the effects of activated charcoal-based products on whitening and changes on dental enamel surface. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-two blocks of bovine dental enamel were randomly distributed in four groups (n = 13): brushing with activated charcoal-based powder (PW); brushing with activated charcoal-based dentifrice (AC); brushing with a conventional dentifrice containing 1450 ppm of fluoride (CD); and whitening with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP). Color, microhardness, and surface alteration were analyzed at baseline and after 14 days of treatment. Three samples per group were randomly selected and examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the morphology. RESULTS: PW exhibited greater color change for the ΔE00 , ΔWID, Δb* and ΔL* parameters than other groups (p < 0.05). After treatment, microhardness decreased in AC and CP groups (p < 0.05). Also, PW and AC groups showed more surface alteration than CD and CP (p < 0.001). Changes in the morphology of dental enamel were observed by SEM in PW and AC groups. CONCLUSION: Activated charcoal-based products showed a lower whitening effect than 10% carbamide peroxide. These products also influenced dental enamel microhardness, resulting in greater surface alteration. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Activated charcoal-based products promoted minimum whitening effects with significant enamel surface alteration. The 10% carbamide peroxide was more effective for whitening and caused slight enamel surface alteration.

Efeito de produtos à base de carvão ativado sobre as propriedades ópticas e superfície dental / Effect of products containing activated charcoal on optical properties and dental surface

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de produtos contendo carvão ativado na alteração de cor do dente, na rugosidade superficial e no brilho do esmalte, considerando seu modo de ação químico (sem abrasão) e químico-mecânico (com abrasão). A perda de superfície do esmalte após a escovação também foi avaliada. Espécimes em dente bovino polido foram divididos em grupos de acordo com o tratamento e o modo de ação (n=15/grupo). Os produtos utilizados foram: água deionizada (Controle negativo - CN); Colgate® Máxima Proteção Anticáries (Dentifrício convencional ­ controle positivo - CP); Colgate® Luminous White Carvão Ativado (LW); Oral-B® 3D White Therapy Charcoal (3DW); Curaprox® Black is White (BW); Dermavita® Whitemax (Pó de carvão ativado - WP). Foi realizada uma ciclagem de manchamento (imersão em clorexidina ­ 2 min, caldo de manchamento - 30 min, saliva artificial - 30 min) e tratamento (imersão nas suspensões - 2 min), repetida 28 vezes, simulando quatro semanas de tratamento (exposição aos tratamentos 2x/dia). Nos grupos de desafio químico/mecânico, foi realizada abrasão em máquina de escovação (15s ­ 200g) associada à exposição às suspensões com os produtos. A cor (L*a*b*), a rugosidade superficial (Ra) e o brilho (UB) foram mensurados por espectrofotômetro de reflectância, perfilômetro de contato e medidor de brilho, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, o potencial abrasivo dos produtos foi avaliado por meio da mensuração do desgaste do esmalte. Espécimes adicionais foram submetidos a 100.000 ciclos de abrasão para determinação da perda de superfície do esmalte (µm), por meio do cálculo da variação da diagonal maior da indentação Knoop produzida na superfície do esmalte por um microdurômetro. A alteração de cor (ΔEab e ΔE00) e o índice de brancura (WID) foram calculados. Os dados de cor, rugosidade e brilho foram submetidos aos testes ANOVA dois fatores e Tukey (5%). Os grupos submetidos ao desafio químicomecânico resultaram em menor alteração de cor e menor variação do WID após a ciclagem de manchamento/tratamento comparados aos que não foram submetidos à abrasão (p=0,0001), resultando em maior potencial de prevenção/remoção do manchamento. Os dentifrícios e o pó de carvão apresentaram resultados similares para ambos os desafios, diferindo apenas do controle negativo. Para a rugosidade e o brilho, não houve diferença significante entre os grupos de desafio químico (p>0.05). Para químico-mecânico, WP apresentou maior rugosidade e menor brilho (p<0.05). Os dados de desgaste foram submetidos aos testes ANOVA um fator e Tukey (5%). O grupo tratado com WP apresentou os maiores valores de desgaste (p=0,0001). Os dentifrícios contendo carvão ativado apresentaram valores intermediários e os menores valores foram detectados nos grupos controle (CN e CP). Concluiu-se que os produtos contendo carvão ativado apresentaram potencial de prevenção/remoção do manchamento dental similar ao dentifrício convencional. Alterações significantes de rugosidade superficial e brilho foram detectadas com o uso do pó de carvão ativado. Os produtos contendo carvão ativado promoveram maior desgaste do esmalte (AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of products containing activated charcoal on tooth color change, surface roughness, and enamel gloss, considering their chemical (without abrasion) and chemical-mechanical (with abrasion) mode of action. The enamel surface loss after brushing was also evaluated. Polished bovine tooth specimens were divided into groups according to treatment and mode of action (n=15/group). The products used were: deionized water (negative control - NC); Colgate® Maxima Proteção Anticáries (conventional toothpaste - positive control - CP); Colgate® Luminous White Activated Charcoal (LW); Oral-B® 3D White Therapy Charcoal (3DW); Curaprox® Black is White (BW); Dermavita® Whitemax (Activated charcoal powder - WP). Stain cycling (chlorhexidine immersion - 2 min, staining broth - 30 min, artificial saliva - 30 min) and treatment (immersion in the suspensions - 2 min) were performed, repeated 28 times, simulating four weeks of treatment (exposure to the treatments 2x/day). In the chemical/mechanical challenge groups, abrasion was performed in a brushing machine (15s - 200g) associated with exposure to the suspensions with the products. The color (L*a*b*), surface roughness (Ra), and gloss (UB) were measured by reflectance spectrophotometer, contact profilometer, and gloss meter, respectively. Additionally, the abrasive potential of the products was evaluated by measuring enamel wear. Additional specimens were subjected to 100,000 abrasion cycles to determine enamel surface loss (µm) by calculating the variation of the major diagonal of the Knoop indentation produced on the enamel surface by a microdurometer. The color change (ΔEab and ΔE00) and the whiteness index (WID) were calculated. The color, roughness, and gloss data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey (5%) tests. Groups subjected to chemical-mechanical challenge resulted in less color change and less WID variation after staining/treatment cycling compared to those not subjected to abrasion (p=0.0001), resulting in greater stain prevention/removal potential. Toothpastes and charcoal powder showed similar results for both challenges, differing only from the negative control. For roughness and gloss, there was no significant difference between the chemical challenge groups (p>0.05). For chemicalmechanical, WP showed higher roughness and lower gloss (p<0.05). Wear data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey (5%) tests. The WP treated group showed the highest values of wear (p=0.0001). The toothpastes containing activated charcoal showed intermediate values and the lowest values were detected in the control groups (CN and CP). It was concluded that the products containing activated charcoal had similar prevention/removal potential of dental staining as conventional toothpaste. Significant changes in surface roughness and gloss were detected with the use of activated charcoal powder. Products containing activated charcoal promoted more enamel wear. (AU)

Potencial protetor de dentifrícios contendo partículas S-PRG contra o desgaste dental erosivo / Potential protector of toothpastes containing S-PRG fillers against erosive dental wear

Novas alternativas de tratamento têm surgido para se reduzir a desmineralização dental, como o uso de materiais com propriedade bioativa. As partículas de vidro com superfície pré-reagida (S-PRG) tem o potencial de liberação de íons, alumínio, boro, flúor, sódio, silício e estrôncio, podendo representar uma proposta promissora contra a desmineralização ocasionada na erosão dental. Assim, neste trabalho, propusemo-nos avaliar se dentifrícios experimentais contendo diferentes concentrações de partículas S-PRG oferecem potencial protetor contra a erosão inicial e o desgaste dental erosivo/abrasivo do esmalte dentário. Espécimes em esmalte bovino foram preparados, polidos e alocados aleatoriamente em grupos (n = 10) conforme a concentração de S-PRG no dentifrício: 0% S-PRG; 1% S-PRG; 5% S-PRG; 10% S-PRG 20% S-PRG; 30% S-PRG. A água ultrapura e o dentifrício fluoretado (1450 ppm F-) foram controles negativo e positivo, respectivamente. Foram realizadas ciclagens erosivas/abrasivas, que consistiram na imersão em ácido cítrico a 0,3% (5 min ­ 4x/dia) seguidos por saliva humana. Os tratamentos com as suspensões de dentifrícios (1:3 com saliva artificial) foram realizados 2x/dia ­ 2 min. Os espécimes foram submetidos à abrasão em máquina de escovação (15 s ­ 200 g) durante a imersão nas suspensões de tratamento. As ciclagens foram repetidas por 5 dias. Inicialmente foram realizadas leituras de microdureza Knoop e perfilometria de contato. No primeiro dia do ciclo, a microdureza dos espécimes foi mensurada após o primeiro desafio ácido (E1), após os tratamentos para avaliar o potencial de reendurecimento (T) e após o segundo desafio ácido para avaliar o potencial protetor contra a desmineralização (E2). Após a finalização da ciclagem (5 dias), foi avaliada a perda de superfície do esmalte por meio de perfilometria. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste ANOVA a um fator e teste post hoc de Tukey (α = 0.05). Os dados de microdureza mostraram diferenças significantes para os diferentes grupos testados, tanto em relação potencial de reendurecimento (p<0,001) e de redução de alteração da dureza (p<0,001). Os valores médios de perda superficial do esmalte foram: Água (11,24±1,22a); NaF (6,43±0,83c); 0% (10,96±0,97a); 1% (10,26±1,01a); 5% (8,66±0,46b); 10% (6,62 ±0,64c); 20% (4,65±0,92d); 30% (4,05±0,74d); (letras diferentes significam diferença significante pelo teste de Tukey). Conclui-se que os dentifrícios contendo partículas de S-PRG em maiores concentrações (10% a 30%) tiveram resultados favoráveis no potencial de reendurecimento, na redução de alteração, e diminuição do desgaste dental erosivo, sendo que na concentração de 30%, o efeito foi superior ao observado pelo dentifrício fluoretado.(AU)

New treatment alternatives have emerged to reduce dental demineralization, such as the use of materials with bioactive properties. Glass particles with a pre-reacted surface (S-PRG) have the potential to release ions, aluminum, boron, fluorine, sodium, silicon and strontium, and may represent a promising proposal against demineralization caused by dental erosion. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate whether experimental dentifrices containing different concentrations of S-PRG particles offer protective potential against initial erosion and erosive/abrasive tooth wear of dental enamel. Bovine enamel specimens were prepared, polished and randomly allocated into groups (n = 10) according to the concentration of S-PRG in the dentifrice: 0% S-PRG; 1% S-PRG; 5% S-PRG; 10% S-PRG 20% S-PRG; 30% SPRG. Ultrapure water and fluoridated dentifrice (1450 ppm F-) were negative and positive controls, respectively. Erosive/abrasive cycling was performed, consisting of immersion in 0.3% citric acid (5 min - 4x/day) followed by human saliva. Treatments with dentifrice suspensions (1:3 with artificial saliva) were performed 2x/day - 2 min. Specimens were subjected to abrasion in a brushing machine (15 s - 200 g) during immersion in the treatment suspensions. Cycling was repeated for 5 days. Initially, Knoop microhardness and contact profilometry readings were performed. On the first day of the cycle, the microhardness of the specimens was measured after the first acid challenge (E1), after the treatments to evaluate the re-hardening potential (T) and after the second acid challenge to evaluate the protective potential against demineralization (E2). After completion of cycling (5 days), enamel surface loss was assessed by means of profilometry. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05). The microhardness data showed significant differences for the different groups tested, both in terms of re-hardening potential (p<0.001) and reduction in hardness change (p<0.001). The mean values of enamel surface loss were: Water (11.24±1.22a); NaF (6.43±0.83c); 0% (10.96±0.97a); 1% (10.26±1.01a); 5% (8.66±0.46b); 10% (6.62±0.64c); 20% (4.65±0.92d); 30% (4.05±0.74 d); (different letters mean significant difference by Tukey's test). It is concluded that dentifrices containing S-PRG particles in higher concentrations (10% to 30%) had favorable results in the re-hardening potential, in the reduction of alteration, and reduction of erosive tooth wear, and at the concentration of 30%, the effect was superior to that observed by fluoridated dentifrice (AU)

Eficácia de diferentes métodos de orientação em promover o uso racional de dentifrício fluoretado por pais com baixo letramento em saúde bucal: ensaio controlado e randomizado / Efficacy of different guidance methods to promote the rational use of fluoridated toothpaste by parents with low oral health literacy: randomized controlled trial

O conhecimento do nível de letramento da população permite que profissionais desenvolvam estratégias para que as decisões dos indivíduos possam ser mais conscientes, responsáveis e acertadas. Na esfera odontológica o uso racional do fluoreto pode ser prejudicado caso a orientação do uso diário não seja compreendida. Logo, este estudo se propôs a avaliar a eficácia de diferentes métodos de orientação no desenvolvimento da habilidade de responsáveis com baixo letramento em saúde bucal (LSB) para o uso racional de dentifrício fluoretado. Foi realizado um ensaio controlado e randomizado. Participaram do estudo 100 pais e/ou responsáveis legais de crianças de 0 a 4-5 anos matriculadas em escolas públicas de Belo Horizonte, que foram classificados com baixo nível de LSB pelo instrumento Brazilian Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry BREALD-30 (escore 0-21). A sequência de alocação randomizada foi gerada por um pesquisador cego quanto ao tipo de intervenção com: 1) Orientação escrita; 2) Orientação oral; 3) Orientação escrita com imagem fotográfica; 4) Orientação oral com imagem fotográfica e 5) Orientação audiovisual. Os cuidadores receberam orientação pela pesquisadora a respeito da concentração de fluoreto (1000 ppm de Flúor) e da quantidade recomendada de dentifrício a ser colocado na escova dental (equivalente a um esfregaço). O peso de dentifrício foi aferido por balança de precisão. O desfecho primário foi a porcentagem de aproximação entre a quantidade de dentifrício aplicada na escova pelo responsável após a intervenção e a quantidade recomendada de dentifrício (0,125g). Os Testes de Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis foram usados para testar associações entre o volume de dentifrício (peso inicial e final em relação ao peso ideal). ANOVA de uma via foi usada para testar a associação entre a porcentagem de aproximação e o grupo de intervenção. Foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa SSPS versão 20.0. Houve uma redução significativa na quantidade de dentifrício dispensada na escova após as instruções, em todos os grupos de intervenção (p≤0,05). Os valores de porcentagem de aproximação do grupo 1 (orientação escrita) foi significativamente diferente dos grupos 2 (orientação oral) e 3 (orientação escrita + imagem fotográfica) (p = < 0,001). O grupo 5 (audiovisual) foi diferente dos grupos 3 (orientação escrita + imagem fotográfica) e 4 (orientação oral + imagem fotográfica) (p = < 0,001). O grupo de orientação audiovisual apresentou os melhores resultados, com uma maior porcentagem de aproximação ao valor ideal. Estratégias educativas em saúde bucal para crianças com pais classificados com baixo nível de LSB devem associar o uso de ilustrações ou demonstrações para um melhor entendimento e execução das orientações.

Knowing the literacy level of the population allows professionals to develop strategies so that individuals' decisions can be more conscious, responsible, and correct. In Dentistry, the rational use of fluoride can be impaired if the guidelines for daily use are not understood. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different guidance methods in developing the ability of parents/guardians with low oral health literacy (OHL) for the rational use of fluoridated toothpaste. A controlled and randomized trialwas carried out. The study included 100 parents and/or legal guardians of children aged 0 to 5 years enrolled in public schools in Belo Horizonte, literate, with Portuguese as their native language and who were classified as having a low level of OHL by the BREALD-30 instrument (score 0-21). The randomized allocation sequence was generated by a researcher blinded to the type of intervention with: 1) Written guidance; 2) Oral guidance; 3) Written guidance with photographic image; 4) Oral guidance with photographic image and 5) Audiovisual guidance. Parents received guidance from the researcher regarding the fluoride concentration (1000 ppm of fluoride) and the recommended amount of toothpaste to be placed on the toothbrush (equivalent to a smear). The weight of dentifrice was measured using a precision scale. The primary outcome of the study was the percentage of approximation between the amount of toothpaste applied to the toothbrush by the parent/guardian after the intervention and the recommended amount of toothpaste (0.125g). The Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to test associations between toothpaste volume (initial and final weight in relation to ideal weight). One-way ANOVA was used to test the association between approximation percentage and intervention group. A significance level of 5% was adopted. Data were analysed using the SSPS version 20.0 program (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, IBM®). There was a significant reduction in the amount of toothpaste dispensed on the toothbrush after the instructions, in all intervention groups (p≤0.05). The approximation percentage values for group 1 (written guidance) were significantly different from groups 2 (oral guidance) and 3 (written guidance + photographic image) (p< 0.001). Group 5 (audiovisual) was different from groups 3 (written guidance + photographic image) and 4 (oral guidance + photographic image) (p< 0.001). The audiovisual orientation group presented the best results, with a better percentage of approximation to the ideal value. Educational strategies in oral health for children with parents classified as having a low level of OHL should associate the use of illustrations or demonstrations for a better understanding and execution of the guidelines.