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Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired social interactions and repetitive patterns of behavior. Symptoms appear in early life and persist throughout adulthood. Early social stimulation can help reverse some of the symptoms, but the biological mechanisms of these therapies are unknown. By analyzing the effects of early social stimulation on ASD-related behavior in the mouse, we aimed to identify brain structures that contribute to these behaviors. Methods: We injected pregnant mice with 600-mg/kg valproic acid (VPA) or saline (SAL) at gestational day 12.5 and evaluated the effect of weaning their offspring in cages containing only VPA animals, only SAL animals, or mixed. We analyzed juvenile play at PD21 and performed a battery of behavioral tests in adulthood. We then used preclinical PET imaging for an unbiased analysis of the whole brain of these mice and studied the function of the piriform cortex by c-Fos immunoreactivity and HPLC. Results: Compared to control animals, VPA-exposed animals play less as juveniles and exhibit a lower frequency of social interaction in adulthood when reared with other VPA mice. In addition, these animals were less likely to investigate social odors in the habituation/dishabituation olfactory test. However, when VPA animals were weaned with control animals, these behavioral alterations were not observed. Interestingly, repetitive behaviors and depression-related behaviors were not affected by social enrichment. We also found that VPA animals present high levels of glucose metabolism bilaterally in the piriform cortex (Pir), a region known to be involved in social behaviors. Moreover, we found alterations in the somatosensory, motor, and insular cortices. Remarkably, these effects were mostly reversed after social stimulation. To evaluate if changes in glucose metabolism in the Pir correlated with changes in neuronal activity, we measured c-Fos immunoreactivity in the Pir and found it increased in animals prenatally exposed to VPA. We further found increased dopamine turnover in the Pir. Both alterations were largely reversed by social enrichment. Conclusions: We show that early social enrichment can specifically rescue social deficits in a mouse model of ASD. Our results identified the Pir as a structure affected by VPA-exposure and social enrichment, suggesting that it could be a key component of the social brain circuitry.

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Resumen En la provincia de San Luis (Argentina), se desarrollaron dos estudios con el propósito de conocer la incidencia de factores socioambientales en el desarrollo cognitivo de los niños. En la primera investigación se trabajó con una muestra de niños de alto riesgo entre 6 y 12 meses y, en la segunda, con una muestra de niños sanos de 6 a 9 años. Las evaluaciones cognitivas se llevaron a cabo mediante la aplicación de la Escala Argentina de Inteligencia Sensorio Motriz (EAIS) en la primera investigación y la versión argentina de la Escala de Inteligencia de Wechsler (WISC-IV) en la segunda. Los resultados reflejan que la variable ambiental nivel educativo materno incide en el rendimiento cognitivo alcanzado por los niños de 6 a 9 años, porque a medida en que aumenta la escolaridad materna mejoran los percentiles obtenidos por sus hijos. Sin embargo, no ocurre lo mismo en los bebés evaluados entre los 6 y los 12 meses de vida. Como conclusión, se remarca la importancia de los primeros años de vida en el crecimiento, la maduración y el desarrollo posterior del niño, así como el impacto que el medio familiar, cultural y social puede tener sobre los mismos. Además, se entiende al desarrollo cognitivo como un proceso multideterminado por aspectos subjetivos, ambientales, históricos-sociales y genéticos, entre otros.

Abstract Preliminary results are presented from two studies carried out in the province of San Luis, Argentina in which cognitive development in children was evaluated. A sample of high-risk children between 6 and 12 months of age was used in the first study, and in the second a sample of healthy children aged 6-9 years was used. Cognitive assessments were carried out by applying the Argentine Sensory-Motor Intelligence Scale (EAIS) in the first study and the Argentine version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC-IV) in the second study. The aim of this work is to discern what factors can affect cognitive development in children. The results reflect that the environmental variable, maternal educational level, affects the cognitive performance achieved by children from 6 to 9 years of age, since as maternal schooling increases the percentiles obtained by their children also rise. However, this was not the case in those infants evaluated between 6 and 12 months of age. We conclude about the importance of early life in growth, maturation and subsequent child development and the impact that family, cultural and social environments may have on them. Cognitive development is understood as a multi-determined process with subjective, environmental, historical and social and genetic aspects, among others.

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Hablar sobre el enfoque gestáltico en la intervención comunitaria, se convierte para mí en un pretexto, para compartir con ustedes algo del trabajo realizado por el proyecto de intervención Cultura Amigó durante este semestre, más específicamente lo relacionado con la evolución en el acompañamiento al grupo juvenil líderes barriales, del barrio Nueva Villa de La Iguaná.

Talking about the Gestalt approach in community intervention becomes a pretext for me to share with you some of the work done by the Cultura Amigó intervention project during this semester, more specifically what is related to the evolution in the accompaniment of the youth group neighborhood leaders, from the Nueva Villa de La Iguaná neighborhood.

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Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis endemic in some regions in Chile. Since its inclusion into the list of notifiable diseases, the Chilean Ministry of Health was able to maintain an adequate surveillance of leptospirosis. Nonetheless, some cases are not reported due to subclinical disease or nonspecific symptoms. Objectives: Determine the national prevalence of leptospirosis and assess the epidemiological characteristics of seropositive individuals. Methods: Secondary data analysis of the National Health Survey, 2003. Results: National prevalence was 0.4%. Low socioeconomical status and female gender were characteristics, which were more frequently found in sero-positive cases. The most common serovars were icterohaemorrhagiae, bratislava and pomona. Conclusion: We present the first epidemiological analysis of leptospirosis on a national level in Chile. Thus, the study contributes to the knowledge the epidemiological situation of this disease in Chile.

Introducción: La leptospirosis es una zoonosis endémica en ciertas regiones de Chile. Desde que se incorporó esta enfermedad en la lista de las Enfermedades de Notificación Obligatoria (ENO) se ha logrado mantener una adecuada vigilancia. Sin embargo, existen casos subclínicos y con manifestaciones inespecíficas que no son reportados. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia nacional de leptospirosis y conocer características epidemiológicas de individuos seropositivos. Material y Métodos: Análisis de datos secundarios obtenidos en la Encuesta Nacional de Enfermedades Prioritarias, 2003. Resultados: La prevalencia nacional de leptospirosis fue 0,4%. Las características que se identificaron con mayor frecuencia en el grupo de personas positivas fueron nivel socio-económico bajo y sexo femenino. Los serovares más frecuentes fueron icterohaemorrhagiae, bratislava y pomona. Conclusión: Este es el primer trabajo de prevalencia nacional de leptospirosis realizado en Chile. Este estudio aporta al diagnóstico de situación de esta patología en nuestro país.

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BACKGROUND: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis endemic in some regions in Chile. Since its inclusion into the list of notifiable diseases, the Chilean Ministry of Health was able to maintain an adequate surveillance of leptospirosis. Nonetheless, some cases are not reported due to subclinical disease or nonspecific symptoms. OBJECTIVES: Determine the national prevalence of leptospirosis and assess the epidemiological characteristics of seropositive individuals. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of the National Health Survey, 2003. RESULTS: National prevalence was 0.4%. Low socioeconomical status and female gender were characteristics, which were more frequently found in sero-positive cases. The most common serovars were icterohaemorrhagiae, bratislava and pomona. CONCLUSION: We present the first epidemiological analysis of leptospirosis on a national level in Chile. Thus, the study contributes to the knowledge the epidemiological situation of this disease in Chile.

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En el presente trabajo se investigo el consumo de psicofármacos, sustancias psicoactivas ilícitas y abuso de alcohol entre los consultantes y familiares que fueron asistidos en la ONG, institución dedicada a brindar contención, tratamiento psicoterapéutico y orientación jurídica cuando existe violencia de género. Para ello se revisaron los registros de 72 consultantes que ingresaron durante los años 2009/2010, haciendo hincapié en la composición del grupo familiar y sus características socio ambientales, existencia de enfermedad psiquiátrica concomitante e incidencia de alcoholismo y otras drogodependencias.

ABSTRACT: In this paper we investigate the use of psychotropic drugs, illicit psychoactive substances and alcohol abuse among the consultants and family who were assisted in the ONG, institution dedicated to provide counseling, psychotherapy and legal counsel when there is gender violence. To do this we reviewed the records of 72 consultants who were admitted during 2009/2010, making emphasis on household composition and socio-environmental characteristics, existence of concomitant psychiatric disease and incidence of alcoholism and other addictions.

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En el presente trabajo se investigo el consumo de psicofármacos, sustancias psicoactivas ilícitas y abuso de alcohol entre los consultantes y familiares que fueron asistidos en la ONG, institución dedicada a brindar contención, tratamiento psicoterapéutico y orientación jurídica cuando existe violencia de género. Para ello se revisaron los registros de 72 consultantes que ingresaron durante los años 2009/2010, haciendo hincapié en la composición del grupo familiar y sus características socio ambientales, existencia de enfermedad psiquiátrica concomitante e incidencia de alcoholismo y otras drogodependencias.(AU)

ABSTRACT: In this paper we investigate the use of psychotropic drugs, illicit psychoactive substances and alcohol abuse among the consultants and family who were assisted in the ONG, institution dedicated to provide counseling, psychotherapy and legal counsel when there is gender violence. To do this we reviewed the records of 72 consultants who were admitted during 2009/2010, making emphasis on household composition and socio-environmental characteristics, existence of concomitant psychiatric disease and incidence of alcoholism and other addictions.(AU)

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La depresión en personas mayores de 65 años tiene una alta prevalencia y produce un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida. Dentro de los factores de riesgo se destacan: duelo, trastornos del sueño, discapacidad, episodio depresivo previo, género femenino, demencia y condiciones médicas crónicas. Los ancianos deprimidos muestran menos ánimo triste, más ansiedad y más quejas somáticas que los jóvenes con la misma patología. El pronóstico es en general pobre, pues este trastorno en los ancianos presenta mayor tasa de recaídas y mayor mortalidad general que en las personas de otras edades. La selección del tratamiento farmacológico requiere la individualización del paciente, la consideración de sus condiciones médicas asociadas y una cuidadosa evaluación del perfil de efectos adversos e interacciones medicamentosas. En este artículo se hace una revisión de la literatura, centrada en los aspectos clínicos concernientes a la epidemiología, diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento de este trastorno, apoyada en las bases de datos electrónicas Medline y Lilacs.

Depression in people older than 65 years has a high prevalence and a negative impact on quality of life. Among the risk factors for this are: bereavement, sleep disturbance, disability, prior depressive episode, female gender, dementia and chronic medical conditions. The depressed elderly show less sad mood, more anxiety and somatic complaints that depressed young patients. The prognosis is generally poor, because the disorder in the elderly has increased relapse rate, increased risk of death from suicide and overall mortality compared with people of other ages. Also is frequent comorbidity with other medical illnesses and with other psychiatric disorders, which further dims the prognosis. The selection of drug treatment requires the individualization of patient, beware of their associated medical conditions, possible drug interactions and careful evaluation of the adverse effect profile. This article is a literature review focusing on clinical aspects concerning epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of this disorder, for which an electronic consultation was done in Medline and Lilacs.

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El trabajo constituye un análisis de los diferentes factores que intervienen en la elevada morbimortalidad del Traumatismo Craneoencefálico (TCE) en el Adulto Mayor. El objetivo general es proporcionar un estudio desde la perspectiva del enfoque Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad y argumentar la necesidad de un proyecto de innovación tecnológica de tipo organizacional que brinde un manejo integral al TCE en el anciano. Se describen los factores socioambientales que juegan el papel más importante en el origen del TCE y que pueden ser modificados desde la comunidad. Por último, se argumenta con la ayuda del enfoque Ciencia Tecnología y Sociedad, la génesis del enfoque integral al manejo del TCE como problema de salud, lo que puede contribuir a su solución logrando una adecuada interrelación entre los distintos niveles de atención médica. De esta forma se brindará un enfoque novedoso al manejo del TCE en los pacientes mayores de 60 años(AU)

This research is a thoughtful analysis of the different factors that play a role in the high morbidity and mortality of senior citizens due to craniocerebral trauma. Its main objective is to provide a careful analysis of this condition from the perspective of the Science-Technology-Society approach, as well as to support the necessity of an organizational project of technologic innovation that promotes its comprehensive management. The socio-environmental factors, which play the most important role in the occurrence of craniocerebral trauma and can be modified in the community, are described. Finally, the genesis of a comprehensive approach to its management is argumented from the perspective of the Science-Technology-Society approach, which can successfully deal with this disorder by achieving an appropriate interrelation among the different levels of medical attention. In this way, an innovative approach to senior citizens craniocerebral trauma management is presented(AU)

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La participación activa es eje articulador y carta de navegación de la intervención psicosocial, porque ubica al sujeto en calidad de agente y le da un lugar en la construcción social, es decir, que involucra a las personas en aspectos de la vida que son de interés colectivo, viendo a los integrantes de la comunidad no como objetos receptores de lo que aporta el profesional, sino que desde un proceso dialéctico se posicionan como sujetos activos de esa interrelación que genera nuevas perspectivas de vida y transformación social, convirtiendo al sujeto en protagonista de su propio destino.

Active participation is the articulator and the navigation chart of psychosocial intervention, because it ubiquitates the subject in the quality of the agent and the place in the social construction, it decides, which involves the personas in aspects of life that are of interest. coming to the members of the community as receiving objects of what the professional brings, since from a dialectical process they are positioned as active objects of that interrelation that generates new perspectives of life and social transformation, converting the subject into the protagonist of your own destiny.

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En la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, el 7 de septiembre del 2001, la revista Claves, la Unidad Académica de Salud Mental de la U.D.H. Fernández de la Facultad de Medicina, UBA, el Proyecto UBACyT: Exclusión Social y Nuevos Padecimientos del Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani, de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, y el Instituto Internacional de Psicología Social Analítica de Venecia, Italia, organizaron un Foro Participativo. Se incluyen las ponencias de cada uno de los integrantes a partir de la presentación de dos situaciones obstétricas; Cinthia y María. Fue Secretaria del Foro la Lic. Viviana García

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Pharmacotherapy is the treatment of choice for Bipolar Disorder without any doubt. However, an integration of psychotherapeutic techniques with pharmacotherapy has been recommended by the American Psychiatric Association. Among the different psychosocial approaches we shall quote the most used ones. Specially psychoeducation, which is considered one of the most useful ways. We shall report our experience working with the psychoeducational method in the treatment of the Bipolar Disorder during last years.

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O presente trabalho versa sobre a questäo da rejeiçäo e aceitaçäo do doente psiquiátrico acometido de esquizofrenia a partir do acompanhamento médico de um grupo de 50 pacientes psicóticos esquizofrênicos e suas respectivas famílias. Foi aplicada escala para averiguaçäo dos referidos fatores comportamentais, e se conclui que métodos de socioterapia devem ser aplicados juntamente com o tratamento farmacoterapêutico em tais pacientes a fim de melhor integrá-los no meio familiar e social. E pode-se concluir que a desorganizaçäo familiar do psicótico esquizofrênico se relaciona diretamente à presença do membro doente

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Se revisa el surgimiento de las redes sociales de apoyo en el tratamiento y rehabilitación del paciente mental. La terapia social adquiere gran importancia en cuanto a diferenciar formas de proteger la vulnerabilidad biopsicosocial del paciente, en una perspectiva interaccional sistémica y particularmente a través de su familia, basada en reforzar aquellas interacciones todavía normales y en posponer la atención de las alteradas y aún de las patológicas

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O presente trabalho, objetivou-se investigar a percepçäo que os enfermeiros de instituiçöes psiquiátricas de uma cidade do interior paulista, tem sobre o significado da socioterapia como método de comunicaçäo, bem como detectar pontos de relevância da atuaçäo da enfermagem junto à socioterapia no ambiente hospitalar psiquiátrico. Utilizou-se da observaçäo e da entrevista, através de questionário informativo. Os resultados evidenciaram que a maioria dos enfermeiros estudados têm uma percepçäo considerável sobre socioterapia; evidenciando-a como meios de comunicaçäo, distraçäo, ocupaçäo, reeducaçäo, ressocializaçäo e reabilitaçäo do paciente.

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Children under 18 months of age, with primary moderate and severe malnutrition, were treated by a multiprofessional team with an ambulatory system. The prospective effect of intensive psychosensorial stimulation over psychomotor development and physical growth was studied. Control (41 children) and experimental (55 children) groups were compared when the program started and successively followed up after 6 and 12 months. The experimental group were given intensive psychosensorial stimulation at home by their mothers. They were trained and periodically inspected by nurses. Both groups were matched by age, sex and birthweight. They all came from very poor families. Mean age when the program started was 10.4 months. Weight for age, weight for height, height for age (Standard NCHS), serum albumin, serum iron, transferrin saturation, TIBC were evaluated. Psychomotor development was evaluated with Rodríguez S. (EEDP) and Brunet Lezine scales. Both groups had similar increment in weight for age, weight for height, serum iron and transferrin saturation. No change was observed in height for age, serum albumin and TIBC. Psychomotor development improved more in the experimental group (p less than 0.01), coming to normal range in most children in that group. To conclude, intensive psychosensorial stimulation in malnourished children is not shown to improve physical growth but does improve psychomotor development (malnutrition, psychomotor development, physical growth, psychosensorial stimulation).

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Os autores demonstram como as atividades festivas desenvolvidas dentro de um hospital psiquiátrico público em Belém do Pará podem funcionar de forma socioterápica, em um modelo onde interagem os pacientes e funcionários. Enfatizam a existência de mecanismos, esquizo-paranóides, depressivos e maníacos, mostrando a importância de tais fenômenos serem comopreendidos e manejados adequadamente, visando manter a atividade como fins terapêuticos. Foram também valorizados os estímulos de natureza cultural que envolvem a cidade de Belém do Pará, repercutindo no ambiente hospitalar, por ocasiäo das festas juninas e do chamado Círio de Nazaré

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Since orthodox health practitioners and the church have tended to maintain different values with respect to sickness and care, little attention has been paid to models that combine religious healing and traditional medical and psychiatric care. This study describes such a tripartite collaborative model. Through participation observation and interviews of patients and staff, attention is focused on the impact that sociocultural factors have had on the practical workings of a church-based clinic. (AU)