Determination of ED50 and ED95 of remimazolam besylate combined with alfentanil for adult gastroscopy: a prospective dose-finding study.

BACKGROUND: To explore the median effective dose (ED50) and 95% effective dose (ED95) of remimazolam besylate combined with alfentanil for adult gastroscopy. METHODS: This prospective studyenrolled 31 patients scheduled to painless gastroscopy at Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital between April and May, 2022. 5 µg.kg-1 of alfentanil hydrochloride was used for pre-analgesia. The initial single loading dose of remimazolam besylate was 0.12 mg.kg-1, increased or reduced by 0.01 mg.kg-1 for the next patient with modified Dixon sequential method. The modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (MOAA/S) was used to assess sedation. RESULTS: Combined with alfentanil, the ED50 of remimazolam besylate was 0.147 mg.kg-1 (95% CI: 0.138-0.160 mg.kg-1) and ED95 0.171 mg.kg-1 (95% CI: 0.159-0.245 mg.kg-1). The induction time after injection of remimazolam besylate was 70 ± 25 s, with the anesthesia recovery time and the observation time in resuscitation room 5.13 ± 2.13 min and 2.32 ± 1.6 min, respectively. Twenty nine patients' vital signs were within acceptable limits during gastroscopy. CONCLUSIONS: The ED50 of remimazolam besylate combined with alfentanil for painless gastroscopy was 0.147 mg.kg-1, and the ED95 was 0.171 mg.kg-1.

Interval gastric cancer: A call to attentiveness and action.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Endoscopy is the most effective method for identifying gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). Interval gastric cancer (IGC) is GAC that is diagnosed 2-3 years after a normal endoscopy. Its characteristics are unknown in the Colombian environment. The clinical, histopathologic, and endoscopic characteristics were evaluated, along with the presentation rate, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use, and IGC survival rate, and compared with other types of GAC. METHODS: A retrospective, analytic study was conducted on a prospective cohort. It evaluated 513 patients with GAC treated at our institution, within the time frame of January 2012 and June 2018. The patients had endoscopic diagnosis of GAC and endoscopy within the past three years that was negative for tumor. RESULTS: A total of 513 patients diagnosed with GAC were evaluated. Forty-two of the patients had IGC (8.2%): 9 early lesions and 33 advanced lesions (79%). The IGCs were smaller (31 vs. 41 mm; P < .01), as well as flatter and more depressed (P < .01). There was no association with PPI use, but there was an association with a history of gastrectomy and anastomosis (P = .02), as well as the absence of red flags (P < .003). The most frequent locations were the gastric body (52%) and the antrum (26%). Overall two-year survival was similar between IGC and GAC (37.1 vs. 39.3%, P = .72). CONCLUSION: A total of 8.2% of recently diagnosed GAC were cases of IGC. The presence of anastomosis and the absence of red flags were related to IGC. Overall survival was poor and there were no differences from the other types of GAC detected.

DeepHP: A New Gastric Mucosa Histopathology Dataset for Helicobacter pylori Infection Diagnosis.

Emerging deep learning-based applications in precision medicine include computational histopathological analysis. However, there is a lack of the required training image datasets to generate classification and detection models. This phenomenon occurs mainly due to human factors that make it difficult to obtain well-annotated data. The present study provides a curated public collection of histopathological images (DeepHP) and a convolutional neural network model for diagnosing gastritis. Images from gastric biopsy histopathological exams were used to investigate the performance of the proposed model in detecting gastric mucosa with Helicobacter pylori infection. The DeepHP database comprises 394,926 histopathological images, of which 111 K were labeled as Helicobacter pylori positive and 283 K were Helicobacter pylori negative. We investigated the classification performance of three Convolutional Neural Network architectures. The models were tested and validated with two distinct image sets of 15% (59K patches) chosen randomly. The VGG16 architecture showed the best results with an Area Under the Curve of 0.998%. The results showed that CNN could be used to classify histopathological images from gastric mucosa with marked precision. Our model evidenced high potential and application in the computational pathology field.

Gastric Cancer: Emerging Trends in Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment.

Gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) is the fourth leading cause of global cancer mortality, and the leading infection-associated cancer. Helicobacter pylori is the dominant risk factor for GC and classified as an IARC class I carcinogen. Surveillance of gastric premalignant conditions is now indicated in high-risk patients. Upper endoscopy is the gold standard for GC diagnosis, and image-enhanced endoscopy increases the detection of gastric premalignant conditions and early gastric cancer (EGC). Clinical staging is crucial for treatment approach, defining early gastric cancer, operable locoregional disease, and advanced GC. Endoscopic submucosal dissection is the treatment of choice for most EGC. Targeted therapies are rapidly evolving, based on biomarkers including MSI/dMMR, HER2, and PD-L1. These advancements in surveillance, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are expected to improve GC survival rates in the near term.

[Helicobacter pylori infection and relationship with endoscopic findings in patients treated at a referral endoscopic center in Panama]. / Infección por Helicobacter pylori y relación con hallazgos endoscópicos en pacientes atendidos en un centro endoscópico de referencia en Panamá.

INTRODUCTION: Helycobacter pylori (HP) infection is a public health problem in Latin America with a prevalence of infection of up to 70%. There are endoscopic findings associated with the presence of infection, however we do not know the current prevalence in Panama and if the endoscopic findings are related to HP infection. OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of HP infection in patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and its association with HP infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 in the Gastroenterology service of Hospital Santo Tomás, Panama city. The frequency of HP infection in patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and the association of endoscopic findings with HP infection was evaluated. RESULTS: In total, 1,281 digestive endoscopies were performed. 21.4% of the patients included in the study confirmed HP infection. In endoscopic findings, the presence of nodular gastritis has an association OR 4.32 (2.74-6.80) with the presence of HP infection. The presence of duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer were also significantly associated with the presence of HP infection, OR 3.71 (1.21-11.35) and OR: 2.59 (1.36-5.16). CONCLUSION: This is the first study in Panama to evaluate the association of endoscopic findings and the prevalence in a cohort of patients with an indication for upper endoscopy with the probability of Helicobacterpylori infection in the last decade. We conclude that certain endoscopic findings in an appropriate clinical context could increase the diagnostic probability of HP infection in patients seen in Panama.

Variants *1, *2, *3 and *17 of CYP2C19 Cytochrome among Helicobacter Pylori Carriers from Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to estimate the frequency of CYP2C19 cytochrome variants *1, *2, *3 and *17 among Helicobacter pylori carriers from Manaus, Amazonas state, who were treated at Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD). METHODS: From the 78 recruited individuals who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy and histopathological test, 50 tested positive for H. pylori. Peripheral blood was collected from this group and CYP2C19 *2, *3 and *17 alleles were genotyped using qPCR. RESULTS: Of the 50 H. pylori + individuals, 22 were male and 28 were female. Their age varied from 18 to 67 years old, with the mean age being 40.24. Racial groups were classified by self-declaration, based on the official Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) categories: 16% (8) were white, 78% (39) were brown, 4% (2) were black, and 2% (1) were indigenous. H. pylori infection was classified using the system of crosses, with 30% (15) of infections being classified as mild (+), 30% (15) as moderate (++), and 40% (20) as severe (+++). The CYP2C19 genotype results showed an allelic frequency of 11% for *2 (20% of the subjects), 6% for *3 (10% of the subjects) and 17% for *17 (30% of the subjects). Based on the phenotypic profiles, the individuals were classified as poor metabolizers (PM, 10%), intermediate metabolizers (IM, 2%), extensive metabolizers (EM, 58%) and ultra-rapid metabolizers (UM, 20%). CONCLUSIONS: Even though the percentage of allele *3 was higher than expected, the percentage of allele *17, a possible contributor to H. pylori eradication failure, was also significant. The population that self-declared as brown showed a unique genotypic pattern, unlike any other population described in previous studies. Our results show that small populations may have genetic particularities that are relevant to therapeutic outcomes.
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Menetrier's disease. A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

We present a rare case of hypertrophic gastropathy associated with protein loss. A 35-year-old man was hospitalized for bowel habit changes, abdominal pain, generalized edema and symptomatic anemia. Pertinent laboratory findings included iron deficiency anemia (Hb 6.7g/dl, ferritin 5 ng/ml) and marked hypoalbuminemia (albumin 2.5 g/dl). Endoscopic biopsy samples of giant gastric folds observed along the greater gastric curvature revealed foveolar hyperplasia and significant parietal cell loss. Endoscopic ultrasonography showed gastric parietal thickening with preserved architecture and normal gastric wall layers. Menetrier disease was diagnosed and the patient treated with cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits ligand binding of transforming growth factor alpha (TGFa), preventing gastric mucosa cell proliferation. After twelve months of treatment, the patient referred symptoms improvement, and gastric biopsy levels of the proliferation marker protein Ki-67 had decreased.

Presentamos un caso infrecuente de gastropatía hipertrófica asociada a pérdida de proteínas. Un hombre de 35 años fue hospitalizado por cambios en los hábitos intestinales, dolor abdominal, edema generalizado y anemia sintomática. Los hallazgos de laboratorio pertinentes incluyeron anemia ferropénica (Hb 6.7 g/dl, ferritina 5 ng/ml) e hipoalbuminemia marcada (albúmina 2.5 g/dl). Las muestras de biopsia endoscópica de pliegues gástricos gigantes observados a lo largo de la curvatura mayor gástrica revelaron hiperplasia foveolar y pérdida significativa de células parietales. La ecografía endoscópica mostró engrosamiento parietal gástrico con arquitectura conservada y capas de pared gástrica normales. Se diagnosticó enfermedad de Menetrier y se trató al paciente con cetuximab, un anticuerpo monoclonal que inhibe la unión del ligando del factor de crecimiento transformante alfa (TGFa), evitando la proliferación de células de la mucosa gástrica. Después de doce meses de tratamiento, el paciente refirió mejoría de los síntomas y los niveles de la proteína marcadora de proliferación Ki-67 en biopsia gástrica habían disminuido.

Hallazgo histopatológico de Strongyloides stercoralis en enfermedad de Crohn: reporte de caso / Histopathologic finding of Strongyloides stercoralis in a patient with Crohn's disease: Case report

Resumen Caso clínico: Se describe un caso clínico poco frecuente en un paciente inmunocomprometido con hallazgo histopatológico de infestación parasitaria. Es un paciente masculino de edad media que habita en zona subtropical con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Crohn tratado con corticoide e inmunomoduladores, presentaba dolor abdominal y anemia crónica de 1 año de evolución, analítica negativa para parásitos, reactantes de fase aguda normales, gastroscopia y colonoscopia previas (6 meses) sin hallazgos relevantes. Por la persistencia del cuadro clínico se repitieron los estudios endoscópicos en los que se visualizaron hemorragias subepiteliales con resultados histopatológicos de Strongyloides stercoralis. Conclusión: En el contexto de un paciente inmunocomprometido, en zona endémica y con evolución tórpida, debe obligar a realizar un diagnóstico diferencial en el que se debe sospechar siempre de infestación parasitaria. Aunque la endoscopia no se necesita para el diagnóstico de estrongiloidiasis, su intervención puede ser oportuna.

Abstract Clinical case: The following is a rare clinical case in an immunocompromised patient with histopathological findings of parasitic infestation. The patient is a middle-aged male who lives in a subtropical area and has a diagnosis of Crohn's disease treated with corticosteroids and immunomodulators. The patient presented with abdominal pain and chronic anemia for 1 year, with negative laboratory tests for parasites and normal acute phase reactants. Gastroscopy and colonoscopy were performed before the consultation (6 months) without relevant findings. Due to the persistence of the symptoms, endoscopic studies were repeated, finding subepithelial bleeding with histopathological results of Strongyloides stercoralis. Conclusion: In the context of an immunocompromised patient living in an endemic area and with a torpid evolution, a differential diagnosis should be made always suspecting a parasitic infestation. Although endoscopy is not necessary to diagnose strongyloidiasis, its use may be convenient.

Menetrier's disease. A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge / Enfermedad de Menetrier. Un desafío diagnóstico y terapéutico

Abstract We present a rare case of hypertrophic gastropathy associated with protein loss. A 35-year-old man was hospitalized for bowel habit changes, abdominal pain, generalized edema and symptomatic anemia. Pertinent laboratory findings included iron deficiency anemia (Hb 6.7g/dl, ferritin 5 ng/ml) and marked hypoalbuminemia (albumin 2.5 g/dl). Endoscopic biopsy samples of giant gastric folds observed along the greater gastric curvature revealed foveolar hyperplasia and significant parietal cell loss. Endoscopic ultrasonography showed gastric parietal thickening with preserved architecture and normal gastric wall layers. Menetrier disease was diagnosed and the patient treated with cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits ligand binding of trans forming growth factor alpha (TGFa), preventing gastric mucosa cell proliferation. After twelve months of treatment, the patient referred symptoms improvement, and gastric biopsy levels of the proliferation marker protein Ki-67 had decreased.

Resumen Presentamos un caso infrecuente de gastropatía hipertrófica asociada a pérdida de proteínas. Un hombre de 35 años fue hos pitalizado por cambios en los hábitos intestinales, dolor abdominal, edema generalizado y anemia sintomática. Los hallazgos de laboratorio pertinentes incluyeron anemia ferropénica (Hb 6.7 g/dl, ferritina 5 ng/ml) e hipoal buminemia marcada (albúmina 2.5 g/dl). Las muestras de biopsia endoscópica de pliegues gástricos gigantes observados a lo largo de la curvatura mayor gástrica revelaron hiperplasia foveolar y pérdida significativa de células parietales. La ecografía endoscópica mostró engrosamiento parietal gástrico con arquitectura conservada y capas de pared gástrica normales. Se diagnosticó enfermedad de Menetrier y se trató al paciente con cetuximab, un anticuerpo monoclonal que inhibe la unión del ligando del factor de crecimiento transformante alfa (TGFa), evitando la proliferación de células de la mucosa gástrica. Después de doce meses de tratamiento, el paciente refirió mejoría de los síntomas y los niveles de la proteína marcadora de proliferación Ki-67 en biopsia gástrica habían disminuido.

Diagnóstico ecocardiográfico de una hernia de hiato. Reporte de un caso / Echocardiographic diagnosis of a Hiatus Hernia: A case report

The diagnosis of a hiatus hernia (HH) is typically confirmed with an upper gastrointestinal barium X-ray, gastroscopy or upper-intestinal endoscopy. In several cases, HH has been diagnosed with an echocardiogram. We here describe a case of an HH visible on an echocardiogram in a male patient with chest pain.

The Colombian Chemoprevention Trial: 20-Year Follow-Up of a Cohort of Patients With Gastric Precancerous Lesions.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Helicobacter pylori eradication and endoscopic surveillance of gastric precancerous lesions are strategies to reduce gastric cancer (GC) risk. To our knowledge, this study is the longest prospective cohort of an H pylori eradication trial in a Hispanic population. METHODS: A total of 800 adults with precancerous lesions were randomized to anti-H pylori treatment or placebo. Gastric biopsy samples taken at baseline and 3, 6, 12, 16, and 20 years were assessed by our Correa histopathology score. A generalized linear mixed model with a participant-level random intercept was used to estimate the effect of H pylori status on the score over time. Logistic regression models were used to estimate progression by baseline diagnosis and to estimate GC risk by intestinal metaplasia (IM) subtype and anatomic location. RESULTS: Overall, 356 individuals completed 20 years of follow-up. Anti-H pylori therapy (intention-to-treat) reduced progression of the Correa score (odds ratio [OR], 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38-0.93). H pylori-negative status had a beneficial effect on the score over time (P = .036). Among individuals with IM (including indefinite for dysplasia) at baseline, incidence rates per 100 person-years were 1.09 (95% CI, 0.85-1.33) for low-grade/high-grade dysplasia and 0.14 (95% CI, 0.06-0.22) for GC. Incomplete-type (vs complete-type) IM at baseline presented higher GC risk (OR, 13.4; 95% CI, 1.8-103.8). Individuals with corpus (vs antrum-restricted) IM showed an OR of 2.1 (95% CI, 0.7-6.6) for GC. CONCLUSIONS: In a high-GC-risk Hispanic population, anti-H pylori therapy had a long-term beneficial effect against histologic progression. Incomplete IM is a strong predictor of GC risk.

Acurácia diagnóstica entre teste rápido da urease e estudo histopatológico para detecção de Helicobacter pylori / Diagnostic accuracy of urease quick test compared to histopathological study for Helicobacter pylori detection

Objetivo: Analisar a acurácia do teste rápido da urease para detecção de Helicobacter pylori comparado com o exame histopatológico. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo e descritivo realizado de abril de 2018 a maio de 2019 em um Serviço de Endoscopia e Biliopancreática e em um laboratório de patologia. A amostra foi composta de 64 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, com idade de 35 a 81 anos, que apresentavam queixas dispépticas. Foram realizados exame histopatológico e teste rápido da urease. Os dados foram analisados pelo R Core team 2019 e submetidos a análises descritivas (variáveis categóricas) e inferenciais (teste de associação de qui-quadrado de Pearson e teste de Mann-Whitney). O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: O teste rápido da urease demonstrou que dez pacientes foram verdadeiros-positivos, 39 verdadeiros-negativos, três falsos-positivos, 12 falsos-negativos, com sensibilidade de 45,4% (25,1% a 67,3%), especificidade de 92,9% (79,4% a 98,1%), valor preditivo positivo de 76,9% (45,9% a 93,8%), valor preditivo negativo de 76,5% (62,2% a 86,7%), acurácia de 76,6% (64,0% a 85,9%), razão de chance diagnóstica 10,8 (2,56 a 45,9), índice de Youden 0,38 (0,16 a 0,60) e taxa de erro de 23,4% (14,1% a 36,0%). Conclusão: O teste rápido da urease apresentou baixa capacidade de detectar pacientes infectados, menor acurácia em relação ao estudo anatomopatológico e alta especificidade. O teste pode ser útil no momento da realização da endoscopia, por fornecer resultado rápido e barato para detectar H. pylori. O diagnóstico da bactéria apresenta maior confiabilidade com a realização dos dois métodos para pesquisa de H. pylori.

Objective: To analyze the accuracy of the rapid urease test for Helicobacter pylori detection when compared with the histopathological examination. Methods: This is a prospective and descriptive study conducted from April 2018 to May 2019, at an Endoscopy and Biliopancreatic Service and in a pathology laboratory. The sample consisted of 64 male and female patients aged 35 to 81 years old with dyspeptic complaints. Histopathological examination and rapid urease test were performed. Data were analyzed by R Corel team 2019 and underwent descriptive (categorical variables) and inferential (Pearson's Chi-squared association test and Mann-Whitney test) analyzes. The significance level adopted was 5%. Results: The rapid urease test showed that ten patients were true positive, 39 true negative, three false-positive, and 12 false-negative, and sensitivity was of 45.4% (25.1% to 67.3%), specificity 92.9% (79.4% to 98.1), positive predictive value of 76.9% (45.9-93.8%), negative predictive value of 76.5% (62.2% to 86.7%), accuracy of 76.6% (64.0% to 85.9%), diagnostic odds ratio of 10.8 (2.56% to 45.9), Youden index 0.38 (0.38% to 0.60), and error rate 23.4 (14.1% to 36.0%). Conclusion: The rapid urease test showed low ability to detect infected patients, lower accuracy compared to the pathological study, and high specificity. The test may be useful at the time of endoscopy, as it provides a quick and inexpensive result to detect H. pylori. The diagnosis of the bacterium is more reliable when both methods for H. pylori investigation are performed

Management of complicated inflammatory fibroid polyp by partial laparoscopic esophagogastrectomy - A case report.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory fibroid polyps (IFP), known as Vanek tumors, are benign neoplasms, usually located in the stomach and small bowel. The prognosis is good in long term. CLINICAL CASE: We report a 24-year-old woman, with 3 days history of abdominal pain located in the epigastrium, accompanied by melenic evacuations and weight loss since the last month, making the diagnosis of inflammatory fibroid gastric polyp by means of the upper endoscopy and biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: IFP are extremely rare neoplasms in the Mexican population. The symptoms range from asymptomatic, epigastralgia, anemia, and weight loss to intestinal obstruction. Its diagnosis is histopathological.

ANTECEDENTES: Los pólipos inflamatorios fibroideos, conocidos como tumores de Vanek, son neoplasias benignas localizadas en el antro gástrico y en el intestino delgado. El pronóstico es bueno a largo plazo. CASO CLÍNICO: Mujer de 24 años, ingre sada por 3 días de evolución con epigastralgia, acompañada de evacuaciones melénicas y pérdida de peso de 2 kg en el último mes. Se diagnostica, por endoscopía y biopsia, un pólipo inflamatorio fibroideo gástrico. CONCLUSIONES: Los pólipos inflamatorios fibroideos gástricos son neoplasias extremadamente raras en la población mexicana. Sus síntomas varían desde cuadros asintomáticos, epigastralgias, anemia y pérdida de peso hasta obstrucción intestinal. Su diagnóstico es histopatológico.