Traumatismo anorrectal contuso. Reporte de un caso y revisión bibliográfica / Blunt anorectal trauma. Case reportand literature review

Introducción: El traumatismo anorrectal es una causa poco frecuente de consulta al servicio de emergencias, con una incidencia del 1 al 3%. A menudo está asociado a lesiones potencialmente mortales, por esta razón, es fundamental conocer los principios de diagnóstico y tratamiento, así como los protocolos de atención inicial de los pacientes politraumatizados. Método: Reportamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 47 años con trauma anorrectal contuso con compromiso del esfínter anal interno y externo, tratado con reparación primaria del complejo esfinteriano con técnica de overlapping, rafia de la mucosa, submucosa y muscular del recto. A los 12 meses presenta buena evolución sin incontinencia anal. Conclusión: El tratamiento del trauma rectal, basado en el dogma de las 4 D (desbridamiento, derivación fecal, drenaje presacro, lavado distal) fue exitoso. La técnica de overlapping para la lesión esfinteriana fue simple y efectiva para la reconstrucción anatómica y funcional. (AU)

Introduction: Anorectal trauma is a rare cause of consultation to the Emergency Department, with an incidence of 1 to 3%. It is often associated with life-threatening injuries, so it is essential to know the principles of diagnosis and treatment, as well as the initial care protocols for the polytrau-matized patient. Methods: We present the case of a 47-year-old man with a blunt anorectal trauma involving the internal and external anal sphincter, treated with primary overlapping repair of the sphincter complex and suturing of the rectal wall. At 12 months the patient presents good outcome, without anal incontinence. Conclusion: The treatment of rectal trauma, based on the 4 D ́s dogma (debridement, fecal diversion, presacral drainage, distal rectal washout lavage) was successful. Repair of the overlapping sphincter injury was simple and effective for anatomical and functional reconstruction. (AU)

Manejo Clínico ­ Quirúrgico de pacientes con Fisura Anal en la Unidad de Coloproctología del HECAM / Clinical-Surgical Management of patients with Anal Fissure in the Unit HECAM Coloproctology

La fisura anal es una de las enfermedades más antiguamente descritas, la misma que, ha tenido hasta el momento múltiples tratamientos tanto médicos como quirúrgicos, existiendo controversias en su algoritmo terapéutico. Constituye una de las patologías cuyo diagnóstico y tratamiento corresponde a la Especialidad de Coloproctología, afecta a ambos sexos y a cualquier edad y puede ser aguda o crónica. Proponemos el presente Protocolo para un adecuado manejo de la patología, de manera que sirva de guía en la toma correcta de decisiones basadas en la evidencia y el consenso de quienes integramos la Unidad Técnica de Coloproctología del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín.

Anal fissure is one of the oldest described diseases, which has so far had multiple medical and surgical treatments, with controversies in its therapeutic algorithm. It is one of the pathologies whose diagnosis and treatment corresponds to the Coloproctology Specialty, it affects both sexes and any age and can be acute or chronic. We propose the present Protocol for an adequate management of the pathology, so that it serves as a guide in the correct decision making based on evidence and consensus of those who integrate the Technical Unit of Coloproctology of the Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín.

Rectal damage control: when to do and not to do.

Rectal trauma is uncommon, but it is usually associated with injuries in adjacent pelvic or abdominal organs. Recent studies have changed the paradigm behind military rectal trauma management, showing better morbidity and mortality. However, damage control techniques in rectal trauma remain controversial. This article aims to present an algorithm for the treatment of rectal trauma in a patient with hemodynamic instability, according to damage control surgery principles. We propose to manage intraperitoneal rectal injuries in the same way as colon injuries. The treatment of extraperitoneal rectum injuries will depend on the percentage of the circumference involved. For injuries involving more than 25% of the circumference, a colostomy is indicated. While injuries involving less than 25% of the circumference can be managed through a conservative approach or primary repair. In rectal trauma, knowing when to do or not to do it makes the difference.

El trauma de recto es poco frecuente, pero generalmente se asocia a lesiones de órganos adyacentes en la región pélvica y abdominal. Estudios recientes han cambiado los paradigmas del manejo tradicional derivados del trauma militar, mostrando mejores resultados en la morbilidad y mortalidad. Sin embargo, las técnicas de control de daños en el trauma rectal aún son controvertidas. El objetivo de este articulo es proponer el algoritmo de manejo del paciente con trauma rectal e inestabilidad hemodinámica, según los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. Se propone que las lesiones del recto en su porción intraperitoneal sean manejadas de la misma manera que las lesiones del colon. Mientras que el manejo de las lesiones extraperitoneales del recto dependerá del compromiso de la circunferencia rectal. Si es mayor del 25% se recomienda realizar una colostomía. Si es menor, se propone optar por el manejo conservador o el reparo primario. Saber que hacer o que no hacer en el trauma de recto marca la diferencia.

Tumores ano-rectales del músculo liso / Smooth muscle ano-rectal tumors

Introducción: Los tumores ano-rectales del musculo liso son raros, la relación respecto de los de recto es de 0.1%, presentándose con un rango entre 40-70 años. El objetivo es analizar una serie de pacientes, el tratamiento empleado y actualización bibliográfica. Material y Método: Sobre una base de datos retrospectiva entre enero de 1983 y diciembre de 2018, sobre 421 pacientes operados por cáncer recto-anal, fueron extraídos 6 que correspondieron a tumores del musculo liso. Resultados: Correspondieron al sexo femenino 4, con edades entre 49 y 75 años (57.5 años); 4 de localización rectal, de ellos 3 fueron leiomiosarcoma, y 2 anales (leiomioma). En 2 se obtuvo diagnostico preoperatorio de certeza por punción mediante Tru-Cut. De 3 pacientes con leiomiosarcoma, a 2 se les realizo cirugía radical y al restante biopsia. Los 2 resecados recidivaron a los 6 meses y al año. Los 3 fallecieron entre los 2 y 16 meses por progresión de la enfermedad. La paciente con diagnóstico de leiomioma rectal, operada mediante cirugía radical, se encuentra sin recidiva a 18 meses. Los 2 pacientes resecados localmente por leiomioma de ano, presentaron en el postoperatorio absceso y fistula extraesfinteriana, uno de ellos con incontinencia severa. Ambos fueron re-operados y se encuentran asintomáticos, libres de recidiva a los 36 y 60 meses. Discusión: Los tumores del músculo liso ano-rectal son infrecuentes y presentan síntomas inespecíficos. La biopsia preoperatoria es imperiosa a fin de establecer una adecuada estrategia quirúrgica. Los malignos tienen alto índice de recidiva y mortalidad. (AU)

Introduction: Smooth muscle ano-rectal tumors are rare; the relation with respect to the rectum is 0.1%, in a patient's age range between 40-70 years. The objective is the analysis of a series of patients, the treatment used and bibliographic update. Material and method: On a retrospective, database between January 1983 and December 2018. About 421 patients operated for rectum-anal cancer, of which 6 corresponded to smooth muscle tumors. Results: Four were female, with ages between 49 and 75 years (57.5 years average); 4 were of rectal location, of which 3 were leiomyosarcoma, and 2 anal (leiomyoma). In two, a preoperative diagnosis of certainty was obtained by Tru-Cut. Two out of 3 patients with leiomyosarcoma, underwent radical surgery and the remaining one a biopsy. The two resected relapsed at 6 months and at one year. All 3 died between 2 and 16 months due to disease progression. The patient diagnosed with rectal leiomyoma, operated by radical surgery, is without recurrence at 18 months. The 2 patients resected locally for anus leiomyoma showed abscess and extrasphincteric fistula in the postoperative period, one of them with severe incontinence. Both were re-operated and are asymptomatic, free of recurrence at 36 and 60 months. Discussion: Ano-rectal smooth muscle tumors are uncommon and have nonspecific symptoms. Preoperative biopsy is imperative in order to establish an appropriate surgical strategy. Malignant tumors have a high rate of recurrence and mortality. (AU)

Manifestaciones clínicas y anoscópicas de las lesiones ecamosas intraepiteliales de alto grado anales / Clinical and anoscopic manifestations of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions

Introducción: Las lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales de alto grado anales (H-ASIL) son consideradas el precursor del carcinoma escamoso anal. Es por esto que distintas Sociedades recomiendan su pesquisa y tratamiento en poblaciones de alto riesgo. El objetivo del trabajo es describir las manifestaciones de H-ASIL en la anoscopía de alta resolución (AAR) en nuestros pacientes. Diseño: Retrospectivo, descriptivo. Pacientes y métodos: Revisión de historias clínicas e imágenes de AAR de pacientes con diagnóstico de H-ASIL entre enero de 2016 y julio de 2017. La evaluación anoscópica incluyó la unión escamocolumnar, el conducto anal distal y el área perianal. Frente al hallazgo de una lesión sospechosa de ASIL, se tomaron biopsias. Resultados: Entre enero de 2016 y julio de 2017 se realizaron 184 AAR. Se biopsiaron 143 lesiones sospechosas de ASIL. Veintiséis de ellas, presentes en 13 pacientes fueron H-ASIL. Once hombres (diez hombres que tienen sexo con hombre (HSH) con infección por VIH). Todas las lesiones eran subclínicas y se encontraron a nivel endoanal; eran en su totalidad acetoblancas. Se buscaron áreas con puntillado y/o mosaico sugestivas de ASIL. El uso de Lugol nos permitió aumentar el grado de sospecha y delimitar las lesiones. Se tomaron biopsias para anatomía patológica bajo visión directa. Conclusiones: Las H-ASIL son consideradas en la actualidad las precursoras del carcinoma escamoso anal; su detección y tratamiento prevendrían su desarrollo. En nuestra casuística, todos los pacientes se encontraban en al menos un grupo de riesgo. Las lesiones fueron subclínicas y requirieron de la anoscopía de alta resolución para su hallazgo, lo que permitió realizar un tratamiento dirigido. Es importante que los profesionales de la salud consideren la pesquisa de H-ASIL en población de riesgo. (AU)

Introduction: The high-grade anal intraepithelial lesions (H-ASIL) are considered the precursor of the anal squamous cell carcinoma. This is why different societies recommend the screening and treatment in high-risk populations. The objective of this paper is to describe H-ASIL manifestations in the high resolution anoscopy (HRA) in our patients. Design: Retrospective, Descriptive Patients and Methods: Review of clinical histories and pictures of HRA of patients with H-ASIL diagnosis between January 2016 and July 2017. The anoscopic evaluation included the squamocolumnar junction, the distal anal duct and the perianal area. In case of the finding of a suspicious lesion of ASIL, biopsies were taken. Results: Between January 2016 and July 2017 184 HRA were performed. 143 ASIL suspicious lesion were biopsied. Twentysix of them, in 13 patients, were H-ASIL. Eleven were men (10 men who have sex with men with HIV infection). All lesions were subclinical and found at endoanal level. The totality of them were acetowhite. Areas with coarse punctation and a mosaic pattern were suggestive of ASIL. The use of lugol´s iodine allows us to increase the grade of suspect and delimit the lesions. Biopsies were taken for pathology under direct vision. Conclusion: The H-ASIL are considered at the present the precursors of the anal squamous carcinoma. Its development could be prevented with de proper detection and treatment of the H-ASIL. In our casuistic, all patients are in at least one risk group. The lesions were subclinical and required of the high resolution anoscopy for their finding, which allows to perform a directed treatment. It is important that health professionals consider the H-ASIL screening in risk population. (AU)

¿Permiten la citología, el genotipado y la anoscopia de alta resolución establecer un protocolo para la detección precoz del carcinoma epidermoide de canal anal en población de riesgo? / Do cytology, genotyping, and high resolution anoscopy allow to establish a protocol for early detection of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal in risk population?

Introducción: El cáncer anal ha experimentado un aumento de incidencia en los últimos años. Está mediado por el VPH y precedido de cambios precancerosos planteando la posibilidad de dirigir los esfuerzos preventivos hacia los grupos de alto riesgo. Sigue siendo controvertida la indicación de cribado y los métodos de detección ideales. Objetivo: Validar las pruebas de cribado implementadas en la actualidad comparadas con la biopsia como "gold standard". Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal con recogida de datos prospectiva, en una cohorte de hombres VIH+ que tienen sexo con hombres, pertenecientes al Hospital Gregorio Marañón e Infanta Leonor en un periodo de 2 años. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 179 pacientes con 286 visitas a la consulta de screening en las que se llevaron a cabo 3 pruebas de cribado en paralelo (citología anal, genotipado del VPH y anoscopia de alta resolución (AAR) con toma de biopsia dirigida sobre zona sospechosa o aleatoria). La sensibilidad y especificidad para la detección de displasia de alto grado y cáncer y su grado de concordancia con la biopsia fue la siguiente: citología 3,23%/94,43% (k: 0,03), genotipado de VPH de alto riesgo 90,32%/27,45% (k: 0,05), AAR 32,26%/87,45 (k: 0, 17) siendo el rendimiento diagnóstico de las tres pruebas muy bajo. Conclusión: La citología presenta un rendimiento diagnóstico muy bajo comparado con el genotipado que representa el mayor. A la luz de nuestros resultados, los protocolos clínicos tal y como vienen desarrollándose en la actualidad deberían de ser abandonados.

Introduction: The incidence of anal cancer has increased in recent years. It is mediated by HPV and preceded by precancerous changes, raising the possibility of directing preventive efforts towards high-risk groups. The indication of screening remains controversial and which methods would be the ideal ones. Objective: To validate the screening tests established actually, comparing it with the biopsy considered as the "gold standard". Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed, with prospective data collection in a cohort of VIH+ patients, who have male homosexual anal relations, belonging to Gregorio Marañón and Infanta Leonor Hospitals in a period of 2 years. Results: A total of 179 patients were selected with 286 visits to the screening Outpatient Clinic in which 3 parallel screening tests were performed (anal cytology, HPV genotyping and high resolution anoscopy (AAR) with a biopsy directed on a suspicious or random area). The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of high-grade dysplasia and cancer and their degree of agreement with the biopsy was as follows: cytology 3.23%/94.43% (k: 0.03), high HPV genotyping. risk 90.32%/27.45% (k: 0.05), AAR 32.26%/87.45 (k: 0, 17), the diagnostic accuracy of the three tests being very low. Conclusion: Cytology shows a very low diagnostic accuracy compared to the genotype that represents the highest one. In light of our results, clinical protocols as they are currently being developed should be abandoned.

[Endoscopic treatment of rectal neuroendocrine tumors: multicentre study in Peru]. / Manejo endoscópico de los tumores neuroendocrinos rectales: estudio multicéntrico en Perú.

INTRODUCTION: The incidental detection of rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NET) has increased but there is no proper consensus about treatment. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic treatment for rectal NET less than 20 mm, with emphasis in "standardized treatment". MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 2012 to April 2016, we included patients with rectal NET less than 20 mm resected by conventional EMR, EMR-B and ESD. We considered as "standardized treatment" the one that has precise indication and technical rigor (EMR-B for lesions ≤ 10 mm and ESD for lesions between 11 and 20 mm). We evaluate complete resection rates and incidence of complications. RESULTS: 23 patients with 23 rectal NET were included. The mean age was 52.96 ± 12.44 years. The mean tumor diameter was 8.8 ± 3.4 mm. The complete resection rates by conventional EMR, EMR-Band ESD were 50 (3/6), 92.8 (13/14) and 100% (3/3), respectively; while by standardized and conventional treatment were 100 (14/14) and 55.5% (5/9), respectively. Complications occurred in 4 cases (17.4%), bleeding in 2 and perforation in 2, all of them solved by endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic treatment by EMR-B and ESD is efficacious and safe for rectal NET ≤ 20 mm. Standardized treatment improve the efficacy of endoscopic treatment.

Manejo endoscópico de los tumores neuroendocrinos rectales: estudio multicéntrico en Perú / Endoscopic treatment of rectal neuroendocrine tumors: multicentre study in Peru

Introducción: La detección incidental de tumores neuroendocrinos (TNE) rectales se ha incrementado, pero todavía no hay consenso apropiado para su tratamiento. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad del tratamiento endoscópico de los TNE rectales menores de 20 mm, con énfasis en el "tratamiento estandarizado". Material y métodos: De enero del 2012 a abril del 2016, se incluyeron pacientes con TNE rectales menores de 20 mm que se resecaron mediante mucosectomía convencional (RME), mucosectomía asistida con endoligadura (RME-L) y disección submucosa endoscópica (DSE). Se consideró como "tratamiento estandarizado" aquel con indicación precisa y rigurosidad técnica (RME-L para lesiones ≤ 10 mm y DSE para lesiones entre 11 y 20 mm). Se evaluaron las tasas de resección completa, así como la incidencia de complicaciones. Resultados: 23 pacientes con 23 TNE rectales fueron incluidos. La edad promedio fue 52,96 ± 12,44 años. El tamaño promedio fue de 8,8 ± 3,4mm. Las tasas de resección completa con RME, RME-L y DSE fueron 50 (3/6), 92,8 (13/14) y 100% (3/3), respectivamente; mientras que con el tratamiento estandarizado y convencional fueron 100 (14/14) y 55,5% (5/9), respectivamente. Las complicaciones ocurrieron en 4 casos (17,4%), sangrado en 2 y perforación en 2, todos resueltos por endoscopía. Conclusiones: El tratamiento endoscópico mediante RME-L y DSE es eficaz y seguro para la resección de TNE rectales menores de 20 mm. El tratamiento estandarizado potencializa la eficacia de la terapia endoscópica.

Introduction: The incidental detection of rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NET) has increased but there is no proper consensus about treatment. Objective: Evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic treatment for rectal NET less than 20 mm, with emphasis in "standardized treatment". Material and methods: From January 2012 to April 2016, we included patients with rectal NET less than 20 mm resected by conventional EMR, EMR-B and ESD. We considered as "standardized treatment" the one that has precise indication and technical rigor (EMR-B for lesions ≤ 10 mm and ESD for lesions between 11 and 20 mm). We evaluate complete resection rates and incidence of complications. Results: 23 patients with 23 rectal NET were included. The mean age was 52.96 ± 12.44 years. The mean tumor diameter was 8.8 ± 3.4 mm. The complete resection rates by conventional EMR, EMR-Band ESD were 50 (3/6), 92.8 (13/14) and 100% (3/3), respectively; while by standardized and conventional treatment were 100 (14/14) and 55.5% (5/9), respectively. Complications occurred in 4 cases (17.4%), bleeding in 2 and perforation in 2, all of them solved by endoscopy. Conclusions: Endoscopic treatment by EMR-B and ESD is efficacious and safe for rectal NET ≤ 20 mm. Standardized treatment improve the efficacy of endoscopic treatment.

Retrospective analysis of the elective tests of rigid proctosigmoidoscopy performed in the service of medical residency in Coloproctology of Hospital Santa Marcelina / Análise retrospectiva de exames eletivos de retossigmoidoscopia rígida realizadas no serviço de residência médica de Coloproctologia no Hospital Santa Marcelina

Introduction: Proctologic examination is a deeply intimate procedure which deals with a body area in which prejudices, taboos and constraints prevail, and may also relate to previous trauma; yet this procedure is of paramount importance for the investigation of patients with symptoms that foretell pathologies associated with distal colon, rectum and anus. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze all cases scheduled of rigid proctosigmoidoscopy performed by the Coloproctology Service, Hospital Santa Marcelina, in 8 of its 10 years of residency in the specialty. Materials and methods: We analyzed mean age, gender distribution, device's height of reach in relation to the anal verge, the percentage of abnormal tests stratified to perform, or not perform, anoscopy and proctosigmoidoscopy, and major diseases detected. Results: 844 rigid proctosigmoidoscopy procedures scheduled and performed by the Coloproctology Service, Hospital Santa Marcelina, between September 2006 and August 2014, were analyzed. The distribution was similar between genders and the mean age was 51.2 years. With respect to the device's height of reach from the anal verge, these values were stratified as follows: distance reached >15 cm, 10-15 cm, and <10 cm from the anal verge. Distances >15 cm from the anal verge were attained in 692 (82% of RR) tests, between 10 and 15 cm in 94 (11.1%) tests, and <10 cm in 58 (6.9%) tests. Conclusion: In this study, it was found that proctology examination and rigid proctosigmoidoscopy are mandatory procedures in cases of symptoms depending on these practices.

Introdução: O exame proctológico, apesar de profundamente íntimo e de lidar com área do corpo na qual imperam preconceitos, tabus e constrangimento, podendo inclusive relacionar-se a traumas prévios, é de suma importância para a investigação de pacientes com sintomas que predizem patologias associadas ao cólon distal, reto e ânus. Objetivos: Analisar todos os casos de retossigmoidoscopias rígidas realizadas de forma agendada pelo serviço de Coloproctologia do Hospital Santa Marcelina em 8 de seus 10 anos de residência médica na especialidade. Materiais e métodos: Analisou-se a média de idade, distribuição por sexo, altura de alcance do aparelho em relação à borda anal, percentagem de exames anormais com estratificação quando realizado ou não a anuscopia e retossigmoidoscopia e as principais doenças detectadas. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 844 retossigmoidoscopias rígidas realizadas pelo serviço de Coloproctologia do Hospital santa Marcelina, de forma agendada, entre setembro de 2006 e agosto de 2014. A distribuição foi semelhante entre os sexos e a média de idade foi de 51,2 anos. Com relação à altura em relação à borda anal, estratificou-se esses valores em maior que 15 cm, entre 10 e 15 cm da borda anal e alcance inferior a 10 cm da borda anal. Em 692 exames foi possível alcance superior a 15 cm da borda anal (82% das RR), em 94 (11,1%) entre 10 e 15 cm, e em 58 (6,9%) exames, abaixo de 10 cm. Conclusão Verificou-se em nosso estudo que o exame proctológico e a retossigmoidoscopia rígida são mandatório em casos de sintomatologia que assim o necessitem.

Estadiaje local del carcinoma rectal: imágenes de ecografía versus resonancia magnética. Revisión sistemática de la literatura y metaanálisis.

New surgical techniques in the treatment of rectal cancer have improved survival mainly by reducing local recurrences. A preoperative staging method is required to accurately identify tumor stage and planning the appropriate treatment. MRI and ERUS are currently being used for the local staging (T stage). In this review, the accuracy of MRI and ERUS with rigid probe was compared against the gold standard of the pathological findings in the resection specimens. Five studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. The accuracy was 91.0% to ERUS and 86.8% to MRI (p=0.27). The result has no statistical significance but with pronounced heterogeneity between the included trials as well as other published reviews. We can conclude that there is a clear need for good quality, larger scale and prospective studies.

Protocolo para la pesquisa de la displasia anal mediante citología y anoscopía de alta resolución / Protocol for the investigation of anal dysplasia by cytology and high resolution anoscopy

Introducción: El carcinoma anal escamoso (CAE) representa el 2% de todas las neoplasiascolorrectoanales. Afecta a 2/100.000 habitantes por año en la población general. Se incrementa en lospacientes con serología positiva para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH-positivos), 60/100.000habitantes por año y asciende a 92-144/100.000 habitantes por año en los hombres que tienen sexocon hombres (HSH) VIH-positivos. Al igual que en el carcinoma escamoso del cuello uterino, el virus delpapiloma humano (VPH) está implicado en su génesis, y se encuentra presente en el 92% de los casos.El cáncer cervical y anal comparten el mismo origen embriológico, formando la zona de transformación,sitio donde se desarrollan las lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas (SIL) como resultado de la infección ypersistencia del VPH, en especial de los genotipos de alto riesgo que pueden progresar a CAE invasor. Elaumento significativo de CAE en las últimas décadas ha llevado a desarrollar la pesquisa de SIL anal (ASIL)mediante citología (PAP) y anoscopía de alta resolución (AAR) con técnica colposcópica, emulando losprotocolos de detección temprana para prevención el cáncer de cuello uterino.Objetivo: Conocer prevalencia de lesiones precursoras del CAE. Determinar sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E),valor predictivo positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN) del PAP para la detección de displasias en población de riesgo.Material y Método: Diseño: Prospectivo, transversal, observacional, analítico. Se incluyeron individuos dealto riesgo (VIH-positivos, HSH, individuos con historia de VPH anogenital, mujeres con antecedentes decáncer o neoplasia intraepitelial genital inferior) estudiados en forma consecutiva, entre abril 2012 y febrero2014, en Consultorio de Detección Temprana del Cáncer Ana...

Introduction: Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents 2% of all colo-recto-anal malignancies. It is confirmed a higher rate of anal cancer among HIV-infected population in comparison with the HIVuninfected population (60/100,000 person-years, versus 2/100,000 person-years). Among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM), the incidence of anal cancer is as high as 92-144/100,000 population. Like cervical cancer, squamous-cell canal cancer is caused predominantly by high-risk, oncogenic strains of human papillomaviruses (HPV) detected in 92% of HIV-positive MSM. The cervical and anal cancer share the same embryological origin, and occurs at a squamo-columnar transition zone, site of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) as a result of the persistence HPV infection, especially the high-risk genotypes that may progress to invasive cancer. In the last decades, the incidence of squamous-cell anal carcinoma is increasing rapidly forcing the research of anal SIL (ASIL) cytology (PAP) and high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) colposcopic technique, emulating protocols for early detection of cervical cancer as a primary prevention. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of SCC precursor lesions. Determine sensitivity (S), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for the detection of anal dysplasia in the risk population. Material and Methods: Design prospective, cross-sectional, observational, analytical study. High-risk patients (HIV-positive MSM, patients with history of anogenital HPV, women with history of cancer or lower genital intraepithelial neoplasia) were included consecutively between April 2012 and February 2014 in Anal Early Detection Cancer Clinic...

Detección temprana de la displasia anal con citología (PAP) y anoscopía de alta resolución (AAR) en la población de riesgo: experiencia inicial / Early detection of anal dysplasia with cytology (PAP) and high resolution anoscopy (AAR) in the population at risk: initial experience

Antecedentes: La incidencia del carcinoma de células escamosas anal (CCE) aumentó drásticamente, es de 35/100.000 habitantes en los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), similar a la del cáncer del cuello uterino antes del Papanicolaou (PAP). En forma análoga a la pesquisa del cáncer cervical, el PAP anal y la anoscopía de alta resolución (AAR), se utilizan para la detección temprana de las lesiones precursoras del CCE. Objetivo: Evaluar los hallazgos de la citología anal y la AAR en una población de alto riesgo para desarrollar displasia y CCE. Diseño: Observacional, descriptivo, transversal, prospectivo. Población: Pacientes de alto riesgo (individuos HIV positivos, hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), mujeres con antecedentes de cáncer o displasia del tracto genital inferior, individuos con antecedentes de HPV anal o genital) que concurrieron al Consultorio de Detección Temprana de la Displasia Anal, entre 1 abril y 30 junio 2012. Método: Tacto rectal, anoscopía convencional, PAP anal y AAR, con biopsia dirigida de lesiones sospechosas. Comparación de la citología con la histología...

Background: The incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has increased dramatically, with an incidence of 35/100.000 inhabitants in men who have sex with men (MSM), similar to that of cervical cancer before the Papanicolaou (PAP). In analogy form to screening of cervical cancer, anal PAP and high resolution anoscopy (HRA) are used for early detection of SSC precursor lesions. Objective: To assess the findings of anal cytology and HRA in a high risk population for developing dysplasia and SCC. Design: Cross-sectional, descriptive, prospective, study. Population: High-risk patients (HIV- positive individuals, men who have sex with men, women with previous cancer or dysplasia of the lower genital tract, individuals with previous anal or genital condylomata) who attended the Anal Dysplasia Early Detection Clinic between April 1-June 30, 2012, were included. Methods: Digital rectal examination, conventional anoscopy, anal PAP and HRA, with biopsies of suspected areas was performed...

Fecal occult blood test and flexible rectosigmoidoscopy: tools for the screening of colorectal neoplasms in asymptomatic patients / Teste de sangue oculto nas fezes e retossigmoidoscopia flexível: instrumentos para o rastreamento de neoplasias colorretais em pacientes assintomáticos

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and flexible rectosigmoidoscopy (RSS), as tools used in the CRC screening, in asymptomatic patients, from 50 years of age. METHODS: The study is transversal and presents a sample of 102 individuals. The FOBT used was the guaiaco, FECA-CULT(r) method, held at a single time, in feces collected from a complete evacuation. Individuals, who presented the positive FOBT, were sent to colonoscopy complement, although this is not primary variable examined in this study. All subjects underwent to flexible RSS, after bowel preparation, using a solution of sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate and dibasic sodium phosphate heptahydrate. RESULTS: Individuals showed minimum age of 50 years and maximum 82 years, 61.6 years average and standard deviation +8.1. Of the 102 individuals, 42 (41%) belong to the males, whereas 60 (58.8%) female. The FOBT presented 10 positive cases (9.8%) (IC 95%: 4.8-17.3%) and 92 negative cases (90.2%) (IC 95%; 82.7-95.2%). The FOBT was effective at 2.9% and presented false-positive result in 6.9%. The result of the FBOT association with flexible RSS showed that 70% of neoplastic polyps showed no bleeding. Its sensitivity was 30% (IC 95%: 0.00-63.40%), the value of the relative risk was 3.94 (IC 95%: 1.20-12.89) and 5.20 valued odds ratio (IC 95%: -23.15 to 1.21). The specificity was 92.40% (IC 95%: 86.43-98.35%). The flexible RSS detected 15 polyps, among which, after histopathological study, 10 were neoplastic, being 09 adenomatous polyps (60%) and 01 malignity (6.7%) (IC 95%: 0.20-31.90%) and 05 non-neoplastic polyps (33.3%), and 03 inflammatory polyps (20%) (IC 95%: 4.3-48.1%) and 02 hyperplastic polyps (13.3%) (IC 95%: 1.7-40.5%). Neoplastic polyps were present in 60% of individuals over 60 years of age. Among the adenomatous polyps, the adenomatous polyp tubular prevalence is 53.33%. Among the 102 individuals, flexible RSS detected 09 adenomatous polyps (8.82%) and 01 (0.98%) malignity polyp. CONCLUSION: The tools FOBT and flexible RSS presented feasibility and, when associated demonstrated statistical significance in detecting polyps in general and important clinical significance on the detection of adenomatous polyps and colorectal cancer. (AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a viabilidade e eficácia do teste de sangue oculto nas fezes (TSOF) e retossigmoidoscopia (RSS) flexível, como instrumentos utilizados na triagem do CCR, em pacientes assintomáticos a partir dos 50 anos. MÉTODOS: Esse é um estudo transversal e apresenta uma amostra de 102 indivíduos. O TSOF utilizado foi o método do guaiaco FECA-CULT(r), realizado em uma única vez, em fezes coletadas de uma evacuação completa. Indivíduos com TSOF positivo foram encaminhados para o complemento de colonoscopia, embora essa não seja a variável primária examinada neste estudo. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a uma RSS flexível, após a preparação do intestino com o uso de uma solução de fosfato de sódio monobásico mono-hidratado e de fosfato de sódio dibásico hepta-hidratado. RESULTADOS: Os participantes tinham idade mínima de 50 anos e máxima de 82 anos (média ± desvio padrão, 61,6 ± 8,1 anos). Dos 102 pacientes, 42 (41%) eram homens, enquanto 60 (58,8%) eram mulheres. O TSOF revelou 10 casos positivos (9,8%) (IC 95%: 4,8-17,3%) e 92 casos negativos (90,2%) (IC 95%; 82,7-95,2%). O TSOF foi eficaz em 2,9% e apresentou resultado falso-positivo em 6,9%. O resultado da associação de TSOF com RSS flexível demonstrou que 70% dos pólipos neoplásicos não exibiam qualquer sangramento. Sua sensibilidade foi de 30% (IC 95%: 0,00-63,40%), com risco relativo de 3,94 (IC 95%: 1,20-12,89) e razão de sensibilidade (odds ratio) de 5,20 (IC 95%: 1,21-23,15). A especificidade da associação foi de 92,40% (IC 95%: 86,43-98,35%). A RSS flexível detectou 15 pólipos, tendo sido contatado que, depois do estudo histopatológico, 10 eram neoplásicos: 9 pólipos adenomatosos (60%) e 1 malignidade (6,7%) (IC 95%: 0,20-31,90%). Além disso, a RSS flexível detectou 5 pólipos não neoplásicos (33,3%): 3 pólipos inflamatórios (20%) (IC 95%: 4,3-48,1%) e 2 pólipos hiperplásicos (13,3%) (IC 95%: 1,7% -40,5%). Os pólipos neoplásicos estavam presentes em 60% dos pacientes com mais de 60 anos de idade. Entre os pólipos adenomatosos, houve prevalência tubular de pólipos adenomatosos em 53,33%. Entre os 102 indivíduos, a RSS flexível detectou 9 pólipos adenomatosos (8,82%) e 1 (0,98%) pólipo maligno. CONCLUSÃO: Foi constatada a viabilidade dos instrumentos TSOF e RSS flexível; quando associados, demonstraram significância estatística na detecção de pólipos em geral e importante significado clínico para a detecção de pólipos adenomatosos e do câncer colorretal. (AU)

High-resolution anoscopy in women with cervical neoplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) findings and compare them with histopathology results. METHODS: In a cross-sectional, observational study performed between December 2008 and December 2009, women receiving care at a center in Recife, Brazil, after a histopathologic diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical cancer were screened for anal neoplasia by HRA. Patients with anal lesions were divided into groups A (metaplasia and/or human papillomavirus infection) and B (anal intraepithelial neoplasia [AIN]). Patients with squamous cell atypia in group A and all patients in group B underwent histopathologic analysis. Agreement between HRA and histopathology findings was estimated for group B. RESULTS: HRA was done in 324 women, 204 (63.0%) of whom had anal lesions. Overall, 169 cases (82.8%) were classified as group A and 35 (17.2%) as group B. Histopathologic data were obtained for 28 of the 35 group B cases. Histopathology was suggestive of AIN in 19 (67.9%), resulting in a κ coefficient of 0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26-0.65; P<0.001). Relative to histopathology, HRA had sensitivity of 57.6% (95% CI 40.8%-72.7%), specificity of 86.1% (95% CI 75.7%-92.5%), positive likelihood ratio of 4.1 (95% CI 3.1-5.5), negative likelihood ratio of 0.5 (95% CI 0.4-0.5), and accuracy of 76.5% (95% CI 67.2%-83.8%). CONCLUSION: HRA findings can be systematized, reducing the subjectivity of interpretation.

Transanal local excision for distal rectal cancer and incomplete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation - does baseline staging matter?

BACKGROUND: Local excision may offer the possibility of organ preservation for the management of select patients after neoadjuvant chemoradiation. The oncological outcomes of this strategy have been largely associated with the risk of nodal metastases. Therefore, in addition to final ypT status, baseline staging has been suggested to potentially influence the outcomes of this treatment modality. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare the pathological and oncological outcomes of patients following neoadjuvant chemoradiation and incomplete clinical response managed by transanal endoscopic microsurgery according to baseline staging. DESIGN: This study is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data. SETTINGS: The study was conducted at a single center. PATIENTS: Forty-six patients with distal rectal cancer cT2-4N0-2M0 underwent 5-fluorouracil-based neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Assessment of response was performed at least 8 weeks from radiotherapy completion. Patients with a complete clinical response were not operated on immediately. Patients with an incomplete clinical response were managed by surgery. Those with small (≤3 cm) residual cancers (ycT1-2N0M0) were managed by transanal endoscopic microsurgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients undergoing local excision following chemoradiation were compared according to baseline staging. RESULTS: Fifteen patients (32%) were cT2N0 at baseline. Final ypT status was ypT0 in 3 (20%) patients, ypT1 in 2 (13%) patients, ypT2 in 9 (60%) patients, and ypT3 in 1 (7%) patient. There were no differences in final ypT status in comparison with patients with baseline cT3-4 or cN+ undergoing chemoradiation followed by transanal endoscopic microsurgery (p = 0.38). Local recurrence was observed in 1 patient with baseline cT2N0 (7%) and in 7 patients (23%) with stage II and III (p = 0.18). LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by the short follow-up, its limited sample size, and its retrospective and nonrandomized nature. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with baseline cT2N0 that do not develop complete response to chemoradiation (ycT0-2N0; ≤3 cm) frequently present unfavorable pathological features for transanal local excision (ypT2 or 3 in >66%). In the presence of incomplete clinical response following chemoradiation, patients with baseline cT2N0 have pathological and oncological outcomes similar to patients with baseline stage II or III and are probably not ideal candidates for local excision (see Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/DCR/A159).

Topical application of trichloroacetic acid is efficacious for the treatment of internal anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive men.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of topical 80% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) to treat internal anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) in HIV-positive individuals. METHODS: All patients who attended the University of Pittsburgh Anal Dysplasia Clinic for treatment of biopsy-proven internal anal HSIL with topical TCA between July 1, 2009, and June 30, 2012, and who had 1 or more follow-up visits to assess treatment efficacy were included in the analysis. Recurrence of HSIL was assessed in July 1, 2013. RESULTS: A total of 98 HSILs from 72 patients were treated, and 77 (78.6%) resolved to normal epithelium or low-grade SIL during follow-up. Forty-eight (49.0%) and 27 (27.6%) of lesions resolved with 1 and 2 TCA treatments, respectively, whereas 1 lesion (1%) each resolved with 3 and 4 TCA treatments. Twenty-one (21.4%) lesions in 20 patients remained without resolution after TCA treatments. These patients were offered an alternative treatment. During follow-up, 8 (15.1%) of 53 patients had a lesion that recurred at the index site (11/53 [20.8%], inclusive of adjacent lesions) and 17 patients had new lesions diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS: Topical TCA is an efficacious treatment of internal anal HSIL in an anal dysplasia clinic setting with high-resolution anoscopy capacity. Advantages of TCA for this recurrent disease process include the following: low cost, no requirement for special equipment beyond that for high-resolution anoscopy, and painless application procedure. A larger prospective comparative study would better define efficacy and patient acceptability between treatment methods.

[Rectal perforation after endoscopic submucosal dissection: conservative management]. / Perforación de recto post-disección endoscópica de la submucosa: Tratamiento conservador.

Endoscopic mucosal resection and surgery have been the treatments used for resection of early neoplastic colorectal lesions. However, since a few years ago the endoscopic submucosal dissection is a procedure accepted for the curative treatment of these lesions. Among the complications that can occur with this procedure, perforation is one of the most serious ones, requiring in most cases surgical management. A case is reported of a sixty-year-old male patient diagnosed with an extensive flat colorectal polyp, who underwent an endoscopic submucosal dissection, with the subsequent complications of a perforation with subcutaneous emphysema and extra peritoneal air. In conjunction with the surgical team, a decision was made to apply a conservative medical treatment based on suspension of the oral intake and antibiotic therapy, yielding good clinical and imaging evolution.

[Endoscopic polypectomy of colorectal adenomas: Monitoring patients in order to review the colonoscopic surveillance interval]. / Polipectomía endoscópica de adenomas colorrectales: Seguimiento de los pacientes con el objeto de evaluar el intervalo entre las videocolonoscopías de control.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of advanced adenomas at surveillance colonoscopy after polipectomy. To review the colonoscopic surveillance interval and to compare the prevalence of adenomas in patients with low-risk and high-risk adenomas at screening colonoscopies. METHODS: A cohort retrospective study. It was used a database of colonoscopies performed between 1999 and 2012. Seven hundred and sixty patients who had adenomas at first colonoscopy were included (465 males and 295 females, mean age 62 years old). They were divided into two groups: group A, low-risk adenomas, and group B, high-risk adenomas. In each group, it was compared the presence of adenomas in videocolonoscopies performed at 3 and 5 years. RESULTS: At the first colonoscopy 409 patients (53.8%) belonged to group A and 351 (46.2%) than group B. In both groups the risk of new advanced adenomas in endoscopic surveillance at 5years was similar to the control at 3 years. Comparing both groups, the risk of new advanced adenomas in endoscopic surveillance at 3 years in group B was 1.96 times greater than in group A (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: At present, surveillance endoscopy is performed before the suggested interval. In both groups there were no statistically significant differences between surveillance control at 3 or 5 years. However, 62% of patients in group B have developed new advanced adenomas in endoscopic surveillance at 3 years. Therefore, it is recommended the endoscopic control with this interval.