Association between non-esterified fatty acids and calcium concentrations at calving with early lactation clinical diseases, fertility and culling in grazing dairy cows in Uruguay.

This study describes the association of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and calcium concentrations at calving with early lactation disease, reproductive performance and culling in 646 dairy cows from 13 commercial grazing dairy herds in Uruguay. During one year, health events were recorded from calving to 30 days in milk (DIM). The first author visited each farm every 20 days. During each visit, body condition score (BCS) was recorded (scale 1-5), defining BCS < 3 as suboptimal and BCS > 3 as optimal, and a blood sample was taken from cows between 0 and 4 DIM for metabolite determination. To evaluate the association between health events (i.e., retained placenta-metritis and clinical mastitis) and risk factors (parity, BCS, high NEFA (> 0.6 mmol/L) and subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) (< 2.10 mM)) data were analysed using multivariable logistic regression models. To evaluate the association of health events and risk factors with reproductive performance and culling, data were analysed using Cox proportional hazard regression models. A risk factor and an outcome of interest were assumed to be associated at P < 0.05 and a tendency to be associated was defined at P < 0.10. Overall, 47 % (n = 303) of the cows showed elevated NEFA concentration and 77 % (n = 499) had SCH. In addition, 21.5 % (n = 139) of the cows recorded at least one clinical disease. Cumulative incidence was 17 % (n = 109) for clinical mastitis, 4.2 % (n = 27) for retained placenta (RP)-metritis and 1.4 % (n = 7) for lameness. Clinical mastitis was associated with parity, with lower odds in primiparous (PP) cows (OR = 0.42, P < 0.01). Cows in an optimal BCS also tended to have lower odds (OR = 0.66, P = 0.07). Moreover, high NEFA and SCH cows had higher odds of CM (OR = 4.5, P = 0.01 and OR = 1.75, P = 0.04, respectively). Retained placenta-metritis tended to be associated with high NEFA concentration (OR = 2.2, P = 0.06). Primiparous cows with suboptimal BCS showed an increased first insemination rate (HR = 2.34; P < 0.01). The risk of culling was lower in PP cows (HR = 0.19; P < 0.01) and in cows with optimal BCS and low NEFA concentration (HR = 0.38; P = 0.03). Our data show that metabolic challenge (defined as peripartum suboptimal BCS, high NEFA or SCH) is associated with increased odds of clinical mastitis and RP-metritis, decreased probability of insemination and increased hazard of culling. Under grazing conditions, we suggest that farm management to improve the metabolic adaptation to lactation represents an opportunity to enhance cow performance in terms of health, fertility and longevity.

Development of a tool to calculate the probability of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy: a prospective study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the ability of the percentage of decrease in serum PTH level in the first 8 h after total thyroidectomy (TT) to predict hypocalcemia requiring Ca supplementation and develop a tool to predict it. METHODS: 97 patients who underwent TT with measurement of preoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were prospectively evaluated 1 and 8 h after TT; postoperative magnesium (Mg2PO) and phosphorus levels were evaluated on the 2nd day after surgery. The percentage of decrease in PTH level 1 h (%dPTH1h) and 8 h (%dPTH8h) postoperatively and predictors of hypocalcemia requiring Ca supplementation were evaluated and an equation was developed to predict this outcome. RESULTS: %dPTH1h (p = 0.002), %dPTH8h (p = 0.001) and (Mg2PO) (p < 0.01) were isolated predictors of postoperative hypocalcemia requiring Ca supplementation. The data obtained led to the development of two tools to predict this complication. CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of decrease in PTH level 1 h and 8 h postoperatively and the magnesium level on the 2nd day after surgery were predictors of more severe hypocalcemia, and an auxiliary tool for predicting this complication was developed.

Safety of cinacalcet in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder: systematic review and proportional meta-analysis of case series.

BACKGROUND: Mineral and bone disease in children with chronic kidney disease can cause abnormalities in calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D and when left untreated can result in impaired growth, bone deformities, fractures, and vascular calcification. Cinacalcet is a calcimimetic widely used as a therapy to reduce parathyroid hormone levels in the adult population, with hypocalcemia among its side effects. The analysis of safety in the pediatric population is questioned due to the scarcity of randomized clinical trials in this group. OBJECTIVE: To assess the onset of symptomatic hypocalcemia or other adverse events (serious or non-serious) with the use of cinacalcet in children and adolescents with mineral and bone disorder in chronic kidney disease. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: The bibliographic search identified 2699 references from 1927 to August/2023 (57 LILACS, 44 Web of Science, 686 PubMed, 131 Cochrane, 1246 Scopus, 535 Embase). Four references were added from the bibliography of articles found and 12 references from the gray literature (Clinical Trials). Of the 77 studies analyzed in full, 68 were excluded because they did not meet the following criteria: population, types of studies, medication, publication types and 1 article that did not present results (gray literature). PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: There were 149 patients aged 0-18 years old with Chronic Kidney Disease and mineral bone disorder who received cinacalcet. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: Nine eligible studies were examined for study type, size, intervention, and reported outcomes. RESULTS: There was an incidence of 0.2% of fatal adverse events and 16% of serious adverse events (p < 0.01 and I2 = 69%), in addition to 10.7% of hypocalcemia, totaling 45.7% of total adverse events. LIMITATIONS: There was a bias in demographic information and clinical characteristics of patients in about 50% of the studies and the majority of the studies were case series. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS: If used in the pediatric population, the calcimimetic cinacalcet should be carefully monitored for serum calcium levels and attention to possible adverse events, especially in children under 50 months. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER (PROSPERO REGISTER): CRD42019132809.

Factores de riesgo, predictores y tratamiento de hipocalcemia en pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía / Risk factors, predictors and treatment of hypocalcemia in patients undergoing thyroidectomy

La tiroidectomía total es la intervención más frecuentemente realizada en cirugía endocrina. En manos de cirujanos experimentados el riesgo de hipocalcemia post- tiroidectomía disminuye; sin embargo, sigue siendo la principal complicación, alcanzando incidencia hasta 60%. Diversos factores son capaces de predecir el riesgo de hipocalcemia: bioquímicos, quirúrgicos, fisiopatológicos. Se realizó búsqueda en internet de artículos originales, revisiones sistemáticas y artículos de revisión en español e inglés, utilizando plataformas y motores de búsqueda (PubMed, Scielo, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud de Honduras, Google académico), período 2014-2023, utilizando los términos tiroidectomía, hipocalcemia, hipoparatiroidismo, para recopilar datos de diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la hipocalcemia post-tiroidectomía. Se concluyó que la hipocalcemia es la complicación más común posterior a una tiroidectomía. Los predictores de hipocalcemia fueron el calcio sérico, hormona paratiroidea (PTH), vitamina D y magnesio preoperatorio. Los pacientes que desarrollen hipocalcemia deben manejarse según el calcio sérico evaluado la mañana siguiente a la cirugía...(AU)

The effects of adequate dietary calcium intake in patients with hypoparathyroidism non-adherent to treatment: a prospective randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: A significant problem that compels clinicians in the conventional treatment of hypoparathyroidism is patients' non-adherence to treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adequate Ca intake with dietary recommendations among hypoparathyroidism patients who persistently use Ca supplementation irregularly on plasma Ca and phosphate levels. METHODS: This prospective, randomized, controlled study was conducted on patients diagnosed with chronic hypoparathyroidism who persistently interrupt Ca supplementation therapy and therefore have a hypocalcemic course. Patients with a total daily Ca intake below 800 mg were randomized. All patients were advised to keep the doses of active vitamin D and Ca supplements they were currently using. The patients in the study group (n=32) were advised to consume 1,000-1,200 mg of Ca daily, and the patients in the control group (n=35) were advised to continue their diet according to their daily habits. After 12 weeks of follow-up, the patients' laboratory values were compared between groups to assess treatment goals. RESULTS: The mean of the total Ca level was 8.56±0.36 mg/dL in the study group and was found to be significantly higher than that in the control group, which was 7.67±0.48 mg/dL (p<0.001). The mean serum phosphate and serum Ca-P product levels were significantly higher in the study group (p<0.001) but did not exceed the safe upper limits in any patient. CONCLUSION: A suitable increase in dietary Ca intake could effectively control hypocalcemia in patients with hypoparathyroidism who persistently interrupt the recommended calcium supplementation.

Bilateral giant parathyroid adenoma and hungry bone syndrome: a case report.

BACKGROUND: There is some evidence supporting the idea that double parathyroid adenomas represent a different entity from multiglandular hyperplasia; however, the distinction among them is not straightforward. CASE PRESENTATION: We described a case of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) with pronounced clinical manifestations, caused by a bilateral giant parathyroid adenoma. A 34-year-old Hispanic/Latino male was diagnosed with PHPT caused by two giant parathyroid adenomas. The preoperative tests were neck ultrasound and computed tomography scan (CT-scan), showing two masses in the territory of parathyroid glands, bilaterally distributed (right was 31 × 18 × 19 mm and the left was 38 × 15 × 14 mm); sestamibi scan was not available. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) was highly elevated. Multiple complications of PHPT were present, such as bone lytic lesions, renal and pancreatic calcifications, and cardiovascular disease, the latter of which is an overlooked complication of PHPT. Multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 and 2 (MEN 1/2) were ruled out by the absence of clinical, biochemical, and radiological findings in other endocrine glands. The patient underwent subtotal parathyroidectomy with an intraoperative histopathological study; both intraoperative and definitive histopathology results were consistent with parathyroid adenomas; afterward, adequate suppression of PTH was assured, and later on, the patient presented hungry bone syndrome (HBS). CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of double parathyroid adenomas is difficult. Regarding the similarities between multiglandular hyperplasia and parathyroid adenomas, this case report contributes to the further distinction between these two clinical entities. This case report also represents, in particular, the challenge of difficult diagnosis in places with limited resources, such as developing countries.

Incidencia de Hipocalcemia Post Tiroidectomía. Factores predictores (PTH, Fósforo, Magnesio) y protocolo de manejo con alta precoz / Post-Thyroidectomy Hypocalcemia: Incidence, Prediction, and Outpatient Management Strategies Based on PTH and Calcium Levels

Se ha propuesto la medición de PTH como predictor de hipocalcemia postoperatoria transitoria y permanente. No hay un estándar de punto de corte o tiempo de toma de muestra. El OBJETIVO es reportar la incidencia de hipocalcemia post tiroidectomía en un grupo quirúrgico de alto volumen y proponer un protocolo de manejo ambulatorio (esquemas de I a V) según niveles postoperatorios (PO) de calcemia, PTHi (normal, baja o indetectable) y síntomas. Y determinar valores de PTH postoperatoria como predictores de hipocalcemia. En 106 pacientes con tiroidectomía total entre 2019 y 2021 se realiza medición de niveles pre y postoperatorios de calcio, magnesio, fosforo y PTHi. Se observó 29% y 1% de hipocalcemia transitoria ( 12 meses). Los puntos de corte para predecir hipocalcemia fueron PTH < 8,8 pg/ml y < 80% de descenso de % de PTH (d % PTH) al día siguiente. Con el manejo propuesto se indica el alta precoz (promedio 1.05 días) y el costo de la prescripción es acotado. No hay asociación significativa de hipomagnesemia e hiperfosfemia PO con la hipocalcemia PO. El tratamiento más utilizado es de carbonato de calcio exclusivo (esquemas I y II). Los pacientes se mantienen con síntomas leves a las 2 semanas PO en 5% y logran suspender el tratamiento vía oral en 93% en este mismo período. Los protocolos de medición de PTH como predictor de hipocalcemia son muy variados. Cada centro debe conocer y establecer sus propios protocolos de manejo. Con esta experiencia demostramos la utilidad y seguridad de un esquema de manejo basado en calcemia, PTH (normal, baja o indetectable) y síntomas, con indicación de tratamiento profiláctico para todos los pacientes y ajuste ambulatorio seguro y de menor costo que una hospitalización prolongada.

INTRODUCTION: PTH measurement has been proposed to predict transient and permanent postoperative hypocalcemia. There is no standard cut-off point or time for sampling. Aim: To report the incidence of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia in a high-volume surgical group and propose an outpatient management protocol according to postoperative (PO) calcium levels, iPTH (normal, low, or undetectable), and symptoms. Furthermore, determine postoperative PTH values as predictors of hypocalcemia. Methods: In 106 patients with total thyroidectomy between 2019 and 2021, pre-and postoperative levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and iPTH were measured. Results: Transient ( 12 months) hypocalcemia was observed in 29% and 1%. Cut-off points to predict hypocalcemia were PTH < 8.8 pg/mL and < 80% decrease in % PTH (d% PTH) the day after surgery. With the proposed management, early discharge is indicated (an average of 1.05 days), and the prescription cost is limited. There is no significant association between PO hypomagnesemia and hyperphosphatemia with PO hypocalcemia. The most widely used treatment is exclusive calcium carbonate (schemes I and II). Patients remain with mild symptoms at two weeks PO in 5% and discontinue oral treatment in 93% in this period. Conclusions: Protocols for measuring PTH as a hypocalcemia predictor vary. Each center must know and establish its management protocols. With this experience, we demonstrate the usefulness and safety of a management scheme based on calcium, PTH (normal, low, or undetectable), and symptoms with an indication of prophylactic treatment for all patients and a safe outpatient setting at a lower cost than prolonged hospitalization.

Utilidad de la medición de la hormona paratiroidea sérica como predictor de hipocalcemia posterior a tiroidectomía: Un estudio observacional de centro único / Utility of serum parathyroid hormone measurement as a predictor of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia: A single-center observational study

Introducción: La prevalencia del cáncer de tiroides es del 4 al 7%, en Ecuador alcanza una tasa de 16/100.000 habitantes, en la mayoría de casos requiere resolución quirúrgica asociando una tasa de complicaciones del 2 al 15%, de estas la hipocalcemia representa al menos el 10.9%. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la utilidad de la medición de la hormona paratiroidea sérica (PTH) como predictor de hipocalcemia posterior a tiroidectomía. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico de pacientes con tiroidectomía en el Hospital Metropolitano de Quito, en el periodo enero del 2017 a diciembre del 2019. Se analizaron variables demográficas, clínicas, quirúrgicas y complicaciones. Se comparó la relación de la PTH con la presencia de hipocalcemia clínica, serológica o ambas mediante RP, sensibilidad, especificidad, VPP, VPN, LR. Otras variables confusoras se analizaron mediante regresión logística multinomial comparando sus OR. Resultados: Se incluyeron 212 registros, 15.6% hombres y 84.4% mujeres, con promedio de 52.1 años. La indicación principal de tiroidectomía fue por Carcinoma papilar 123 (58.0%). Las complicaciones fueron el 22.7%. Un total de 48 pacientes desarrollaron hipocalcemia. Los niveles de PTH < 10 ng/l predicen la hipocalcemia con sensibilidad de 0.55, especificidad 0.78, VPP: 43%, VPN: 85%, RP fue 2.91 (IC 95% 1.06 - 8.01). Conclusiones: La cuantificación de PTH en 10 ng/l o menos, es útil para predecir hipocalcemia clínica en los pacientes sometidos a tiroidectomía total.

Introduction: The prevalence of thyroid cancer is from 4 to 7%; in Ecuador, it reaches a rate of 16/per 100,000 inhabitants; in most cases, it requires surgical resolution associated with a complication rate of 2 to 15%, of this hypocalcemia represents at least minus 10.9%. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of measuring serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) as a predictor of hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study of patients with thyroidectomy was carried out at the Metropolitan Hospital of Quito from January 2017 to December 2019. Demographic, clinical, surgical, and complication variables were analyzed. PTH's relationship with clinical or serological hypocalcemia or both was compared using PR, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and LR. Other confounding variables were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression comparing their ORs. Results: A total of 212 records were included, 15.6% men and 84.4% women, with an average age of 52.1 years. The main indication for thyroidectomy was papillary carcinoma 123 (58.0%). Complications were 22.7%. A total of 48 patients developed hypocalcemia. PTH levels < 10 ng/l predict hypocalcemia with a sensitivity of 0.55, specificity of 0.78, PPV: 43%, NPV: 85%, and PR was 2.91 (95% CI 1.06 - 8.01). Conclusions: PTH quantification of 10 ng/l or less helps predict clinical hypocalcemia in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy.

Postoperative serum magnesium levels as a predictor for the need for calcium replacement after total thyroidectomy: a prospective study.

Objective: Our aim was to assess the ability of serum magnesium (Mg), measured on the first postoperative day (Mg1PO), to predict the need for calcium (Ca) replacement in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy (TT). Subjects and methods: Eighty patients undergoing TT, with Mg1PO and PTH dosage in the first (PTH1h) and eighth (PTH8h) hours after TT, were evaluated for the need for Ca replacement. Data were evaluated by uni/multivariate logistic regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: 32 patients (40%) required Ca replacement. Median PTH1h, PTH8h and Mg1PO were higher in the no replacement group: 17 versus (vs) 3 pg/mL (p < 0.001), 18.2 vs 3.0 pg/mL (p < 0.001) and 2 vs 1.6 mg/dL (p < 0.001), respectively. Mg1PO was the isolated predictor for this replacement (odds ratio = 0.0004, 95% confidence interval: 0.000003-0.04; p = 0.001), with the cut-off value of 1.8 mg/dL showing sensitivity and specificity of 78.1% and 87.5%, respectively. Conclusion: In this group of patients, serum Mg1PO was the isolated predictor for the need for Ca replacement.

Is parathyroid allotransplantation a viable option in the treatment of permanent hypoparathyroidism? A review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: The standard clinical treatment for hypoparathyroidism, replacement of calcium and vitamin metabolites (calcitriol), has been used for decades; however, evidence points to its inefficiency in acting on the pathophysiology of the disease, which may precipitate or aggravate conditions already related to hypoparathyroidism. Therapies based on recombinant human parathyroid hormone have emerged in recent years but still have low availability due to their high cost. Parathyroid allotransplantation (Pt-a) has been reported as a strategy for treating more severe cases. METHODS: This narrative review highlights relevant aspects of conventional permanent hypoparathyroidism treatment and provides a comprehensive and critical review of the reports of applications of Pt-a, especially those carried out in recent years. Particular focus is placed on the following key points: parathyroid immunogenicity, immunosuppression regimens (short-term or chronic), techniques to reduce the expression of immunogenic molecules, follow-up time, and reductions in calcium and vitamin D supplementation. CONCLUSION: Pt-a has been considered a safe and relatively low-cost therapy and is believed to have the potential to cure the disease, in addition to treating symptoms. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in treatment protocols; therefore, more studies are required to improve the standardization of the procedure and thus improve the consistency of outcomes.

Endocrine Abnormalities and Growth Characterization in Colombian Pediatric Patients with 22q11 Deletion Syndrome

Objective: Several endocrine manifestations have been described in patients with 22q11 deletion syndrome, including growth retardation, hypoparathyroidism, and thyroid disorders. This study aimed to characterize these abnormalities in a Colombian retrospective cohort of children with this condition. Methods: A retrospective study comprising a cohort of children with 22q11 deletion syndrome in Medellín, Colombia followed up between 2011 and 2017 was conducted. Results: Thirty-seven patients with a confirmed diagnosis of 22q11 deletion syndrome were included. 37.8% had some endocrinopathy, the most frequent being hypoparathyroidism (21.6%), followed by hypothyroidism (13.5%), hyperthyroidism (2.7%) and growth hormone deficiency (2.7%). There was wide heterogeneity in the clinical presentation, with late onset of severe hypocalcemia associated with seizure or precipitated in postoperative cardiac surgery, which highlights the importance of continuous follow-up as indicated by the guidelines. Short stature was mainly related to nutritional factors. Growth monitoring is required with the use of syndrome-specific charts and careful monitoring of the growth rate. Conclusion: As previously reported, a significant proportion of patients with endocrine abnormalities were found in this cohort. This highlights that it is essential to carry out an adequate multidisciplinary follow-up, based on the specific clinical guidelines, in order to avoid serious complications such as convulsions due to hypocalcemia. It is important to track size with curves specific to the syndrome and analyze the growth rate.

[Post-Thyroidectomy Hypocalcemia: Incidence, Prediction, and Outpatient Management Strategies Based on PTH and Calcium Levels]. / Incidencia de Hipocalcemia Post Tiroidectomía. Factores predictores (PTH, Fósforo, Magnesio) y protocolo de manejo con alta precoz.

INTRODUCTION: PTH measurement has been proposed to predict transient and permanent postoperative hypocalcemia. There is no standard cut-off point or time for sampling. AIM: To report the incidence of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia in a high-volume surgical group and propose an outpatient management protocol according to postoperative (PO) calcium levels, iPTH (normal, low, or undetectable), and symptoms. Furthermore, determine postoperative PTH values as predictors of hypocalcemia. METHODS: In 106 patients with total thyroidectomy between 2019 and 2021, pre-and postoperative levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and iPTH were measured. RESULTS: Transient (< 12 months) and permanent (> 12 months) hypocalcemia was observed in 29% and 1%. Cut-off points to predict hypocalcemia were PTH < 8.8 pg/mL and < 80% decrease in % PTH (d% PTH) the day after surgery. With the proposed management, early discharge is indicated (an average of 1.05 days), and the prescription cost is limited. There is no significant association between PO hypomagnesemia and hyperphosphatemia with PO hypocalcemia. The most widely used treatment is exclusive calcium carbonate (schemes I and II). Patients remain with mild symptoms at two weeks PO in 5% and discontinue oral treatment in 93% in this period. CONCLUSIONS: Protocols for measuring PTH as a hypocalcemia predictor vary. Each center must know and establish its management protocols. With this experience, we demonstrate the usefulness and safety of a management scheme based on calcium, PTH (normal, low, or undetectable), and symptoms with an indication of prophylactic treatment for all patients and a safe outpatient setting at a lower cost than prolonged hospitalization.

Blood concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and dietary cation-anion difference in dairy cows / Concentrações sanguíneas de cálcio, fósforo e magnésio e diferença cátion-ânion da dieta de vacas leiteiras

The objective of this study was to identify the effect of pre and postpartum DCAD on serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in peripartum Holstein cows. Blood samples were collected from 56 cows (18 primiparous and 38 multiparous) on days -7, +7, +14 and +28 relative to parturition, to determine serum levels of total and ionized calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and albumin; diet samples for determination of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and DCAD were collected at the same moments and urine samples were collected at day -7 for measurement of urinary pH. Prepartum DCAD was positively correlated with total calcium (p = 0.02) and with corrected total calcium (p = 0.01) at day -7. There was a negative correlation between prepartum DCAD and magnesium levels at day -7 (p = 0.02). No influence of prepartum DCAD on phosphataemia was observed. Postpartum DCAD did not correlate with serum mineral levels at any time point. Our results demonstrate that prepartum DCAD can influence calcium and magnesium homeostasis, but not phosphorus. In addition, parity and time period should be considered when evaluating serum levels of these minerals in Holstein cows during transition period.

Objetivou-se identificar o efeito da DCAD pré e pós-parto nos níveis séricos de cálcio, fósforo e magnésio, em vacas Holandesas em periparto. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 56 vacas (18 primiparas e 38 multiparas) nos dias -7, +7, +14 e +28 em relação ao parto, para determinação dos níveis séricos de cálcio total e ionizado, fósforo, magnésio e albumina; amostras de alimento foram coletadas nos mesmos momentos para determinação dos níveis cálcio, fósforo, magnésio e DCAD dietético; e amostras de urina foram coletadas no dia -7, para mensuração do pH urinário. A DCAD pré-parto foi positivamente correlacionada com cálcio total (P = 0,02) e com cálcio total corrigido (P = 0,01) no dia -7. Houve correlação negativa entre a DCAD pré-parto e os níveis de magnésio no momento -7 (P = 0,02). Não houve influência da DCAD pré-parto na fosfatemia. A DCAD pós-parto não se correlacionou com os níveis séricos de minerais em nenhum momento. Os resultados demonstram que a DCAD pré-parto pode influenciar na homeostase do cálcio e do magnésio, mas não do fósforo. Além disso, as variáveis paridade e tempo devem ser consideradas ao se avaliarem os níveis séricos desses minerais em bovinos leiteiros da raça Holandesa em transição.

Valor pronóstico de la parathormona postoperatoria de 24 horas en el manejo de la hipocalcemia tras tiroidectomía total en un hospital de Valencia durante 2012-2019 / Prognostic value of 24-hour postoperative parathormone in the management of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy in a hospital in Valencia during 2012-2019

Introducción: La hipocalcemia por hipoparatiroidismo es la complicación más frecuente tras tiroidectomía total. Un factor predictor importante de hipocalcemia es la parathormona postoperatoria, pero el momento en el que otorga mejores resultados predictivos aún se discute. Objetivo: El objetivo es analizar el valor pronóstico de la parathormona postoperatoria a las 24 horas como indicador de hipocalcemia, en comparación con la seriación de los niveles de calcio. Metodología: Estudio observacional retrospectivo y descriptivo de 297 pacientes intervenidos de tiroidectomía total durante ocho años. Los pacientes fueron clasificados en tres grupos de riesgo según la parathormona postoperatoria (alto, medio y bajo riesgo). Para comparar la parathormona frente al calcio postoperatorio como predictor de hipocalcemia, se obtuvieron curvas ROC y áreas debajo de la curva. Resultados: El riesgo relativo de tener hipocalcemia con parathormona ≤15 pg/mL es de 353,4 (p = 0,00). La prueba de parathormona postoperatoria (≤15 pg/mL a las 24 h) obtuvo una sensibilidad del 96,25 % para la detección de hipocalcemia, especificidad del 94,06 % y precisión global del 95,03 %. El grupo de alto riesgo (parathormona ≤15 pg/mL) concentra la mayoría de los pacientes con hipocalcemia, y abarca la totalidad de los casos permanentes. Conclusiones: La parathormona postoperatoria a las 24 horas de la tiroidectomía total es un test con un valor pronóstico considerable, capaz de predecir el riesgo de hipocalcemia postquirúrgica. Se encontró que los pacientes con parathormona >15 pg/mL pueden ser dados de alta de manera segura.

Introduction: Hypocalcemia due to hypoparathyroidism is the most frequent complication after total thyroidectomy. An important predictive factor of hypocalcaemia is postoperative parathormone (PTH), but the optimal time for testing PTH levels is under discussion. Objectives: The objective is to analyze the prognostic value of postoperative PTH at 24 hours as an indicator of hypocalcaemia, compared to serum calcium levels. Methodology: Descriptive retrospective observational study of 297 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy over an 8-year period. The patients were classified into 3 risk groups according to postoperative parathormone (high, medium and low risk). To compare parathormone versus postoperative calcium as a predictor of hypocalcemia, ROC curves and areas under the curve (AUC) were obtained. Results: The relative risk of having hypocalcemia with parathormone ≤ 15 pg/mL is 353.4 (p = 0.00). The postoperative parathormone test (≤ 15 pg / mL at 24h) obtained a sensitivity of 96.25% for the detection of hypocalcemia, specificity of 94.06% and global precision of 95.03%. The high-risk group (parathormone ≤ 15 pg/mL) accounts for the vast majority of patients with hypocalcemia and covers all permanent cases. Conclusions: Postoperative levels 24 hours after total thyroidectomy is a test with considerable prognostic value, capable of predicting the risk of postsurgical hypocalcemia. Patients with levels over > 15 pg/mL can be safely discharged.

Hypoparathyroidism: update of guidelines from the 2022 International Task Force.

The 2022 International Task Force guidelines for chronic hypoparathyroidism will be published within several months in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. These guidelines update the original guidelines published in 2016, and include new information from literature published since then. Chronic postsurgical hypoparathyroidism is now defined as lasting for at least 12 months after surgery, rather than 6 months. Chronic postsurgical hypoparathyroidism may be predicted by serum PTH <10 pg/mL in the first 12-24 hours after surgery. The most common symptoms and complications of chronic hypoparathyroidism based on the literature are summarized in detail. How to monitor and manage patients with hypoparathyroidism is described in detail where recommendations can be given. These guidelines are intended to frame the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic hypoparathyroidism for at least the next five years.

The effect of body mass index on parathyroidectomy complications in primary hyperparathyroidism.

OBJECTIVE: There are few studies evaluating the effect of high body mass index (BMI) on parathyroid surgery. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the BMI and post-operative outcome of the patients who were operated for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Hospital files of patients who were operated for PHP between January 2013 and January 2020 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients operated by surgeons experienced in endocrine surgery (more than 25 cases/year) were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups according to BMI (Group 1 < and Group 2 ≥ 25). Data were analyzed. RESULTS: Groups were similar in terms of age (p = 0.715) and sex (p = 0.253). There was no significant difference between groups regarding postoperative hospital stay (p = 0.561), rate of transient hypocalcemia (p = 0.748), or permanent hypocalcemia (p = 0.530). The mean operative time was shorter in Group 1 (84 min in Group 1 and 70 min in Group 2, p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Parathyroid surgery can safely be performed in patients with high BMI by surgeons experienced in endocrine surgery.

OBJETIVOS: Existen pocos estudios evaluando el efecto de un alto índice de masa corporal (IMC) en la cirugía de paratiroides. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la relación entre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y el resultado posoperatorio depacientes que fueron operados por hiperparatiroidismo primario (PHP). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Expedientes de pacientes que fueron operados por PHP entre enero de 2013 y enero de 2020 fueron revisados retrospectivamente. Pacientes operados por ciruganoscon experiencia en cirugía endocrina (más de 25 casos por año) fueron incluidos. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos de acuerdo a IMC (grupo 1 < 25 y grupo 2 ≥ 25). Los datos fueron analizados. RESULTADOS: Los grupos eran similares en cuanto a edad (p = 0.715) y sexo (p = 0.253). No hubo diferencia significativa entre los grupos en relación con la permanencia hospitalaria posoperatoria (p = 0.561), taza de hipocalcemia transitoria (p = 0.748) ohipocalcemia permanente (p = 0.530). La media de tiempo de operación fue menor en el grupo 1 (84 minutos en el grupo 1 y 70 minutos en el grupo 2, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIÓN: La cirugía de paratiroides puede ser realizada con seguridad en pacientes con alto IMC por ciruganos con experiencia en cirugía endocrina.

Tratamiento del hipoparatiroidismo postquirúrgico permanente, servicio endocrinología, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de noviembre, México 2020 / Permanent post-surgical hypoparathyroidism treatment response, outpatient consultation Endocrinology Service, ISSSTE, 2020

El hipoparatiroidismo postquirúrgico se caracteriza por hipocalcemia, hiperfosfatemia, e hipercalciuria, secundarios a concentraciones bajas de la hormona paratiroidea. La prevalencia en Estados Unidos es 23-37 casos/100.000 años-persona. Tras la cirugía de cuello ocurre como complicación en 78% de los casos; 75% resuelve espontáneamente en los primeros 6 meses y en el 25% restante es permanente. El tratamiento requiere administrar calcio oral y análogos de vitamina D (calcitriol y alfacalcidol) de forma crónica; en casos complicados se puede emplear calcio intravenoso en el postquirúrgico inmediato y mediato; algunos pacientes no responden a la terapia estándar. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y la respuesta al tratamiento médico en pacientes con hipoparatiroidismo postquirúrgico permanente. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal, con componente analítico mediante revisión de expedientes clínicos de pacientes que asistieron a la consulta externa del Servicio de Endocrinología del Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre; universo 88 expedientes, muestra por conveniencia 55 expedientes. Resultados: 35(63.6%) pacientes alcanzaron control óptimo de tratamiento a dosis de calcio elemental de 5.7-9.79g/24h (p= 0.0001 chi cuadrado), mostrando calcio sérico promedio 8.36 0.55 mg/dl y calcitriol con mediana de 0.5µg/24 h. 15(27.2%) pacientes presentaron efectos secundarios al uso de calcio oral, 3 de ellos requirieron manejo con Hormona Paratiroidea Recombinante Humana para alcanzar control óptimo. Conclusión: el calcio elemental por vía oral continúa siendo la piedra angular en el tratamiento del hipoparatiroidismo post quirúrgico permanente, con pocos efectos adversos. Se recomiendan más estudios aleatorizados para identificar las características de los pacientes candidatos al manejo con Hormona Paratiroidea Recombinante Humana...(AU)

A rare cause of dilated cardiomyopathy: hypocalcemia.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by systolic dysfunction and is usually idiopathic. A rare cause of reversible DCM is hypocalcemia. Calcium plays a key role in myocardial contraction. Hypocalcemia can lead to a decrease in contraction, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (EF). Hypocalcemia-related reversible DCM reports are rare. Herein, we present two cases with heart failure caused by hypocalcemia developed due to hypoparathyroidism. The first case presented with severe heart failure and an extremely low serum calcium level (4.4 mg/dL) due to idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. The second case, which was also admitted with heart failure due to hypocalcemia, had iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism due to a subtotal thyroidectomy. In both cases, patients had reduced left ventricular systolic functions (EF was 33% and 42%, respectively). After calcium replacement and heart failure treatment, calcium levels were normalized. A significant and rapid improvement in heart failure was achieved in both cases (EF 60% and 50%, respectively). Serum calcium levels should always be measured in patients with heart failure, and the etiology of hypocalcemia should be sought. In addition to the standard pharmacotherapy of heart failure with reduced EF, calcium supplementation is essential for treating these patients.