O estudo do comportamento, a dicotomia inato vs. aprendido e sua (possível) superação / Behavior studies, the nature vs. nurture dichotomy and its (possible) overcoming / El estudio del comportamiento, la dicotomía innato vs. aprendido y su (posible) superación / Les études du comportement, la dichotomie inné vs. appris et son (possible) dépassement

Resumo: O debate inato vs. aprendido continua presente na Academia, bem como na sociedade. Considerando tal cenário, este artigo apresenta o desdobrar das discussões que giram em torno das influências ambientais e genéticas, na gênese dos comportamentos. Para isso, primeiramente é apresentada uma reflexão acerca da definição de comportamento com a finalidade de apresentar o objeto da discussão, bem como a imprecisão em sua caracterização. Posteriormente, são destacadas as principais diferenças entre o pensamento behaviorista e o etológico, e em como essas diferenças impactaram a condução de pesquisas, além de sustentar discursos eugenistas e/ou discriminatórios. Por último, disserta-se sobre uma abordagem não-dicotômica ao tema, na forma dos Sistemas em Desenvolvimento, como uma proposta de superação do debate em questão.

Abstract: Given the remaining prominence of nature vs. nurture debate in academia and society, this article discusses environmental and genetic influences on the genesis of behavior. For this purpose, we first present the definition of behavior and discuss the imprecision in its characterization. Next, we examine the main differences between behaviorist and ethological thinking and their impact on research and on the support of eugenic discourses. To conclude, the article discusses a non-dichotomous approach to behavior based on the Developmental Systems Theory framework to overcome such dualism.

Resumen: El debate innato vs. aprendido permanece presente tanto en la academia como en la sociedad. Considerando este escenario, este artículo presenta el desarrollo de discusiones que giran en torno a las influencias ambientales y genéticas en la génesis del comportamiento. Para ello, en primer lugar, se presenta una reflexión sobre la definición de comportamiento con el fin de presentar el objeto de discusión, así como la imprecisión en su caracterización. Posteriormente, se destacan las principales diferencias entre el pensamiento behaviorista y el etológico, y su impacto en la realización de algunas investigaciones, además de fundamentarse en los discursos eugenésicos y/o discriminatorios. Para finalizar, este artículo discute un enfoque no dicotómico del tema, en la modalidad de Sistemas en Desarrollo, como propuesta para superar el debate en cuestión.

Résumé : Le débat inné vs. savant reste toujours présent dans l'Académie ainsi que dans la société. Au vu ce scénario, cet article discute des influences environnementales et génétiques sur la genèse du comportement. Pour ce faire, on reflète sur la définition du comportement et les imprécisions dans sa caractérisation pour ensuite explorer les principales différences entre la pensée béhavioriste et éthologique et leur impact sur certaines recherches et sur le soutien des discours eugéniques. L'article conclu par présentant une approche non dichotomique fondée sur la Developmental Systems Theory pour surmonter le débat en question.

Maternal instinct of imported meat direction cattle and ethology of their calves

The examination of maternal qualities in the ethology of cows and their young offspring, derived from the study on adaptability and productivity of second and third-generation Aberdeen Angus cattle imported to Kazakhstan from Canadian and European selection, is presented in this paper. The findings indicate that Canadian heifers, belonging to the second generation, displayed extended feeding behavior throughout the day, dedicating 33.2 minutes or 2.2% more time to feeding compared to their European counterparts (P < 0.001). Similar disparities between groups were observed in the duration of the ruminant process. Moreover, Canadian heifers consumed water for an additional 2 minutes or 0.6%, which can be attributed to their higher daily feed intake. The calving process of Aberdeen Angus cows generally proceeded smoothly, demonstrating a well-developed maternal instinct towards their offspring. Notably, calves born from Canadian cows exhibited greater agility and achieved the ability to stand on their feet in a shorter time, with an average duration of 41.0 ± 1.60 minutes, which was 11.7% faster than European calves. Additionally, Canadian calves displayed a shorter time to locate their mother's breast, with an average duration of 68.0 ± 7.70 minutes.(AU)

Um capítulo esquecido na história da psicologia? sexualidades desviantes, psicopatologia e normalidade / A forgotten chapter in the history of psychology? deviant sexualities, psychopathology, and normality / ¿Un capítulo olvidado en la historia de la psicología? sexualidades desviadas, psicopatología y normalidad

Este artigo tem como objetivo produzir uma análise histórica sobre as intersecções entre Psicologia e sexualidade desviantes da norma no Brasil, de fins do século XIX a meados da década de 1980. Esta temporalidade foi escolhida por abarcar o surgimento das pesquisas científicas sobre sexualidade e desvios sexuais, a consolidação dos estudos psicológicos sobre a temática e o processo mais recente de despatologização da homossexualidade. Em termos teóricos e metodológicos, foram adotados os pressupostos da História Social da Psicologia e da historiografia das homossexualidades no Brasil. Desse modo, buscou-se compreender como as ideias, concepções e práticas psicológicas foram mudando ao longo do tempo, em conexão com as transformações socioculturais e políticas que ocorreram durante o século XX. Para isto, foram utilizadas fontes primárias e secundárias de pesquisa com vistas à produção de interpretações sobre as conexões entre as ideias, os atores e os eventos narrados. Argumenta-se, ao longo do artigo, que as ideias e práticas psicológicas estão intrinsecamente conectadas aos contextos socioculturais e políticos de seu tempo, sendo os movimentos dinâmicos e os conflitos presentes nesses contextos fatores determinantes para a sua constituição.(AU)

This article aims to produce a historical analysis of the intersections between Psychology and sexualities that deviate from the norm in Brazil, from the late 19th century to the mid-1980s. This period was chosen because it encompasses the emergence of scientific research on sexuality and sexual deviations, the consolidation of psychological studies on the subject and the most recent process of de-pathologization of homosexuality. Theoretically and methodologically, the assumptions of the Social History of Psychology and the historiography of homosexualities in Brazil were adopted. Therefore, we sought to understand how psychological ideas, conceptions and practices have changed over time, in connection with the sociocultural and political transformations that occurred throughout the 20th century. For this, primary and secondary sources of research were used to produce interpretations about the connections between the ideas, the actors and the narrated events. It is argued, throughout the article, that the psychological ideas and practices are intrinsically connected to the sociocultural and political contexts of their time, being the dynamic movements and conflicts present in these contexts determining factors for their constitution.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis histórico de las intersecciones entre la Psicología y las sexualidades desviadas de la norma en Brasil desde finales del siglo XIX hasta mediados de la década de 1980. Esta temporalidad fue elegida por abarcar el surgimiento de las investigaciones científicas sobre sexualidad y desvíos sexuales, la consolidación de los estudios psicológicos sobre el tema y el más reciente proceso de despatologización de la homosexualidad. En el marco teórico y metodológico, se adoptaron los presupuestos de la Historia Social de la Psicología y de la historiografía de las homosexualidades en Brasil. De esta manera, se pretende comprender cómo las ideas, concepciones y prácticas psicológicas han cambiado a lo largo del tiempo, en conexión con las transformaciones socioculturales y políticas ocurridas durante el siglo XX. Para ello, se utilizaron las fuentes de investigación primarias y secundarias con miras a generar interpretaciones sobre las conexiones entre las ideas, los actores y los eventos narrados. Se argumenta, a lo largo de este artículo, que las ideas y las prácticas psicológicas están intrínsecamente conectadas a los contextos socioculturales y políticos de su tiempo, y los movimientos dinámicos y los conflictos presentes en estos contextos fueron los factores determinantes para su constitución.(AU)

Momentos de "des-existir" e espaços vazios de "des-existência" / Moments of "de-existing" and empty spaces of "de-existence" / Momentos de "des-existir" y espacios vacíos de "des-existencia"

A utilização do conceito des-existir, usado por mim neste e em outros trabalhos, resulta de uma necessidade de nomear e delimitar situações em geral transitórias limitadas à esfera psíquica. Diferencia-se do conceito de matar, verbo ativo que implica na ação de um sujeito, seja em termos físicos ou metafóricos. Assim como diferencia-se também do conceito de morrer, ligado a algo mais definitivo em termos naturais ou figurados. Des-existir refere-se a uma situação momentânea, temporária e às vezes prolongada, em que o sujeito entra em processo de falência como sujeito psíquico por desinvestimento. Pode ser des-existido em diferentes graus de apagamento em um espectro que se estende entre a situação ativa de sujeito e a condição passiva de objeto da pulsão de morte (AU)

I employ the idea of de-existing, in this and other papers, as a result from an urge to name and delimit usually transient situations limited to the psychic sphere. It differs from the idea of killing, active verb that implies the action of a subject, in physical or metaphorical terms. As well as it also differs from the idea of dying, connected to something more definitive in natural or figurative terms. De-existing refers to a momentary, temporary situation, sometimes long-lasting, in which, due to disinvestment, the subject goes into a process of failure as psychic subject. It may be de-existed in different levels of effacement in a spectrum that extends between the active situation as subject and the passive condition of object of the death drive (AU)

El uso del concepto des-existir, que utilizo en este y otros trabajos, resulta de una necesidad de nombrar y delimitar en general situaciones transitorias limitadas a la esfera psíquica. Se diferencia del concepto de matar, verbo activo que implica la acción de un sujeto, ya sea en términos físicos o metafóricos. Además, también se diferencia del concepto de morir, ligado a algo más definitivo en términos naturales o figurativos. El des-existir se refiere a una situación momentánea, temporal y en ocasiones prolongada en la que el sujeto entra en proceso de desplome como sujeto psíquico debido a la desinversión. Puede ser des-existido en diferentes grados de desvanecimiento en un espectro que se extiende entre la situación activa del sujeto y la condición pasiva de objeto de la pulsión de muerte (AU)

Escrituras do grito em Antonin Artaud / Ecritures du cri chez Antonin Artaud / Escrituras del grito en Antinin Artaud / Scream scriptures in Antonin Artaud

Resumo Este texto decanta da experiência de escuta-leitura da obra de Antonin Artaud e recolhe, nas construções do poeta, efeitos de testemunho acerca de um tempo de soltura entre voz e palavra, quando o que emerge é o grito. Este estudo acerca da voz e das tentativas de escritura do inominável conduz a uma pergunta auxiliar sobre o corpo. Nessa composição, destaca-se, a partir dos fios da psicanálise, lalangue - articulador teórico que enlaça corpo e palavra, voz e escrita. É a partir de lalangue que o artigo se inclina em direção à obra de Artaud para percorrer a travessia do grito desde o vazio da voz desancorada da palavra em um momento de queda do sujeito para um espaço/tempo de endereçamento e existência - existência que se sustentará corporificada na obra de Artaud.

Résumé Ce texte parle de l'expérience de l'écoute-lecture de l'oeuvre d'Antonin Artaud et recueille dans les constructions du poète des effets de témoignage sur un temps de relâchement entre la voix et la parole, lorsque ce qui émerge est le cri. Cette étude concernant la voix et les tentatives d'écriture de ce qui est innommable nous conduit à une question subsidiaire sur le corps. Dans cette composition se démarque, à partir des fils de la psychanalyse, lalangue - articulateur théorique qui lie corps et parole, voix et écriture. C'est à partir de lalangue que l'article se penche vers l'oeuvre d'Artaud pour couvrir le passage du cridepuis le vide de la voix détachée de la parole, dans un moment de chute du sujet vers un espace/temps de directionnement et d'existence. Existence qui se soutiendra incarnée dans l'oeuvre d'Artaud.

Resumen Este texto decanta de la experiencia de escucha-lectura de la obra de Antonin Artaud y recoge en las construcciones del poeta efectos de testimonio respecto a un tiempo de soltura entre voz y palabra, cuando lo que emerge es el grito. Este estudio sobre la voz y los intentos de escritura de lo innombrable conduce a una pregunta auxiliar sobre el cuerpo. En esa composición se sobresale, a partir de los hilos del psicoanálisis - lalangue - articulador teórico que enlaza cuerpo y palabra, voz y escritura. A partir de lalangue es que el artículo se inclina hacia la obra de Artaud para recorrer la travesía del grito desde el vacío de la voz desanclada de la palabra en un momento de caída del sujeto a un espacio/tiempo de direccionamiento y existencia. Existencia que se sostendrá corporificada en la obra de Artaud.

Abstract This text arises from the listening-reading experience of the works of Antonin Artaud and brings together the testimony effects in the constructions of the poet about a moment of looseness between the voice and the word, giving rise to the scream. This study about the voice and attempts of writing the unspeakable leads to an accessory question about the body. In this structure, based on the psychoanalysis threads, lalangue - as a theoretical articulator encompassing body and word, voice, and writing - stands out. Based on lalangue the essay is directed to the work of Artaud to travel along the scream path from the emptiness of the unanchored voice of the word in a moment of fall of the subject to space/time of addressing and existence. An existence that will be supported and embodied in the work of Artaud.

Developments on the concept of the super-ego in Bion's work.

In Bion's work, we find both continuity with and a breakthrough from the ideas developed by Freud and Melanie Klein on the concept of superego. After relying on Klein's views, Bion presented two fresh perspectives on this topic. In the first, in his theory of thinking we find a shift from an instinctive perspective to a psychological approach to morality. In the second we find conjectures (both imaginative and rational) about a primitive conscience, a form of morality prior to the mental functioning described as the superego by Freud and even the archaic superego described by Klein. This primordial psychic condition refers to a hazy dimension in which phylogenesis merges with fetal experiences. As described by Bion, the manifestations of this primitive conscience emerge as states of intense terror and guilt underneath a symbolic mind. They inhibit the development of the mind, are felt as harsh and authoritarian, always present as prohibitive, can potentially drive the individual to suicide, and are frequently found in the psychoanalytic practice.

Desarrollo moral: Tres comprensiones / Moral development: Three understandings

Este artículo de reflexión presenta teóricamente las comprensiones del desarrollo moral estructuralista, pluralista y del instinto moral, con base en los criterios de indagación fáctica de la moralidad, a partir de las concepciones basadas en la justicia, en la cultura y en el instinto. Para lo cual, se realiza un recorrido teórico y conceptual, presentando diferentes investigaciones y trabajos en este campo de estudio. Como conclusión se afirma la necesidad de comprender lo moral como un fenómeno complejo que reviste diferentes marcos de sentido e interpretación, dando énfasis al carácter universal del fenómeno.

This article of reflection theoretically presents the comprehensions of the structuralist, pluralistic moral development and the moral instinct, based on the criteria of factual investigation of morality, based on conceptions based on justice, culture and instinct. For which, a theoretical and conceptual journey is made, presenting different investigations and works in this field of study. In conclusion, the need to understand the moral as a complex phenomenon that has different frames of meaning and interpretation, emphasizing the universal nature of the phenomenon is affirmed

Aproximações entre a psicologia analítica e a transdisciplinaridade: as pontes de afinidades / Approaches between analytical psychology and transdisciplinarity: the affinity bridges / Aproximaciones entre la psicología analítica y la transdisciplinariedad: los puentes de afinidades

O presente artigo tem por objetivo abordar as relações entre a Psicologia Analítica de C. G. Jung e a transdisciplinaridade, a partir da noção de pontes de afinidades. Trata-se de trabalho teórico que analisa a prática desenvolvida pelo médico suíço de busca pelas afinidades entre sintomas em quadros psicopatológicos de difícil compreensão. Para tanto, uma revisão de literatura com base nas Obras Completas de C. G. Jung foi feita, na qual recuperamos o modo como Jung utilizara as noções de arquétipo, instinto e amplificação e pudemos perceber traços do que pode ser considerada uma atitude transdisciplinar quando observadas pelo viés das diretrizes traçadas na Carta da Transdisciplinaridade.

The aim of this article is to discuss the relationships between Analytical Psychology of C. G. Jung and transdisciplinarity, through the notion of affinity bridges. This theoretical work analyzes the practice developed by the Swiss doctor, searching for the affinities between symptoms in some psychopathological conditions that are difficult to understand. In order to do so, a literature review based on the Collected Works of C. G. Jung was done in which we recovered the way Jung had used the notions of Archetype, instinct and Amplification and we could perceive traces of what can be considered a transdisciplinary attitude when observed through the guidelines outlined in the Letter of Transdisciplinarity.

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo abordar las relaciones entre la Psicología Analítica de C. G. Jung y la transdisciplinariedad, a partir de la noción de puentes de afinidades. Se trata de trabajo teórico que analiza la práctica desarrollada por el médico suizo, de búsqueda por las afinidades entre síntomas en cuadros psicopatológicos de difícil comprensión. Así, fue hecha una revisión de literatura basada en la Obra Completa de C. G. Jung en que recuperamos el modo como Jung utilizaba las nociones de Arquetipo, instinto y Amplificación y pudimos percibir rastros de lo que puede ser considerada una actitud transdisciplinaria cuando observadas por el sesgo de las directrices trazadas en la Carta de la Transdisciplinariedad.

As bases, em Freud, do conceito lacaniano de gozo / The Lacanian concept of jouissance and its basis in Freud's theory / Las bases, en Freud, del concepto lacaniano de goce

Lacan, ao explicitar a questão do gozo em O seminário, livro VII, a ética da psicanálise (1959/1960), articula-o à satisfação de uma pulsão de morte que ultrapassa as barreiras do princípio do prazer, trazendo, assim, na maioria das vezes, satisfação na dor, gerada por uma compulsão à repetição inconsciente. Assim, metonimicamente, a elaboração do gozo em Lacan nos lança para noções e conceitos fundamentais em Freud, sem os quais sua enunciação se configuraria apenas em jargões e não como construção teórica a partir da clínica. Nesse sentido, sustentamos que seria impossível conceber esta elaboração do gozo, suscitada no referido seminário, sem remeter às bases conceituais que tornam o conceito de gozo possível em Lacan, bem como ao encontro com uma noção de gozo em Freud

Lacan, in expliciting the jouissance concept in The seminar, book VII, The ethics of psychoanalysis (1959/1960), hinges it to the satisfaction of a death drive which transcends the limits of the pleasure principle, therefore bringing, most of the times, satisfaction in pain, generated by an unconscious compulsion to repetition. Therefore, metonymically, working-through jouissance in Lacan takes us to key notions and concepts in Freud, without which verbalizing it would be only jargon, and not a theoretical construction from the symptoms from the clinical work. We state that it would be impossible to conceive this working-through of jouissance, evoked in the above-mentioned seminar, without referring to the conceptual bases that render possible the jouissance concept in Lacan, as well as to a notion of jouissance in Freud

Lacan, al hacer explícita la cuestión de lo goce en El seminario, libro 7, La ética del psicoanálisis (1959/1960), lo articula a satisfacción de una pulsión de muerte que sobrepasa los límites del principio del pracer, lo que hace que, en la mayoría de las veces, la satisfacción en el dolor, generada por una compulsión inconsciente a la repetición. Así, metonímicamente, la elaboración del concepto de goce en Lacan nos lanza a nociones y conceptos fundamentales en Freud, sin lo cual su enunciación se limitaría solo a la jerga y no como una construcción teórica de la clínica. Afirmamos que no sería posible concebir la elaboración del concepto de goce, evocado en el VII seminario, sin referirse a las bases conceptuales que hicieron posible el concepto de goce en Lacan, así como el encuentro con una noción de goce en Freud

[A] destruição animot [relações entre a filosofia e a psicanálise em Derrida] / The animot destruction [The relationships between philosophy and psychoanalysis in Derrida]

Trabalhamos com o quase conceito animot de Derrida, narrando sua experiência trágica entre o pensamento poético e o saber filosófico, e sua leitura deste quase conceito na teoria psicanalítica, forjando no pensamento da diferença a cena da escritura - inconsciente como escritura - e este outro do outro {que chama} {de} animot, que só se distingue na escritura e não da voz revelada. Nessa leitura, para {o} animot tudo é permitido.

We have been working with Derrida´s almost concept animot, narrating his tragic experience between poetic thought and philosophical knowledge and his reading of this almost concept in psychoanalytic theory, faking the writing scene in the thought of difference - unconscious as writing - and this other one from the other one {which is called} animot, which is only distinguished in writing and not from the revealed voice. In this reading, everything is permitted for animot.

Critical neuropsychobiological analysis of panic attack- and anticipatory anxiety-like behaviors in rodents confronted with snakes in polygonal arenas and complex labyrinths: a comparison to the elevated plus- and T-maze behavioral tests

Objective: To compare prey and snake paradigms performed in complex environments to the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and T-maze (ETM) tests for the study of panic attack- and anticipatory anxiety-like behaviors in rodents. Methods: PubMed was reviewed in search of articles focusing on the plus maze test, EPM, and ETM, as well as on defensive behaviors displayed by threatened rodents. In addition, the authors’ research with polygonal arenas and complex labyrinth (designed by the first author for confrontation between snakes and small rodents) was examined. Results: The EPM and ETM tests evoke anxiety/fear-related defensive responses that are pharmacologically validated, whereas the confrontation between rodents and snakes in polygonal arenas with or without shelters or in the complex labyrinth offers ethological conditions for studying more complex defensive behaviors and the effects of anxiolytic and panicolytic drugs. Prey vs. predator paradigms also allow discrimination between non-oriented and oriented escape behavior. Conclusions: Both EPM and ETM simple labyrinths are excellent apparatuses for the study of anxiety- and instinctive fear-related responses, respectively. The confrontation between rodents and snakes in polygonal arenas, however, offers a more ethological environment for addressing both unconditioned and conditioned fear-induced behaviors and the effects of anxiolytic and panicolytic drugs.

The death instinct and the mental dimension beyond the pleasure principle in the works of Spielrein and Freud.

In 'Destruction as Cause of Come-into-being', Spielrein argues for the need of postulating the existence of a death instinct in mental functioning. The idea that she thus anticipated the concept of death instinct Freud introduced in 1920 is often found in psychoanalytic literature. But the specific meaning of Spielrein's hypothesis is seldom discussed, as well as the extent to which she anticipated Freud's concept. In fact, there are important differences between their views. Besides, a closer analysis of Spielrein's text reveals other ideas that come close to fundamental aspects of Freud's theories from 1920 onwards, particularly the assumption of a more primordial mental functioning than the one regulated by the pleasure principle. But also here there are important differences between the views sustained by both authors. With this in view, the objective of this paper is firstly to discuss some hypotheses formulated by Spielrein in her 1912 work in order to elucidate her concept of death instinct as well as her hypothesis of the existence of a more primitive mental functioning than the one governed by the pleasure principle. Next, the question of the possible similarities and differences with regard to Freud's concepts is also addressed.

Critical neuropsychobiological analysis of panic attack- and anticipatory anxiety-like behaviors in rodents confronted with snakes in polygonal arenas and complex labyrinths: a comparison to the elevated plus- and T-maze behavioral tests.

OBJECTIVE:: To compare prey and snake paradigms performed in complex environments to the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and T-maze (ETM) tests for the study of panic attack- and anticipatory anxiety-like behaviors in rodents. METHODS:: PubMed was reviewed in search of articles focusing on the plus maze test, EPM, and ETM, as well as on defensive behaviors displayed by threatened rodents. In addition, the authors' research with polygonal arenas and complex labyrinth (designed by the first author for confrontation between snakes and small rodents) was examined. RESULTS:: The EPM and ETM tests evoke anxiety/fear-related defensive responses that are pharmacologically validated, whereas the confrontation between rodents and snakes in polygonal arenas with or without shelters or in the complex labyrinth offers ethological conditions for studying more complex defensive behaviors and the effects of anxiolytic and panicolytic drugs. Prey vs. predator paradigms also allow discrimination between non-oriented and oriented escape behavior. CONCLUSIONS:: Both EPM and ETM simple labyrinths are excellent apparatuses for the study of anxiety- and instinctive fear-related responses, respectively. The confrontation between rodents and snakes in polygonal arenas, however, offers a more ethological environment for addressing both unconditioned and conditioned fear-induced behaviors and the effects of anxiolytic and panicolytic drugs.

A noção de trabalho na experiência psicanalítica / La notion de travail dans l'expérience psychanalytique / El concepto de trabajo basado en la experiencia psicoanalítica / The concept of work in the psychoanalytic experience

Resumo: A partir da pesquisa das diversas maneiras como a noção de trabalho aparece ao longo da obra freudiana, tomando como ponto de partida os termos psicanalíticos compostos com o sufixo "arbeit", que apontam principalmente para o esforço do psiquismo em lidar com o excesso pulsional, este artigo enfatiza a importância dessa noção para se pensar a experiência psicanalítica como um trabalho erótico em busca da mobilidade pulsional, da transformação subjetiva e de outros modos de ser e acontecer na vida.

À partir de la recherche des différentes manières dont la notion de travail apparaît dans l'œuvre de Freud, à partir des termes psychanalytiques composés par le suffixe arbeit, lesquels remarquent principalement les efforts du psychisme pour traiter l'excès pulsionnel, cet article souligne l'importance de cette notion pour penser l'expérience psychanalytique comme un travail érotique en recherche de la mobilité pulsionnelle, de la transformation subjective et d'autres modes d'être et de se placer dans la vie.

Resumen: De la investigación de las varias maneras en las que aparece la noción de trabajo a lo largo de la obra de Freud y tomando como punto de partida los términos psicoanalíticos compuestos con el sufijo "arbeit" que apuntan, sobre todo, al esfuerzo de la psique/psiquismo para lidiar con el exceso pulsional, este artículo subrayó la importancia del concepto de trabajo para pensar en la experiencia psicoanalítica como un trabajo erótico en búsqueda de la movilidad pulsional, la transformación subjetiva y otras formas de ser y suceder en la vida.

Abstract: Based on the research of several ways in which the concept of work appears throughout Freud's work, beginning with the psychoanalytic terms composed with the suffix arbeit, which indicate the psyche's effort in dealing with the instinctual excess, this article emphasizes the importance of this concept, reflecting on the psychoanalytic experience as an erotic work searching for the instinctual trend, for the subjective transformation, and for other ways of experiencing life.

Threats from the past: Barbados green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus) fear leopards after centuries of isolation.

Ability to recognize and differentiate between predators and non-predators is a crucial component of successful anti-predator behavior. While there is evidence that both genetic and experiential mechanisms mediate anti-predator behaviors in various animal species, it is unknown to what extent each of these two mechanisms are utilized by the green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus). Green monkeys on the West Indies island of Barbados offer a unique opportunity to investigate the underpinnings of anti-predator behaviors in a species that has been isolated from ancestral predators for over 350 years. In the first experiment, monkeys in two free-ranging troops were presented with photographs of an ancestral predator (leopard, Panthera pardus) and a non-predator (African Buffalo, Syncerus caffer). Relative to non-predator stimuli, images of a leopard elicited less approach, more alarm calls, and more escape responses. Subsequent experiments were conducted to determine whether the monkeys were responding to a leopard-specific feature (spotted fur) or a general predator feature (forward facing eyes). The monkeys showed similar approach to images of an unfamiliar non-predator regardless of whether the image had forward facing predator eyes or side facing non-predator eyes. However, once near the images, the monkeys were less likely to reach for peanuts near the predator eyes than the non-predator eyes. The monkeys avoided an image of spotted leopard fur but approached the same image of fur when the dark spots had been removed. Taken together, the results suggest that green monkey anti-predator behavior is at least partially mediated by genetic factors.

Sequential organization and optimization of the nut-cracking behavior of semi-free tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.).

Stone-aided nut-cracking requires the coordination of three elements: the agent must assemble nuts, a "hammer" stone and an "anvil." Under naturalistic settings, nut-cracking sites, constituted of anvil-like surfaces and already containing a hammer stone, can be fairly stable, lasting as long as the "hammer" stays in place. In an experiment with a semi-free-ranging group of tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) we observed the behavioral sequences leading to nut-cracking. We positioned nuts, hammer, and anvil at the vertices of a 10-m-sided equilateral triangle. Thus, to crack a nut the individuals had to visit the vertices and gather the movable elements (nut and hammer) at the anvil. Under such conditions, the monkeys systematically employed a nut-hammer-anvil vertex visit sequence, one of the shortest and more cost-effective possible routes. In the following experiment, we examined whether the gathering of the hammer after the nuts resulted solely from a "nut first" strategy or if the monkeys were also minimizing hammer transport costs. We positioned two hammers, of the same weight, at different distances from the nuts and anvil, so the cost of hammer transportation (energy and risk of injury) would be higher or lower depending on the choice of hammer (the hammer closer to the nuts being farther from the anvil). We found that, instead of collecting the closest hammer, after collecting the nut, the monkeys systematically chose the hammer closer to (and beyond) the anvil, thus minimizing transport costs.

Acerca de lo natural en el hombre: reflexiones a propósito de los conceptos de instinto y pulsión en el psicoanálisis / About the natural in man: reflections on the concepts of instinct and drive in psychoanalysis

Los conceptos de pulsión e instinto son fundamentales para comprender las bases de lo que podría llamarse "naturaleza humana". No obstante, al perseguir tales conceptos, la naturaleza misma del ser humano, se tambalea. A lo largo del presente escrito, procura darse cuenta de la paradoja entre los conceptos de pulsión e instinto, pero al mismo tiempo, de la imposibilidad de prescindir de uno u otro para dar cuenta de aquello que pudiera constituirse como factor diferencial entre el ser humano y las demás especies. Es pues, un recorrido por algunos de los conceptos planteados por Freud y Lacan, a propósito de las pulsiones y los instintos.

The concepts of drive and instinct are fundamental to understanding the bases of what might be called "human nature". However, in pursuing such concepts, the very nature of the human being is reeling. Throughout this paper, seeks to realize the paradox between the concepts of drive and instinct, but at the same time, the impossibility of dispensing with one or the other to account for what could be a differential factor between humans and the other species. It is, therefore, a tour of some of the concepts proposed by Freud and Lacan, with regard to instincts and instincts.

A psicopatologia na obra de Renato Ferraz Kehl / The psychopathology in Renato Ferraz Kehl works

Renato Ferraz Kehl é conhecido por ter introduzido a eugenia no Brasil. No entanto, dedicou-se também à psicopatologia, psicologia, antropologia e filosofia. Este trabalho objetiva descrever e analisar sua teoria psicopatológica. Foram analisadas 6 obras de sua autoria, publicadas entre 1927 e 1941 e que focam temáticas psicológicas e psicopatológicas. Para Kehl traços de personalidade e psicopatológicos seriam indicadores da qualidade racial da população. Classifica os desvios de personalidade e tipos psicológicos com o objetivo de oferecer dados para a análise do caráter nacional e controle do que acreditava serem sinais de degeneração racial. O material foi analisado a partir do conceito de "tecnologias do instinto" de M. Foucault. Conclui-se que o limite entre o normal e o patológico é periodicamente modificado ao longo da história das ciências e está sujeito a variáveis tanto científicas quanto aos jogos de poder. A obra de Kehl é um importante indicador desse processo(AU)

Renato Ferraz Kehl is known for introducing eugenics into Brazil. However, he was also devoted to psychopathology, psychology, anthropology and philosophy. This paper aims to describe and analyze his psychopathology theory. Six (6) of his works were selected and analyzed and published between 1927 and 1941 focusing on t psychological and psychopathological issues. For Kehl personality and psychopathology traits would be indicators population's racial quality. He classifies personality deviations and psychological types in order to provide data for the analysis of the national character and control of what he believed to be signs of racial degeneration. The material was analyzed based on the concept of "technologies of instinct" (Michel Foucault). We concluded that the boundary line between normal and pathological is periodically changed throughout the history of science and is subject to both scientific and power seeking variables. Kehl's work is an important indicator of this process(AU)