Una escultura de Juan José Sicre Vélez para honrar al doctor Carlos J. Finlay Barrés / One sculpture of Juan José Sicre Vélez to honor Doctor Carlos J. Finlay Barrés

Los artistas cubanos han dedicado obras de variados géneros para homenajear al doctor Carlos J. Finlay Barrés y su meritorio trabajo investigativo sobre la fiebre amarilla, enfermedad causante de epidemias y defunciones, en su época, en Cuba y otros países. Las artes plásticas tienen una sustancial impronta en reconocimientos al sabio, lo que hace usual su presencia en obras escultóricas del paisaje urbanístico cubano. Entre estas, se destaca por su belleza y localización, la del escultor Juan J. Sicre Vélez. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento de la obra escultórica dedicada por Sicre al sabio y destacar su trascendental significación para la medicina y la ciencia cubana. La escultura y su temática por su significación para la medicina y la ciencia realzan la identidad cultural de la nación cubana. Su emplazamiento en áreas del Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, en Marianao, tiene simbolismo por ser la localidad donde Finlay desarrolló la mayor parte de las investigaciones conducentes a su teoría sobre el modo de contagio y el agente transmisor de la fiebre amarilla. La obra escultórica es también un hermoso homenaje a los médicos y trabajadores de la salud que prestan servicios médicos humanitarios en Cuba y en otros países. Por su contenido estético y temático, la escultura es un estimable recurso didáctico para desarrollar las estrategias educativas en la formación del personal de la salud(AU)

Cuban artists have dedicated works of various genres to honor Dr. Carlos J. Finlay Barrés and his meritorious investigative work on yellow fever, a disease that causes epidemics and deaths, in its time, in Cuba and other countries. The plastic arts have a substantial mark in recognizing the sage, which makes their presence usual in sculptural works of the Cuban urban landscape. Among these, the one of the sculptor Juan J. Sicre Vélez stands out for its beauty and location. This work aims to contribute to the knowledge of the sculptural work dedicated by Sicre to the sage and highlight its transcendental significance for Cuban medicine and science. The sculpture and its theme due to its significance for medicine and science enhance the cultural identity of the Cuban nation. Its location in areas of the Central Military Hospital Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, in Marianao, has symbolism for being the town where Finlay developed most of the research leading to his theory on the mode of contagion and the transmitting agent of yellow fever. The sculptural work is also a beautiful tribute to the doctors and health workers who provide humanitarian medical services in Cuba and in other countries. Due to its aesthetic and thematic content, sculpture is a valuable didactic resource to develop educational strategies in the training of health personnel(AU)

Effects of Touching Sculptures on the Artistic Appreciation of Collative Emotional/Perceptual Properties / Efeitos do Toque em Esculturas sobre a Apreciação Artística de Propriedades Colativas Emocionais/Perceptivas / Efectos del Toque en Esculturas en relación a la Apreciación Artística de las Propiedades Colativas Emocionales/Perceptivas

Abstract The relationship between physical stimulus and perception is fundamental to understand aesthetic appreciation. This study aimed to examine how the properties of sculptures influence their artistic appreciation. Thirteen participants touched altered sculptures from the series Bichos de Lygia Clark. Participants indicated their perceptions for each stimulus using Semantic Differential Scales (7-point Likert scale): Complexity, Irregularity, Amount of pieces, Interest and Pleasingness. The duration of manipulation was recorded. The results showed that sculptures perceived as having more pieces were the ones judged to have a high level of Complexity and Irregularity. Sculptures evaluated as demonstrating a high level of Complexity and Irregularity were considered more interesting, although less pleasant. Participants tended to spend more time exploring the more complex sculptures. The results indicate that the amount of informational content, represented by the amount of pieces present in the sculpture, can influence the way it is perceived and affect its hedonic value.

Resumo A relação entre estímulo físico e percepção é fundamental para entender a apreciação estética. Este estudo teve como objetivo examinar como propriedades de esculturas influenciam suas apreciações artísticas. Treze participantes tocaram esculturas alteradas da série Bichos de Lygia Clark. Os participantes indicaram suas percepções para cada estímulo usando Escalas de Diferencial Semântico (tipo Likert - 7 pontos): Complexidade, Irregularidade, Quantidade de peças, Interesse e Agradabilidade. A duração da manipulação foi registrada. Os resultados mostraram que esculturas julgadas como tendo maior quantidade de peças foram julgadas como tendo alto nível de Complexidade e Irregularidade. Esculturas avaliadas como demonstrando um alto nível de Complexidade e Irregularidade foram consideradas mais interessantes, embora menos agradáveis. Os participantes tenderam a gastar mais tempo explorando as esculturas mais complexas. Os resultados indicam que a quantidade de conteúdo informacional, representado pela quantidade de peças presente na escultura, pode influenciar o modo como ela é percebida e afetar seu valor hedônico.

Resumen La relación entre el estímulo físico y la percepción es esencial para comprender la apreciación estética. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar cómo las propiedades de las esculturas influyen en su apreciación artística. Trece participantes tocaron esculturas alteradas de la serie Bichos de Lygia Clark. Los participantes manifestaron sus percepciones para cada estímulo utilizando Escalas de Diferencial Semántico (de tipo Likert - 7 puntos): Complejidad, Irregularidad, Cantidad de piezas, Interés y Satisfacción. Se registró la duración de la manipulación. Los resultados apuntaron que las esculturas consideradas con más cantidad de piezas tenían un alto grado de Complejidad e Irregularidad. Las esculturas evaluadas con un alto grado de Complejidad e Irregularidad se consideraron más interesantes, aunque menos agradables. Los participantes tendían a pasar más tiempo explorando las esculturas más complejas. Los resultados indican que la cantidad de contenido informativo, representado por la cantidad de piezas presentes en la escultura, puede influir en la forma de percibirla y afectar su valor hedónico.

A Crouzon syndrome from the Classic period of Maya civilization?

This article describes a retrospective diagnosis through an artistic representation of a pre-Columbian Central America bowl figuring a child with clinical characteristics of Crouzon syndrome. The report also highlights the importance of icono-diagnosis for a better description of the existing diseases into ancient societies.

Possible new evidence of pre-Columbian tuberculosis in America: Pott disease in a prehistoric Mexican statue.

The authors present a case of a probable Pott disease from central/southern Mexico, dated 300 BC to 500 AD. This case highlights the importance of iconotopsy/iconodiagnosis for a better description of the natural history of diseases, especially as a complement to morphological analyses of human remains (paleopathology) and laboratory exams (DNA or immunology testing).

Teaching tools in dental carving: models, virtual resources, and interactivity / Ferramentas de ensino na escultura dentária: modelos, recursos virtuais e interatividade

This study aimed to access students' perception evaluating the usefulness of the Three-Stages Sculpture Geometric Technique and auxiliary tools to learn dental anatomy and the impact of this on their grades. Wax models and resources in the virtual environment, such as demonstration videos of carving technique, classes' files, online tests, and forums were offered to two groups of students. Students' perception was collected using a questionnaire. A comparison between their grades and the virtual resources' frequency use was made; between the grades of the two groups and between theirs and those obtained by a third group, which did not use these tools. Students rated favorably the technique, the wax models, the videos and the other resources offered in a virtual environment. The models were considered more efficient as an aid to learning than were the videos, with a significant difference. There was no relation between the frequency to the videos and also to the other virtual resources offered, and the results in grades of the students of Group A and B. The mean grade of both Groups did not differ. There was a positive difference on final grade of Group B students who visited all the virtual resources offered compared with those that didn't. The applied carving technique provided and facilitated learning of dental anatomy and the aid given by the models was more efficient. Interactivity seemed expendable to improve results in grades (AU).

O objetivo desse estudo foi o de verificar a percepção do aluno quanto à utilidade da Técnica Geométrica de Escultura em Três Fases e de alguns recursos auxiliares para aprender anatomia dentária e o impacto desse uso no resultado em notas. Modelos de cera e recursos no ambiente virtual, como vídeos de demonstração da técnica de escultura, arquivos das aulas, testes online e fóruns foram oferecidos a dois grupos de estudantes. A opinião dos alunos foi coletada usando um questionário. Foi realizada a comparação entre as notas obtidas e a frequência do uso dos recursos virtuais; entre as notas dos dois grupos e entre essas e as obtidas por um terceiro grupo, que não teve acesso a nenhuma dessas ferramentas. Os alunos avaliaram positivamente a técnica, os modelos, os vídeos e os demais recursos oferecidos no ambiente virtual. Os modelos foram considerados mais eficientes no auxílio ao aprendizado, com uma diferença significante. Não houve diferença entre a frequência aos vídeos e aos demais recursos virtuais oferecidos e o resultado em notas obtidas pelos estudantes dos Grupos A e B. Não houve diferença entre as médias entre os dois grupos. Houve uma discreta diferença positiva entre a nota final dos estudantes do Grupo B que visitaram todos os recursos virtuais oferecidos quando comparada aos demais, que não o fizeram. A técnica de escultura utilizada proporcionou e facilitou o aprendizado da anatomia dental e a ajuda oferecida pelos modelos foi considerada mais eficiente. A interatividade pareceu dispensável para o alcance desse objetivo (AU).

Ecology and identification of environmental fungi and metabolic processes involved in the biodeterioration of Brazilian soapstone historical monuments.

This study aimed to evaluate the action of organic acids produced by the fungal population associated with the biodeterioration process of the Twelve Prophets of Aleijadinho, a set of soapstone sculptures in Congonhas, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. For this, samples of fungi were obtained from the surface of each of the 12 outdoor stone sculptures that comprise the set of Prophets. The identification of the colonizing filamentous fungi was performed by classical microbiology and molecular methods. Some species of filamentous fungi-dependent cultivation were detected, and the presence of species Aspergillus versicolor, Curvularia lunata, Epicoccum nigrum, Penicillium citrinum and Pseudocercospora norchiensis indicated a connection with the excretion of organic acids. The acids produced by each of these fungal species were analysed quantitatively by chromatographic methods, revealing potential biodeterioration by the action of acidic metabolites excreted in the stone. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Minas Gerais, Brazil, is vulnerable to the activities of mineral extraction industries, posing an imminent risk to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recognized cities, e.g. Congonhas. Many of these municipalities hold many soapstone religious sculptures and historical monuments. Consequently, soapstone is susceptible to filamentous fungi attack causing irreversible biodeterioration. Despite the concern related to nondestructive sampling of 18th century sculptures, in this study, we have discussed the factors that lead to biodeterioration of soapstone due to organic acid excretion by the fungi that damage the stone, thereby providing an insight in conserving and preserving the soapstone monuments.

El cráneo de la mirada mágica y dentadura de jade / The skull of the magic glimpse and its jade teeth

Se presentan dos esculturas prehispánicas de la cultura azteca, la primera en forma de cráneo a la cual se le tallaron y colocaron ojos de diferentes tipos de piedra, también una dentadura completa y bien alineada hecha de jade. En la zona del occipital se distingue el grabado de un rey desconocido, el cual porta un arete, un penacho y un cetro. La segunda escultura es una charola de piedra tallada con incrustaciones de piedras preciosas de jade y rubí que muestra la imagen del mismo rey sostenida por tres personajes parcialmente desdentados padeciendo de dolor dental. Estos eventos demuestran la importancia de la salud bucal en la población prehispánica, particularmente en la cultura azteca, al igual que la relevancia de los aspectos mágicos y religiosos en torno a la muerte.

It is described a couple prehispanic carved solid stone sculptures of theAztec culture, the fi rst one with a human skull shape, with carved andmounted stone eyes, as well as a complete and fi ne lined jade denture.It is also remarked on its occipital area a fi gure of carved unknownking, wearing a mobile stone earring, a feather cap, and a cane. Thesecond stone sculpture is a carved stone plate with jade and ruby carvedmounted stones. This sculpture also shows the same mentioned kingimage, which is supported by three no complete dental (toothless) maleservants, that resemble the three men suff ering dental discomfort. Thesecouple sculpture pieces show the magical and religious aspects of themighty importance of the death to the Aztecs.

Comparison Among Manual Facial Approximations Conducted by Two Methodological Approaches of Face Prediction.

This study verified the difference between two methods of forensic facial approximation (FFA) regarding recognition and resemblance rates. Three-dimensional models of skulls were obtained from computerized tomography (CT) scans of two subjects (targets). Two manual FFAs were performed for each target, by applying two different guidelines for the facial structures (what we called "American method" (AM) and "Combined method" (CM)). Unfamiliar assessors evaluated the sculptures by recognition and resemblance tests. The AM was that which allowed more correct responses of recognition and higher resemblance's scores for the male target (p < 0.001). Regarding guidelines for modeling characteristics of the face, the ones that are practical and easily performed for sculptures, such as the length of the anterior nasal spine multiplied by 3 for nose prediction, may offer better results in terms of resemblance.

Seacole an inspiration for all nurses.

After more than 12 long years of fundraising a memorial statue to Jamaican-Scottish Crimean War nurse and businesswoman Mary Seacole was unveiled on 30 June. The sun shone brightly and it was one of my proudest days.

Reconstrução facial forense: comparação entre tabelas de espessuras de tecidos moles faciais / P

As Ciências Forenses empregam a técnica de Reconstrução Facial buscando aumentar as possibilidades de reconhecimento humano. Após análise antropológica, a face é esculpida sobre o crânio esqueletizado e divulgada na mídia. Existem várias metodologias para a modelagem do rosto e das características da face, bem como vários dados de espessuras de tecidos moles que auxiliam no contorno facial. Com o intuito de investigar se existe uma metodologia que favoreça mais reconhecimentos e que permita uma maior semelhança com o indivíduo, este trabalho buscou comparar reconstruções faciais manuais feitas com duas abordagens para o preenchimento dos tecidos moles (métodos Americano e de Manchester) e para a predição dos olhos, nariz, boca e orelhas. Também buscou comparar reconstruções realizadas com quatro tabelas de espessuras de tecidos moles, desenvolvidas para brasileiros por estudos prévios, observando a possibilidade de unir esses dados para auxiliar na reconstrução. Um quarto objetivo foi averiguar se existe influência do sexo e do conhecimento anatômico ou forense na frequência de reconhecimentos. O estudo foi dividido em duas fases. Na primeira, duas reconstruções foram realizadas para dois indivíduos alvos (um homem e uma mulher) com os métodos Americano e de Manchester, aplicando dois guias para olhos, nariz, boca e orelhas. As reconstruções foram avaliadas por quarenta indivíduos (homens e mulheres, divididos em 4 grupos - alunos de graduação em Odontologia que não passaram pela disciplina de Odontologia Legal, alunos

de graduação em Odontologia que passaram pela disciplina, especialistas em Odontologia Legal e indivíduos que não possuíam conhecimento de anatomia humana) por meio dos testes de reconhecimento e semelhança. Para o alvo feminino, as frequências de reconhecimentos foram 20% e 10% para os métodos Americano e de Manchester, respectivamente; para o alvo masculino, as frequências foram 35% e 17,5%. Em relação à semelhança, as medianas foram menores que 3 (em uma escala de 1 a 5); entretanto, foi verificada uma exceção para a escultura feita com o método Americano para o alvo masculino, a qual apresentou mediana 3. Na segunda fase, reconstruções faciais para quatro alvos (dois homens e duas mulheres) foram obtidas com o método Americano, considerando as quatro tabelas de espessuras de tecidos moles para brasileiros. Dezesseis reconstruções foram avaliadas por cento e vinte indivíduos, também pelos testes de reconhecimento e semelhança. Assim como na fase I, foram considerados o sexo e o grupo dos avaliadores. Para o alvo 1, as proporções de acertos são significativamente maiores para reconstruções feitas com as tabelas de cadáveres (44% e 38%) em relação às com os dados de exames de imagem. Para o alvo 4, as proporções de acertos com os dados de cadáveres (Tedeschi-Oliveira et al.) e com os de ressonância magnética foram significativamente maiores comparados às reconstruções com dados de tomografias computadorizadas. Em relação à semelhança, somente o alvo 1 mostrou diferenças significativas de frequências de semelhança leve entre reconstruções. Além disso, não houve influência nem do sexo, nem do conhecimento de anatomia nas frequências de reconhecimentos corretos. Espera-se que a tabela proposta possa ser empregada para a população brasileira.

Forensic Sciences employ Forensic Facial Reconstruction technique to increase possibilities in human recognition. After anthropological analysis, the face can be created on the skeletonized skull and published in the media. There are several methodologies for facial modeling and facial features as well as multiple soft tissue thicknesses data that aid in facial contour. In order to investigate whether a methodology allows more recognition and greater resemblance to a person, this study aimed to compare manual facial reconstructions made with two approaches of filling facial soft tissue (American and Manchester methods) and two approaches to predict the eyes, nose, mouth and ears. This study also intended to compare facial reconstructions carried out with four Brazilian soft tissue thicknesses data, that were developed by previous studies considering the possibily of merging these data for Forensic Reconstruction purpose. A fourth aim was to determine whether sex and anatomical or Forensic knowledge of assessor can influence in frequency of recognition. This study was divided into two phases. In the first phase, two reconstructions were performed for two targets (one male and one female) with American and Manchester methods and applying two guides for eyes, nose, mouth and ears. The reconstructions were evaluated by forty assessors (both sex, divided into four groups - undergraduated students in dentistry who did not study Forensic Dentistry,

undergraduated students in dentistry who have gone through the subject of Forensic Dentistry, experts in Forensic Dentistry and individuals who did not have knowlegde of human anatomy) through the recognition and resemblance tests. For female target, frequencies of recognitions were 20% and 10% for American and Manchester methods, respectively; for male target, frequencies were 35% and 17.5%, with significant differences between the proportions of correct responses. Regarding resemblance rates, medians were less than 3 (on a scale from 1 to 5); however, it was found an exception for the sculpture made with the American method for male target, which had median 3. Thus, American method was used for the reconstructions of phase II. In this second phase, facial reconstructions for four targets (two male and two female) were obtained with the American method, considering the four Brazilian soft tissue thicknesses data. Sixteen facial reconstructions were evaluated by a hundred and...

Seis autores em busca da personagem Louise Bourgeois / Six authors in search of the character Louise Bourgeois

Este trabalho foi inspirado na peça Seis personagens à procura de um autor de Luigi Pirandello (1921), na qual ele descreve seu encontro inesperado com Fantasia, que insiste em lhe trazer personagens que ele não procurou e dos quais não consegue se livrar, para deles tirar novelas, romances e comédias. De forma semelhante os autores aqui presentes, cada um com seus mistérios, mas todos unidos pelo nascimento e evolução de uma experiência de anos de estudo em comum, esperam que as diversas Louise, com as quais se depararam também de forma inesperada, os deixem entrar no mundo de sua arte, fazendo delas, das suas paixões e de seus pensamentos e obras um belo trabalho de psicanálise. No início duvidaram da possibilidade de descobrir um sentido único da personagem, chegando a pensar se valia a pena dar-lhe vida além da que ela tivera. Entretanto, sendo Fantasia criatura de seus espíritos, já não tinham poder de lhe negar as vidas que imaginaram. Seis além da sua própria. Então, deixaram correr as ideias por onde costumam ir a fim de ganharem existência: para o texto. A proposta: cada um escrever sua Louise para ver o que acontece...

This work was inspired by Six characters in search of an author, a play by Luigi Pirandello (1921), in which he describes his unexpected meeting with Fantasy, who insists on bringing him characters he did not look for and is not able to get rid of, so as to derive stories, novels and plays from them. Similarly, the authors of this work, all of them with their own mysteries, but united by the formation and evolution of an experience of studying together along many years, wish that the different Louises, whom they also met unexpectedly, let them enter the world of their art, transforming them, their passions, thoughts and works into a beautiful work of psychoanalysis. In the beginning, they had doubts about the possibility to discover a univocal meaning of the character, and thought whether it was worth giving her life apart from the one she already had. However, since Fantasy was a creature of their spirits, they did not have the power to deny her the lives they imagined. Six lives apart from her own. Therefore, they let ideas run towards the place they usually go so as to gain existence: the text. The proposal: all of them writing their own Louise to see what happens...

Este trabajo fue inspirado en la pieza Seis personajes en búsqueda de un autor, de Luigi Pirandello (1921), en la que él describe su encuentro inesperado con Fantasía, que insiste en traerle personajes que él no buscó y de los que no logra librarse, para de ahí sacar cuentos, novelas y comedias. De modo semejante, los autores aquí presentes, cada uno con sus misterios, pero todos unidos por el nacimiento y evolución de una experiencia de años de estudios en común, esperan que las diversas Louise, con las que se depararon también de modo inesperado, los dejen entrar en el mundo de su arte, haciendo de ellas, de sus pasiones y de sus pensamientos y obras un bello trabajo de psicoanálisis. En el inicio, dudaron de la posibilidad de descubrir un sentido único del personaje, llegando a pensar si valía la pena darle vida más allá de la que había tenido. Sin embargo, siendo Fantasía creatura de sus espíritus, ya no tenían poder de negarle las vidas que imaginaron. Seis más allá de su propia. Así, dejaron correr las ideas por donde solían ir a fin de ganarse existencia: para el texto. La propuesta: cada uno escribir su Louise para ver qué pasa...

Multidisciplinary approach in the teaching of dental sculpture and anatomy / Enfoque multidisciplinario para la enseñanza de escultura y anatomía dental

The purpose of the Dental Sculpture and Anatomy discipline is to introduce undergraduate students to the study of the anatomic and morphological characteristics of permanent and primary human dentition, through classes, books and cognitive and psychomotor activities. This discipline supports the teaching of specific knowledge necessary for a more extensive education, involving interdisciplinarity as a means of knowledge exchange among several areas of dentistry, to achieve comprehensive professional education. Students must recognize the dental morphology from samples of preserved teeth, and reproduce the morphology through three-dimensional models made of stone or wax blocks. In this article, the authors describe the process for producing teeth collars and macro dental models made of stone, their importance and benefits of utilization. The purpose of the study was to encourage the teaching of Dental Sculpture and Anatomy toundergraduate students of the Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, through activities that would associate theory, practice and the development of manual skills.

El propósito de la disciplina sobre escultura y anatomía de dientes es introducir a los estudiantes de pregrado para el estudio de las características anatómicas y morfológicas de la dentición humana permanente y primaria, a través de clases, libros y actividades cognitivas y psicomotoras. Esta disciplina se fundamenta en la enseñanza de conocimientos específicos necesarios para una educación más amplia, que implica la interdisciplinariedad como medio de intercambio de conocimientos entre diferentes áreas en odontología, y de esa forma, lograr una enseñanza profesional integral. Los estudiantes deben identificar la morfología dental a partir de dientes conservados, además de reproducir la morfología a través de modelos tridimensionales elaborados con bloques de yeso tipo piedra o cera. En este estudio, los autores describen el proceso para la producción de collares de dientes y macro modelos dentales hechos de yeso tipo piedra, su importancia y los beneficios de su utilización. El propósito del estudio fue incentivar la enseñanza de la escultura y anatomía dental a los estudiantes de pregrado de la Facultad de Odontología de Bauru, Universidad de São Paulo, a través de actividades que asocian la teoría, práctica y desarrollo de habilidades manuales.

Quantitative evaluation of the facial morphology of a Tolteca figurine from Mexico using geometric morphometric approaches / Evaluación cuantitativa de la morfología facial de una figura Tolteca de México utilizando la morfometría geométrica

Morphometric approaches can be combined with 2D or 3D imaging to quantitatively evaluate craniofacial medical conditions depicted in material culture and to learn more about the culture being studied. A terra-cotta figurine (circa 500 A.D.) from the Tolteca culture of Mexico has previously been qualitatively "diagnosed" with Down syndrome (DS) based on the presence or absence of facial features typically associated with trisomy 21. The purpose of this research is to quantitatively test the hypothesis that the Tolteca figurine exhibits facial features consistent with DS. Landmarks (n = 24) were acquired from sex- and age-matched (5-20 yrs) facial images of DS individuals (n = 32), euploid individuals (n = 32), and the Tolteca figurine. Landmark coordinates were subjected to geometric morphometric analyses, and the results suggest that the Tolteca figurine displays facial morphology consistent with DS.

Con el objetivo de evaluar cuantitativamente las complejas condiciones medicas craneofaciales, se pueden combinar los enfoques morfométricos con imágenes 2D o 3D representadas en la cultura material, para un mayor conocimiento referente al estudio cultural. Una figura de terracota (alrededor del 500 DC) de la cultura Tolteca de México ha sido previamente y cualitativamente "diagnosticada" con Síndrome de Down en base a la presencia o ausencia de rasgos faciales típicamente asociados con trisomía 21. El propósito de esta investigación fue comprobar cuantitativamente la hipótesis de que esta figura de la cultura Tolteca exhibe rasgos faciales consistentes con Síndrome de Down. Se identificaron puntos de referencia similares (n = 24) según sexo y edad (5-20 años) a imágenes faciales de individuos con Síndrome de Down (n = 32), individuos euploides (n = 32) y de la figura Tolteca. Los puntos de referencia fueron sometidos a un análisis morfométrico geométrico, y los resultados sugieren que la morfología facial de la figura Tolteca es consistente con el Síndrome de Down.