Boosting underwater germination in Echinochloa colona seeds: the impact of high amplitude alternating temperatures and potassium nitrate osmopriming.

Underwater germination could risk seedling survival, suggesting the need for control through seed perception of environmental cues. These cues include diurnally alternating temperatures tied to drained soils or shallow water tables. We examined high-amplitude alternating temperatures impact on underwater germination. Besides, the conditions experimented by seeds in the soil (e.g. hydration/dehydration phases) change their germinability so we tested if osmopriming could affect underwater germination. We worked with Echinochloa colona seedlots from extensive crop fields, exposing seeds to sequential submergence and drained treatments in combination with cues that promote germination. While a 10°C difference between maximum and minimum daily temperatures maximised germination in drained conditions, higher amplitudes (>15°C) alternating temperatures promoted E. colona underwater germination under hypoxic water (pO2 <4.1kPa). KNO3 osmopriming in drained conditions promoted later underwater germination even under hypoxic water; however, PEG 6000 osmopriming induced seeds to enter secondary dormancy inhibiting underwater germination. KNO3 improved E. colona underwater germination under air-equilibrated floodwater (pO2 : 16.5-17.4kPa) yet not under hypoxic conditions. This suggests that germination can proceed in flooded nitrate-fertile soils as long as it remains aerobic. Hypoxic submergence did not inhibit the induction of hypersensitivity to light in E. colona seeds. This research expands our understanding of wetland seed germination ecophysiology, shedding light on the inducible nature of underwater germination in hydrophyte weeds.

Resistance of barnyardgrass biotypes (Echinochloa crus-galli) to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in the main rice-growing regions of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil / Resistência de biótipos de capim-arroz (Echinochloa crus-galli) aos herbicidas inibidores da ACCase nas principais regiões orizícolas do estado de Santa Catarina

The resistance of Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyardgrass) to cyhalofop-p-butyl has already been confirmed in rice fields in Santa Catarina, Brazil. However, it is not known if this resistance affects other ACCase inhibitors. This study evaluated the occurrence of cross-resistance in Echinochloa crus-galli biotypes from the main rice-growing regions of Santa Catarina to ACCase inhibitors. The research was conducted in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized design with a factorial scheme that included three ACCase-inhibiting herbicides (cyhalofop-p-butyl, quizalofop-p-ethyl, and profoxydim) belonging to two chemical groups (aryl-oxifenoxi-propionates and cyclohexanediones), eight herbicide doses, and four biotypes evaluated in the F1 generation and two biotypes evaluated in the F2 generation. These biotypes were selected based on the results of a preliminary trial with 21 populations. The herbicides were applied when the plants presented two true leaves. After control evaluations, the lethal dose required to control 50% and 80% of the population (LD50 and LD80) and the resistance factor (RF) were determined by nonlinear regression. The results showed that only one biotype from Tubarão, Santa Catarina met all statistical and agronomic criteria and had cross-resistance to ACCase inhibitors confirmed. In both generations, the RF was greater than 1.0, and the dose required to achieve 80% control exceeded the maximum recommended dose on the label. Resistance levels were higher for herbicides belonging to the aryl-oxifenoxi-propionate chemical group, with RF greater than 7.0. For the cyclohexanedione chemical group, the RF was less than 5.0.

A resistência de capim-arroz (Echinochloa crus-galli) ao cyhalofop-p-butyl já foi confirmada em áreas de produção de arroz de Santa Catarina, entretanto não se sabe se essa resistência compromete outros inibidores da ACCase. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência de resistência cruzada em biótipos de capim-arroz das principais regiões orizícolas do Estado de Santa Catarina a inibidores de ACCase. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial, sendo: três herbicidas inibidores de ACCase (cyhalofop-p-butyl; quizalofop-p-ethyl e profoxydim) pertencentes a dois grupos químicos (ariloxifenoxipropionatos e ciclohexanodionas); oito doses dos herbicidas e quatro biótipos foram avaliados na geração F1 e dois biótipos na geração F2. Estes biótipos foram selecionados a partir dos resultados de um ensaio preliminar com 21 populações. A aplicação foi realizada quando as plantas apresentaram duas folhas verdadeiras. Após as avaliações de controle determinou-se, por regressão não-linear, a dose letal necessária para controlar 50% e 80% da população (DL50 e DL80) e o fator de resistência (FR). Os resultados demonstraram que apenas um biótipo de Tubarão-SC atendeu todos os critérios estatísticos e agronômicos e teve a resistência cruzada a inibidores da ACCase confirmada. Nas duas gerações observou-se que o FR foi superior a 1,0 e que a dose necessária para atingir o controle de 80% excedeu a dose máxima recomendada em bula. O nível de resistência foi superior para os herbicidas do grupo químico ariloxifenoxipropionatos, com FR maior que 7,0. Para o grupo químico ciclohexanodionas o FR foi menor que 5,0.

Recurrent Selection of Echinochloa crus-galli with a Herbicide Mixture Reduces Progeny Sensitivity.

Herbicide mixtures are used to increase the spectrum of weed control and to manage weeds with target-site resistance to some herbicides. However, the effect of mixtures on the evolution of herbicide resistance caused by enhanced metabolism is unknown. This study evaluated the effect of a fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and imazethapyr mixture on the evolution of herbicide resistance in Echinochloa crus-galli using recurrent selection at sublethal doses. The progeny from second generations selected with the mixture had lower control than parental plants or the unselected progeny. GR50 increased 1.6- and 2.6-fold after two selection cycles with the mixture in susceptible (POP1-S) and imazethapyr-resistant (POP2-IR) biotypes, respectively. There was evidence that recurrent selection with this sublethal mixture had the potential to evolve cross-resistance to diclofop, cyhalofop, sethoxydim, and quinclorac. Mixture selection did not cause increased relative expression for a set of analyzed genes (CYP71AK2, CYP72A122, CYP72A258, CYP81A12, CYP81A14, CYP81A21, CYP81A22, and GST1). Fenoxaprop, rather than imazethapyr, is the main contributor to the decreased control in the progenies after recurrent selection with the mixture in low doses. This is the first study reporting the effect of a herbicide mixture at low doses on herbicide resistance evolution. The lack of control using the mixture may result in decreased herbicide sensitivity of the weed progenies. Using mixtures may select important detoxifying genes that have the potential to metabolize herbicides in patterns that cannot currently be predicted. The use of fully recommended herbicide rates in herbicide mixtures is recommended to reduce the risk of this type of resistance evolution.

Quick bioassay test from tillers for detecting ALS herbicide resistance of weedy rice and barnyardgrass

Resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors have increased recently in South Brazil where the major weeds of flooded rice (barnyardgrass and weedy rice) have evolved resistance to imazapyr+imazapic. The aim of this research was to evaluate a growth medium for tissue regeneration of tillers in barnyardgrass, as well as an agar-based bioassays test (also from tillers) to detect susceptible and resistant biotypes of weedy rice and barnyardgrass to imazapyr+imazapic in vitro. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to detect ALS-resistant (R) and susceptible (S) weedy rice and barnyardgrass biotypes, and bioassays were carried out to evaluate an adequate growth medium for barnyardgrass tiller regeneration and determine the concentration of herbicide to distinguish R and S plants. The culture medium that provided a suitable barnyardgrass growth was MS 50% with the addition of benzylamino-purine. The tissue regeneration in vitro with the growth medium containing imazapyr+imazapic allowed to discriminate between R and S barnyardgrass and weedy rice plants. The concentration required for satisfactory control of susceptible barnyardgrass and weedy rice explants grown in vitro was 0.9 µM and 1.3 µM of imazapyr+imazapic herbicide, respectively. The bioassay in vitro using tiller regeneration provides an opportunity to predict effectively imazapyr+imazapic resistance in barnyardgrass and weedy rice.

The safener isoxadifen-ethyl confers fenoxaprop-p-ethyl resistance on a biotype of Echinochloa crus-galli.

BACKGROUND: Some herbicides are commercially formulated with safeners to increase crop selectivity. Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl is formulated with the safener isoxadifen-ethyl for Echinochloa crus-galli control in rice. Safeners act on crops by increasing herbicide metabolism, but this effect may also occur in weeds. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the safener isoxadifen-ethyl on the resistance to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl in a biotype of E. crus-galli. RESULTS: A screening of 52 biotypes identified lack of control in the biotype SANTPAT-R treated with the recommended dose of 69 g ha-1 of the commercial formulation of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl with the safener isoxadifen-ethyl. While this biotype survived doses greater than 2208 g ha-1 of the formulation fenoxaprop-p-ethyl + isoxadifen-ethyl, it was killed with 69 g ha-1 of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl without the safener. A glutathione-s-transferase (GST) enzymes inhibitor reduced the resistance factor in two dose-response curves. A minor effect of a CytP450 inhibitor was observed. The previous spraying of the safener isoxadifen-ethyl followed by fenoxaprop-p-ethyl induced survival in the resistant but not in the susceptible biotype. The GST1 and GSTF1 genes were up-regulated in the resistant biotype. ACCase gene mutations were not found, and no cross-resistance to other ACCase inhibitors was identified. CONCLUSION: The safener isoxadifen-ethyl present in the commercial herbicide formulation of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl is associated with resistance in the E. crus-galli SANTPAT-R biotype. This resistance is related with herbicide metabolization mediated by GST pathways. This is the first field-selected weed biotype with herbicide resistance due to safener presence in the sprayed formulation. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The safener isoxadifen does not increase herbicide resistance evolution in recurrent selection with fenoxaprop.

Safeners are chemical compounds used to improve selectivity and safety of herbicides in crops by activating genes that enhance herbicide metabolic detoxification. The genes activated by safeners in crops are similar to the genes causing herbicide resistance through increased metabolism in weeds. This work investigated the effect of the safener isoxadifen-ethyl (IS) in combination with fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (FE) on the evolution of herbicide resistance in Echinochloa crus-galli under recurrent selection. Reduced susceptibility was observed in the progeny after recurrent selection with both FE alone and with FE + IS for two generations (G2) compared to the parental population (G0). The resistance index found in G2 after FE + IS selection was similar as when FE was used alone, demonstrating that the safener did not increase the rate or magnitude of herbicide resistance evolution. G2 progeny selected with FE alone and the combination of FE + IS had increased survival to herbicides from other mechanisms of action relative to the parental G0 population. One biotype of G2 progeny had increased constitutive expression of glutathione-S-transferase (GST1) after recurrent selection with FE + IS. G2 progeny had increased expression of two P450 genes (CYP71AK2 and CYP72A122) following treatment with FE, while G2 progeny had increased expression of five P450 genes (CYP71AK2, CYP72A258, CYP81A12, CYP81A14 and CYP81A21) after treatment with FE + IS. Repeated selection with low doses of FE with or without the safener IS decreased E. crus-galli control and showed potential for cross-resistance evolution. Addition of safener did not further decrease herbicide sensitivity in second generation progeny; however, the recurrent use of safener in combination with FE resulted in safener-induced increased expression of several CYP genes. This is the first report using safener as an additional factor to study herbicide resistance evolution in weeds under experimental recurrent selection.

Interaction between saflufenacil and imazapyr+imazapic in the management of barnyardgrass and weedy rice and selectivity for irrigated rice / Interação entre saflufenacil e imazapyr+imazapic no manejo de capim-arroz e arroz-daninho e a seletividade para cultura do arroz irrigado

The use of imidazolinone-tolerant rice cultivars allows selective control of weedy rice and barnyardgrass. However, in many situations, there is a need to add herbicides from other chemical groups to increase the spectrum of weed control. In this sense, saflufenacil has the potential to be used in mixture with imidazolinone herbicides. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction effects of the imazapyr+imazapic and saflufenacil herbicides in weedy rice and barnyardgrass and to investigate their impacts on the yield of the irrigated rice cultivar Puitá INTA CL. To reach these aims, greenhouse and field experiments were carried out during two growing seasons, with herbicide treatments sprayed separately and in mixtures of saflufenacil with imazapyr+imazapic. Results showed that saflufenacil did not interfere with control of weedy rice and barnyardgrass obtained with imazapyr+imazapic. The D50 values of imazapyr+imazapic for weedy rice control were 14.5+5, 9.1+3 and 12.5+4.2 g ha-1of imazapyr+imazapic for combinations with 0, 3.06 and 6.12 g ha-1of saflufenacil, respectively. In the field experiments, all doses of imazapyr+imazapic applied isolated or in mixture with saflufenacil provided control levels barnyardgrass above 90% at 28 days after herbicides application. Furthermore, saflufenacil did not cause damage or loss in the yield of the rice crop when mixed with imazapyr+imazapic. The Puitá INTA CL rice cultivar was tolerant of the tested herbicides, whether applied alone or in mixture, reaching grain yield of 9.987 kg ha-1 when applied 42 g ha-1 of saflufenacil plus 147+49 g ha-1 of imazapyr+imazapic.(AU)

A utilização de cultivares de arroz tolerantes às imidazolinonas possibilita um controle seletivo de arroz-daninho. No entanto, em muitas situações existe a necessidade de adição de herbicidas de outros grupos químicos para aumentar o espectro de controle de plantas daninhas. Neste sentido, saflufenacil apresenta potencial para ser utilizado em mistura com herbicidas imidazolinonas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da interação dos herbicidas imazapyr+imazapic e saflufenacil em arroz-daninho e capim-arroz; e averiguar os impactos sobre a produtividade do cultivar de arroz irrigado Puitá INTA CL. Para alcançar esses objetivos, foram realizados experimentos em casa de vegetação e a campo em duas estações de cultivo, com os tratamentos herbicidas aplicados separadamente e em misturas de saflufenacil com imazapyr+imazapic. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de saflufenacil não interferiu no controle de arroz-daninho e capim-arroz obtido com imazapyr+imazapic. Os valores D50 de imazapyr+imazapic para o controle de arroz-daninho foram 14,5+5; 9,1+3 e 12,5+4,2 g ha-1 de imazapyr+imazapic para combinações com 0; 3,06 e 6,12 g ha-1 de saflufenacil. No experimento de campo todas doses de imazapyr+imazapic, aplicadas isoladas ou em mistura, proveram níveis de controle de capim-arroz superiores a 90% aos 28 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas. Além disso, saflufenacil não causou injúrias ou perda de rendimento da cultura do arroz quando misturado com imazapyr+imazapic. O cultivar Puitá INTA CL foi tolerante aos herbicidas testados, sejam aplicados isolados ou em mistura, atingindo uma produtividade de 9.987 Kg ha-1 quando aplicado 42 g ha-1 de saflufenacil mais 147+49 g ha-1 de imazapyr+imazapic.(AU)

Barnyardgrass control using tank-mixed herbicides with saflufenacil and its influence in photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence / Controle de capim-arroz mediante associações de herbicidas com saflufenacil e influência na fotossíntese e fluorescência de clorofila

The objectives of this research were to evaluate the interaction between herbicides mixed with saflufenacil for the control of barnyardgrass and to determine the effect on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a 2x8 factorial scheme, whose factor A tested resistant and susceptible biotypes; and factor B the herbicides: saflufenacil (70 g a.i. ha-1), clomazone (180 g a.i. ha-1), imazapyr + imazapic (73.5 + 24.5 g a.i. ha-1), and cyhalofop (360 g a.i. ha-1), the mixtures of these herbicides with saflufenacil, and control without treatment. Weed control was assessed 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after herbicide application (DAA), as well as shoot dry matter at 28 DAA, photosynthetic parameters using infrared gas analyzer (IRGA), and emission of chlorophyll a fluorescence after 24 and 28 hours of application of treatments, respectively, and interaction of herbicides. Combination of saflufenacil with the herbicides tested in general did not change the response of both barnyardgrass biotypes to the herbicides used. The resistant biotype showed a lower negative effect on chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis parameters in the combination of herbicides with saflufenacil. The herbicide cyhalofop was effective for the control of ALS-susceptible and resistant barnyardgrass.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação entre herbicidas associados ao saflufenacil para o controle de capim-arroz e a determinação do efeito dos herbicidas sobre os parâmetros fotossintéticos e de fluorescência de clorofila. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em esquema fatorial 2x8, cujo fator A testou os biótipos resistente e suscetível; e o fator B os herbicidas: saflufenacil (70 g i.a. ha-1), clomazone (180 g i.a. ha-1), imazapyr+imazapic (73,5+24,5 g i.a. ha-1), cyhalofop (360 g i.a. ha-1), as associações desses com saflufenacil, e testemunha sem tratamento. Foi avaliado o controle aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas (DAA), massa seca da parte aérea aos 28 DAA, avaliação de parâmetros fotossintéticos com analisador de gás infravermelho (IRGA) e emissão de fluorescência da clorofila a 24 e 48 horas após aplicação dos tratamentos, respectivamente, e interação dos herbicidas. A associação de saflufenacil com herbicidas testados na maior parte não modificou a resposta dos herbicidas para o controle de capim-arroz em ambos os biótipos. O biótipo resistente apresentou menor efeito negativo nos processos de fluorescência de clorofila e parâmetros de fotossíntese na associação de herbicidas com saflufenacil. O herbicida cyhalofop associado ao saflufenacil demonstra ser eficiente para o controle de capim-arroz suscetível e resistente a ALS.(AU)

Echinochloa crus-galli seed physiological dormancy and germination responses to hypoxic floodwaters.

Hypoxic floodwaters can seriously damage seedlings. Seed dormancy could be an effective trait to avoid lethal underwater germination. This research aimed to discover novel adaptive dormancy responses to hypoxic floodwaters in seeds of Echinochloa crus-galli, a noxious weed from rice fields and lowland croplands. Echinochloa crus-galli dormant seeds were subjected to a series of sequential treatments. Seeds were: (i) submerged under hypoxic floodwater (simulated with hypoxic flasks) at different temperatures for 15 or 30 days, and germination tested under drained conditions while exposing seeds to dormancy-breaking signals (alternating temperatures, nitrate (KNO3 ), light); or (ii) exposed to dormancy-breaking signals during hypoxic submergence, and germination monitored during incubation and after transfer to drained conditions. Echinochloa crus-galli seed primary dormancy was attenuated under hypoxic submergence but to a lesser extent than under drained conditions. Hypoxic floodwater did not reinforced dormancy but hindered secondary dormancy induction in warm temperatures. Seeds did not germinate under hypoxic submergence even when subjected to dormancy-breaking signals; however, these signals broke dormancy in seeds submerged under normoxic water. Seeds submerged in hypoxic water could sense light through phytochrome signals and germinated when normoxic conditions were regained. Hypoxic floodwaters interfere with E. crus-galli seed seasonal dormancy changes. Dormancy-breaking signals are overridden during hypoxic floods, drastically decreasing underwater germination. In addition, results indicate that a fraction of E. crus-galli seeds perceive dormancy-breaking signals under hypoxic water and germinate immediately after aerobic conditions are regained, a hazardous yet less competitive environment for establishment.

Produção e valor nutritivo da canarana erecta lisa (Echinocloa piramidalis Lam. ) em resposta a intervalos de corte / Production and nutritive value of canarana erecta lisa (Echinocloa piramidalis Lam. ) in response to harvest intervals

The objective of this study was to compare and explain the variations in the production and nutritive value of canarana erecta lisa grass (Echinocloa pyramidalis Lam.) at different harvest intervals. The treatments corresponded to the cut intervals of 20, 27, 34, 41, 48, 55, 62, and 69 days. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each experimental unit had 6m2 (3m ×2m). The variables studied included forage production, canopy height, and nutritive value o harvested forage. Forage production varied from 11517 to 12324 kg ha-1; Plant heights from 48.8 to 234 cm; Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from 68.8% to 71.13%; Acid detergent fiber (ADF) from 36.20% to 44.15%; Crude protein (CP) from 11.43% to 5.85% and in “in vitro” dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) from 63.30% to 47.42%. These values indicated that the nutritive value of canarana erecta lisa was reduced at longer harvest intervals. It is recommended to harvest the grass at 35 days of regrowth favoring productivity, nutritive value and forage digestibility.

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar e explicar as variações na produção e valor nutritivo do capim canarana erecta lisa (Echinocloa pyramidalis Lam.) em diferentes intervalos de corte. Os tratamentos corresponderam aos intervalos de corte de 20, 27, 34, 41, 48, 55, 62 e 69 dias. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições, totalizando 24 unidades experimentais de 6m2 (3m x 2m) cada. Foi avaliado a produção de forragem, altura do dossel e valor nutritivo da forragem colhida. A produção de forragem variou de 11,517 a 12,324 kg MS ha-1 e a altura dossel de 48,8 a 234 cm com menores valores quando o capim foi cortado no menor intervalo de corte. Os teores de fibra detergente neutro (FDN) variaram de 68,80 a 71,13%, fibra detergente ácido (FDA) de 36,20 a 44,15%; proteína bruta (PB) de 11,43 a 5,85%; e digestibilidade “in vitro” da matéria seca (DIVMS) de 65,3 a 47,42%, ou seja, foram reduzidos quando os pastos foram cortados em intervalos de corte mais longos. Recomenda-se o corte do capim aos 35 dias de rebrotação favorendo a produção, valor nutritivo e a digestibilidade da forragem.

Produção e valor nutritivo da canarana erecta lisa (Echinocloa piramidalis Lam. ) em resposta a intervalos de corte / Production and nutritive value of canarana erecta lisa (Echinocloa piramidalis Lam. ) in response to harvest intervals

The objective of this study was to compare and explain the variations in the production and nutritive value of canarana erecta lisa grass (Echinocloa pyramidalis Lam.) at different harvest intervals. The treatments corresponded to the cut intervals of 20, 27, 34, 41, 48, 55, 62, and 69 days. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each experimental unit had 6m2 (3m ×2m). The variables studied included forage production, canopy height, and nutritive value o harvested forage. Forage production varied from 11517 to 12324 kg ha-1; Plant heights from 48.8 to 234 cm; Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from 68.8% to 71.13%; Acid detergent fiber (ADF) from 36.20% to 44.15%; Crude protein (CP) from 11.43% to 5.85% and in “in vitro” dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) from 63.30% to 47.42%. These values indicated that the nutritive value of canarana erecta lisa was reduced at longer harvest intervals. It is recommended to harvest the grass at 35 days of regrowth favoring productivity, nutritive value and forage digestibility.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar e explicar as variações na produção e valor nutritivo do capim canarana erecta lisa (Echinocloa pyramidalis Lam.) em diferentes intervalos de corte. Os tratamentos corresponderam aos intervalos de corte de 20, 27, 34, 41, 48, 55, 62 e 69 dias. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições, totalizando 24 unidades experimentais de 6m2 (3m x 2m) cada. Foi avaliado a produção de forragem, altura do dossel e valor nutritivo da forragem colhida. A produção de forragem variou de 11,517 a 12,324 kg MS ha-1 e a altura dossel de 48,8 a 234 cm com menores valores quando o capim foi cortado no menor intervalo de corte. Os teores de fibra detergente neutro (FDN) variaram de 68,80 a 71,13%, fibra detergente ácido (FDA) de 36,20 a 44,15%; proteína bruta (PB) de 11,43 a 5,85%; e digestibilidade “in vitro” da matéria seca (DIVMS) de 65,3 a 47,42%, ou seja, foram reduzidos quando os pastos foram cortados em intervalos de corte mais longos. Recomenda-se o corte do capim aos 35 dias de rebrotação favorendo a produção, valor nutritivo e a digestibilidade da forragem.(AU)

Susceptibility of Echinochloa populations to cyhalofop-butyl in Southern region of Brazil and impact of the weed phenology on its efficacy of control / Suscetibilidade de populações de Echinochloa a cyhalofop-butyl na região Sul do Brasil e impacto da fenologia da infestante sobre a eficácia do seu controle

Cyhalofop-butyl stands out among the herbicides in the control of midazolinone-resistant Echinochloa species; but, rice farmers are not always satisfied with the control achieved with this herbicide. The objectives were to evaluate in regional scale the susceptibility of Echinochloa populations to cyhalofop-butyl, and quantify the effect of the weed phenology on its efficacy of control. For this, three trials were carried out under greenhouse conditions with a fully random design, using Echinochloa populations collected in rice fields in the southern region of Brazil. In two trials, the susceptibility level of 156 (2012/13 growth season) and 103 (2013/14 growth season) populations were evaluated with the application of cyhalofop-butyl at 360g ha-1. In other trial, in which treatments were arranged in a bi-factorial design (A = 6 x B = 5), it was evaluated six cyhalofop-butyl rates and five phenological stages of E. crus-galli populations. Echinochloa populations had showed differential susceptibility to cyhalofop-butyl, especially in the 2013/14 growth season, where 20 out of the 103 populations had control lower than 90%. The efficacy of this herbicide was inversely proportional to the phenological stage, and the application timing delay contributed directly to the decrease of susceptibility to the herbicide. Cyhalofop-butyl is an effective alternative to control imidazolinone-resistant Echinochloa populations, as long as the application timing occurs in the early phenological stages (2 to 4 leaves).

Cyhalofop-butyl destaca-se dentre os herbicidas usados no manejo de populações de capim-arroz resistente às imidazolinonas, mas nem sempre o orizicultor fica satisfeito com o resultado obtido com este herbicida. Objetivou-se avaliar a suscetibilidade de populações de capim-arroz (Echinochloa spp.) ao cyhalofop-butyl e, quantificar o efeito da fenologia da infestante sobre a eficácia do seu controle. Para isto, três experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegetação com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando-se populações de capim-arroz coletadas na região Sul do Brasil. Em dois experimentos, a suscetibilidade de 156  (safra 2012/13) e 103 (safra 2013/14) populações foram avaliadas frente à aplicação do herbicida cyhalofop-butyl na dose de 360g ha-1. Em outro experimento, em que se arranjaram os tratamentos em esquema bi-fatorial, foram avaliados seis doses do herbicida e cinco estádios fenológicos de populações de E. crus-galli. Foi verificada variação na resposta das populações de capim-arroz ao cyhalofop-butyl, em especial na safra 2013/14, em que 20, das 103 populações testadas, tiveram controle menor que 90%. A eficácia do controle foi inversamente proporcional ao estádio fenológico e, o atraso no controle da infestante contribui diretamente para a diminuição da sua suscetibilidade ao herbicida. Cyhalofop-butyl é uma alternativa eficaz para controlar capim-arroz resistente às imidazolinonas, desde que a aplicação ocorra nos estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento (2 a 4 folhas).

Susceptibility of Echinochloa populations to cyhalofop-butyl in Southern region of Brazil and impact of the weed phenology on its efficacy of control / Suscetibilidade de populações de Echinochloa a cyhalofop-butyl na região Sul do Brasil e impacto da fenologia da infestante sobre a eficácia do seu controle

Cyhalofop-butyl stands out among the herbicides in the control of midazolinone-resistant Echinochloa species; but, rice farmers are not always satisfied with the control achieved with this herbicide. The objectives were to evaluate in regional scale the susceptibility of Echinochloa populations to cyhalofop-butyl, and quantify the effect of the weed phenology on its efficacy of control. For this, three trials were carried out under greenhouse conditions with a fully random design, using Echinochloa populations collected in rice fields in the southern region of Brazil. In two trials, the susceptibility level of 156 (2012/13 growth season) and 103 (2013/14 growth season) populations were evaluated with the application of cyhalofop-butyl at 360g ha-1. In other trial, in which treatments were arranged in a bi-factorial design (A = 6 x B = 5), it was evaluated six cyhalofop-butyl rates and five phenological stages of E. crus-galli populations. Echinochloa populations had showed differential susceptibility to cyhalofop-butyl, especially in the 2013/14 growth season, where 20 out of the 103 populations had control lower than 90%. The efficacy of this herbicide was inversely proportional to the phenological stage, and the application timing delay contributed directly to the decrease of susceptibility to the herbicide. Cyhalofop-butyl is an effective alternative to control imidazolinone-resistant Echinochloa populations, as long as the application timing occurs in the early phenological stages (2 to 4 leaves).(AU)

Cyhalofop-butyl destaca-se dentre os herbicidas usados no manejo de populações de capim-arroz resistente às imidazolinonas, mas nem sempre o orizicultor fica satisfeito com o resultado obtido com este herbicida. Objetivou-se avaliar a suscetibilidade de populações de capim-arroz (Echinochloa spp.) ao cyhalofop-butyl e, quantificar o efeito da fenologia da infestante sobre a eficácia do seu controle. Para isto, três experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegetação com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando-se populações de capim-arroz coletadas na região Sul do Brasil. Em dois experimentos, a suscetibilidade de 156  (safra 2012/13) e 103 (safra 2013/14) populações foram avaliadas frente à aplicação do herbicida cyhalofop-butyl na dose de 360g ha-1. Em outro experimento, em que se arranjaram os tratamentos em esquema bi-fatorial, foram avaliados seis doses do herbicida e cinco estádios fenológicos de populações de E. crus-galli. Foi verificada variação na resposta das populações de capim-arroz ao cyhalofop-butyl, em especial na safra 2013/14, em que 20, das 103 populações testadas, tiveram controle menor que 90%. A eficácia do controle foi inversamente proporcional ao estádio fenológico e, o atraso no controle da infestante contribui diretamente para a diminuição da sua suscetibilidade ao herbicida. Cyhalofop-butyl é uma alternativa eficaz para controlar capim-arroz resistente às imidazolinonas, desde que a aplicação ocorra nos estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento (2 a 4 folhas).(AU)

Mexican propolis flavonoids affect photosynthesis and seedling growth.

As a continuous effort to find new natural products with potential herbicide activity, flavonoids acacetin (1), chrysin (2) and 4',7-dimethylnarangenin (3) were isolated from a propolis sample collected in the rural area of Mexico City and their effects on the photosynthesis light reactions and on the growth of Lolium perenne, Echinochloa crus-galli and Physalis ixocarpa seedlings were investigated. Acacetin (1) acted as an uncoupler by enhancing the electron transport under basal and phosphorylating conditions and the Mg(2+)-ATPase. Chrysin (2) at low concentrations behaved as an uncoupler and at concentrations up to 100 µM its behavior was as a Hill reaction inhibitor. Finally, 4',7-dimethylnarangenin (3) in a concentration-dependent manner behaved as a Hill reaction inhibitor. Flavonoids 2 and 3 inhibited the uncoupled photosystem II reaction measured from water to 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ), and they did not inhibit the uncoupled partial reactions measured from water to sodium silicomolybdate (SiMo) and from diphenylcarbazide (DPC) to diclorophenol indophenol (DCPIP). These results indicated that chrysin and 4',7-dimethylnarangenin inhibited the acceptor side of PS II. The results were corroborated with fluorescence of chlorophyll a measurements. Flavonoids also showed activity on the growth of seedlings of Lolium perenne and Echinochloa crus-galli.

Competition between rice (Oryza sativa L.) and (barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.) as affected by methanol foliar application.

Pot experiment was conducted in Iran, to evaluate the effect of methanol on competition between rice (Oryza sativa) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with a factorial treatment arrangement and three replicates. Factors were two aqueous methanol foliar applications (0, and 14% v/v) and five rice: barnyardgrass ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:6, and 0:100). Replacement series diagrams for aboveground dry weight illustrated that 'Shiroudi' was more competitive than barnyardgrass as averaged across methanol foliar applications. When methanol was not sprayed, the lines for 'Shiroudi' and barnyardgrass intersected at 75:25 rice: barnyardgrass ratio, but when methanol was sprayed at 14% v/v, the lines for 'Shiroudi' and barnyardgrass intersect at the left of the 75:25 rice: barnyardgrass mixture proportion. These indicate that methanol application reduced competitive ability of 'Shiroudi' against barnyardgrass for aboveground biomass accumulation. At the same time, Methanol foliar application significantly reduced the relative crowding coefficient of 'Shiroudi' while simultaneously it significantly increased the relative crowding coefficient of barnyard grass. This indicates that methanol foliar application reduced the competitive ability of 'Shiroudi' against barnyardgrass for shoot biomass accumulation. This experiment illustrated that foliar spray of aqueous methanol can not be recommended for rice under weedy conditions.

Participation of T regulatory cells in equine recurrent airway obstruction.

Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is an equine immune-mediated disease with a high incidence worldwide. The aim of this work was to contribute to the understanding of RAO pathogenesis by studying T cells bearing regulatory markers in peripheral blood (PB) and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) recovered from the same group of susceptible horses before and after exposure to moldy hay, which has been shown to induce RAO signology in our horse herd. With this purpose, mononuclear cells were obtained from the BALF and PB from horses before and after antigenic challenge and were stained with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies against CD4, CD25 and Foxp3 and subsequently analyzed by flow cytometry. The results indicated that the percentage of CD4+, Foxp3+ cells clearly increased in PB and BALF obtained from horses with RAO. In addition, the percentage of CD4+, CD25(high) cells was greatly augmented in BALF of RAO positive horses compared with a baseline. No changes were observed in the PB compartment. The percentage of CD4+, CD25(high), Foxp3+ cells in BALF increased in horses with active disease compared to horses in remission; this cell population also does not show changes in the PB compartment when RAO positive and RAO negative horses were compared. On the other hand, when the percentage of CD4, Foxp3 positive cells were compared with the percentage of CD4+, CD25(high) cells, the numbers were very similar. This observation was true for PB and BALF cells from non exposed horses as well as horses exposed to antigen. In all the experimental situations studied, the population expressing all of the markers CD4+, CD25(high), Foxp3+ represent only a minor percentage of CD4+, CD25(high) or CD4+, Foxp3 subpopulations; therefore, an significant number of CD4+, CD25(high), Foxp3- and CD4+, CD25(null), Foxp3+ cells must exist. Finally, we conclude that horses with RAO show an airway accumulation of T cells bearing regulatory markers that probably are modulating the course of this disease, and that these T cells may be involved in the resolution of immune-mediated bronchial inflammation.

Influência alelopática do extrato aquoso de raiz de Sapindus saponaria L. sobre capim-arroz e corda-de-viola / Allelopathic influence of aqueous extract of Sapindus saponaria L. root on barnyardgrass and morningglory

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial alelopático do extrato aquoso de raiz de Sapindus saponaria L. (sabão-de-soldado) sobre a germinação de diásporos e crescimento de plântulas de Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Link (capim-arroz) e Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O'Donell (corda-de-viola). O extrato aquoso foi preparado na proporção de 100 g de material vegetal seco para 1000 mL de água destilada, produzindo-se a concentração de 10%. A partir dele, foram feitas diluições em água destilada para 7,5, 5,0 e 2,5%. O extrato da raiz de S. saponaria não inibiu a germinabilidade dos diásporos de capim-arroz e corda-de-viola. A maior atividade alelopática ocorreu sobre o crescimento das plântulas, sendo evidenciado pelo alto índice de plântulas anormais, pela redução no comprimento da parte aérea e, principalmente, no comprimento da raiz. O efeito inibitório foi dependente da concentração e variou de acordo com a espécie receptora estudada.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the allelopathic potential of aqueous extract of Sapindus Saponaria L. (soapberry) root on diaspore germination and seedling growth of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Link (barnyardgrass) and Ipomoea grandifolia (Dammer) O'Donell (morningglory). The aqueous extract was prepared in a proportion of 100 g of dry plant material in 1000 mL of distilled water, resulting in 10% concentration. The dilutions were made with distilled water to 7.5, 5.0 and 2.5%. The root extract of S. saponaria did not inhibit the germination of the barnyardgrass and morningglory diaspores. The highest allelopathic activity occurred on seedlings growth, being evidenced by the high rate of abnormal seedlings, reduction in shoot length and mainly on root length. The inhibitory effect was concentration-dependent and varied with the receptor species studied.

Short-term accumulation of atrazine by three plants from a wetland model system.

This work describes the accumulation and distribution of the herbicide atrazine in soil, water, and roots from three wetland model systems using the monocots Typha domingensis, Sagittaria lancifolia, and Echinochloa pyramidalis. Results were analyzed from a 3(3) full factorial experimental design, in order to describe the effect of accumulation of atrazine and times of exposure in the species evaluated. We found that accumulation depends on the species and the herbicide concentration; about 30% was accumulated in soil, 40% in roots, and 10-20% in water. By the end of the experiment, E. pyramidalis accumulated 8.47 mg/l of atrazine and 14.39 mg/l T. domingensis; in all cases, adsorption accounted for 1.4%, fitting a Langmuir model with a k(d) of 14.47.

Produção de forragem e valor nutritivo de espécies forrageiras sob condições de pastejo, em solo de várzea baixa do Rio Guamá / Forage production and nutritive value of forage species under pasture conditions in lowland soils of the Guamá River

Este estudo teve os objetivos avaliar a produção de forragem, o valor nutritivo através de proteína bruta e da composição de macro e micronutrientes na canarana de Paramaribo (Echinochloa polystachya H.B.K) e na canarana erecta lisa (Echinochloa pyramidalis Lam), introduzidas em áreas inundáveis de várzea baixa do rio Guamá, Campus da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, em Belém (PA). As forrageiras haviam sido formadas há três anos e mantidas sob pastejo rotativo, antes e durante o experimento. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, em um esquema fatorial 2x4 (duas espécies e quatro períodos), com seis repetições. As amostras de forragem foram cortadas a 10 cm do solo e utilizou-se uma área de 0,25 m² como unidade amostral. As épocas de coleta foram: maio (época1), agosto (época2) e novembro/2002 (época3) e fevereiro/2003 (época4). As características analisadas foram: massa fresca, massa seca, teores de nitrogênio, proteína bruta, fósforo, potássio, sódio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, ferro, manganês, zinco, cobre e boro. A disponibilidade de forragem diminuiu com o tempo de uso da pastagem. Os teores médios de proteína bruta, N, P, K e Na, Fe, Zn e Cu foram maiores nas épocas mais chuvosas, enquanto que os teores de Ca, Mg, S, Mn e B foram mais elevados nas épocas menos chuvosas. A canarana erecta lisa apresentou menor decréscimo de matéria seca durante os períodos estudados e maior valor nutritivo, no entanto, a canarana de Paramaribo foi a mais produtiva. No entanto, as duas espécies forrageiras apresentaram uma redução expressiva da produção, sugerindo que o tempo de pastejo de 12 dias e/ou o retorno a cada 40 dias constituíram um manejo inadequado.

Phytotoxic compounds from Flourensia cernua.

Bioassay-directed fractionation of a CH(2)Cl(2)-MeOH (1:1) extract of the aerial parts of Flourensia cernua led to the isolation of three phytotoxic compounds, namely, dehydroflourensic acid (1), flourensadiol (2) and methyl orsellinate (3). Dehydroflourensic acid is a new natural product whose structure was established by spectral means. In addition, the known flavonoid ermanin and seven hitherto unknown gamma-lactones were obtained, these being tetracosan-4-olide, pentacosan-4-olide, hexacosan-4-olide, heptacosan-4-olide, octacosan-4-olide, nonacosan-4-olide, and triacontan-4-olide. Compounds 1-3 caused significant inhibition of radicle growth of Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Echinochloa crus-galli, interacted with bovine-brain calmodulin and inhibited the activation of the calmodulin-dependent enzyme cAMP phosphodiesterase.