Evaluation of sulfate rhizofiltration by Carpobrotus chilensis for treating mining waters.

Chile, the world's leading copper producer, generates significant volumes of mining waters, some of which cannot be recirculated into the production process. These mining waters are characterized by elevated sulfate (SO42-) concentrations, requiring sustainable management strategies for potential reuse. This study aims to evaluate the rhizofiltration technique using Carpobrotus chilensis for treating mining waters with a high SO42- concentration. Initially, the mining waters exhibited a pH of 7.97 ± 0.16 and a SO42- concentration of 2,743 ± 137 mg L-1, while the control water had a pH of 7.88 ± 0.08 and a SO42- concentration of 775 ± 19.0 mg L-1. The plants were hydroponically cultivated in 40 L containers with mining waters and drinking water as a control. Over an 8-week period, the pH of the mining water decreased to 3.12 ± 0.01, and the SO42- concentration declined to 2,200 ± 110 mg L-1. Notably, the fresh weight of roots was significantly higher in plants grown in mining water (22.2 ± 6.66 g) compared to those in the control treatment (14.3 ± 4.28 g). However, an undesirable increase in the acidity was observed in the mining waters after rhizofiltration, which was attributed to hydrogen sulfate (HSO4-) and/or root exudates. Despite the unexpected increase in acidity, C. chilensis effectively reduced the concentration of SO42- in mining waters by 20%. Additionally, the C. chilensis roots accumulated 4.84 ± 1.40% of sulfur (S), a level comparable to thiophore plants. This study provides evidence that this non-aquatic plant can be used in sulfate rhizofiltration.

Caprobrotus chilensis is a good candidate for sulfate rhizolfiltration in mining waters.The accumulation of sulfur by the roots of Carpobrotus chilensis reached 4.84%Mining waters with a high concentration of sulfates require control of the redox potential.

Semisynthesis of new sulfated heterorhamnan derivatives obtained from green seaweed Gayralia brasiliensis and evaluation of their anticoagulant activity.

Marine green algae produce sulfated polysaccharides with diverse structures and a wide range of biological activities. This study aimed to enhance the biotechnological potential of sulfated heterorhamnan (Gb1) from Gayralia brasiliensis by chemically modifying it for improved or new biological functions. Using controlled Smith Degradation (GBS) and O-alkylation with 3-chloropropylamine, we synthesized partially water-soluble amine derivatives. GBS modification increase sulfate groups (29.3 to 37.5 %) and α-l-rhamnose units (69.9 to 81.2 mol%), reducing xylose and glucose, compared to Gb1. The backbone featured predominantly 3- and 2-linked α-l-rhamnosyl and 2,3- linked α-l-rhamnosyl units as branching points. Infrared and NMR analyses confirmed the substitution of hydroxyl groups with aminoalkyl groups. The modified compounds, GBS-AHCs and GBS-AHK, exhibited altered anticoagulant properties. GBS-AHCs showed reduced effectiveness in the APTT assay, while GBS-AHK maintained a similar anticoagulant activity level to Gb1 and GBS. Increased nitrogen content and N-alkylation in GBS-AHCs compared to GBS-AHK may explain their structural differences. The chemical modification proposed did not enhance its anticoagulant activity, possibly due to the introduction of amino groups and a positive charge to the polymer. This characteristic presents new opportunities for investigating the potential of these polysaccharides in various biological applications, such as antimicrobial and antitumoral activities.

Phase separation as a strategy to prevent sulfide-related drawbacks in methanogenesis: performance and energetic aspects.

The establishment of sulfate (SO42-) reduction during methanogenesis may considerably hinder the efficient energetic exploitation of methane, once removing sulfide from biogas is obligate and can be costly. In addition, sulfide generation can negatively impact the performance of methanogens by triggering substrate competition and sulfide inhibition. This study investigated the impacts of removing SO42- during fermentation on the performance of a second-stage methanogenic continuous reactor (R2), comparing the results with those obtained in a single-stage system (R1) fed with SO42--rich wastewater (SO42- of up to 400 mg L-1, COD/SO42- of 3.12-12.50). The organic load (OL) was progressively increased to 5.0 g COD d-1 in both reactors, showing completely discrepant performances. Sulfate-reducing bacteria outperformed methanogens in the consumption for organic matter during the start-up phase (OL = 2.5 g COD d-1) in R1, directing up to 73% of the electron flow to SO42- reduction. An efficient methanogenic activity was established in R1 only after decreasing the OL to 0.625 g COD d-1, after which methanogenesis prevailed by consuming ca. 90% of the removed COD. Nevertheless, high sulfide proportions (up to 3.1%) were measured in biogas. Conversely, methanogenesis was promptly established in R2, resulting in a methane-rich (> 80%) and sulfide-free biogas regardless of the operating condition. From an economic perspective, processing the biogas evolved from R2 would be cheaper, although the techno-economic impacts of managing the sulfur pollution in the fermentative reactor still need to be understood.

Gene regulatory networks underlying sulfate deficiency responses in plants.

Sulfur (S) is an essential macronutrient for plants and its availability in soils is an important determinant for growth and development. Current regulatory policies aimed at reducing industrial S emissions together with changes in agronomical practices have led to a decline in S contents in soils worldwide. Deficiency of sulfate-the primary form of S accessible to plants in soil-has adverse effects on both crop yield and nutritional quality. Hence, recent research has increasingly focused on unraveling the molecular mechanisms through which plants detect and adapt to a limiting supply of sulfate. A significant part of these studies involves the use of omics technologies and has generated comprehensive catalogs of sulfate deficiency-responsive genes and processes, principally in Arabidopsis together with a few studies centering on crop species such as wheat, rice, or members of the Brassica genus. Although we know that sulfate deficiency elicits an important reprogramming of the transcriptome, the transcriptional regulators orchestrating this response are not yet well understood. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of gene expression responses to sulfate deficiency and recent efforts towards the identification of the transcription factors that are involved in controlling these responses. We further compare the transcriptional response and putative regulators between Arabidopsis and two important crop species, rice and tomato, to gain insights into common mechanisms of the response to sulfate deficiency.

A decade-long journey shed light on chemical composition and field determination of acid mine drainage in Brazil.

Regular monitoring of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is essential for understanding its extent and impact on water resources. Traditional manual sampling methods have limitations, such as limited representativeness and delayed lab analysis. High-frequency monitoring offers an alternative, enabling real-time analysis of AMD fluctuations and determination of constituents in the field. This study assessed a decade-long environmental monitoring database from watersheds impacted by coal mining in Brazil to analyze the relationships between physical properties and constituents from different water sources affected by AMD. Samples were grouped into four categories based on location and contamination levels. Results revealed that water samples from the two groups not affected by AMD exhibited near-neutral pH, low metal and sulfate concentrations, and a large portion of samples below the quantification limit for Mn and Al. In contrast, samples from groups affected by AMD displayed high metal and sulfate concentrations and acidic pH, with the highest contamination observed in the underground mine discharges group (AMD UMD). Spearman correlation analyzes between field (pH and electrical conductivity (EC)) and lab (SO42-, Fe, Mn, and Al) parameters showed no significant correlations in non-AMD-affected groups, but significant correlations in AMD-affected groups, particularly the Streams group. A regression model between sulfate and EC was identified as the best predictor for AMD, enabling continuous, low-cost monitoring of contaminated streams and providing insight into previously unobserved AMD processes, such as variations in contamination during storm events and river flushing.

A Fucose-Containing Sulfated Polysaccharide from Spatoglossum schröederi Potentially Targets Tumor Growth Rather Than Cytotoxicity: Distinguishing Action on Human Melanoma Cell Lines.

Natural substances are strategic candidates for drug development in cancer research. Marine-derived molecules are of special interest due to their wide range of biological activities and sustainable large-scale production. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that originates from genetic mutations in melanocytes. BRAF, RAS, and NF1 mutations are described as the major melanoma drivers, but approximately 20% of patients lack these mutations and are included in the triple wild-type (tripleWT) classification. Recent advances in targeted therapy directed at driver mutations along with immunotherapy have only partially improved patients' overall survival, and consequently, melanoma remains deadly when in advanced stages. Fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSP) are potential candidates to treat melanoma; therefore, we investigated Fucan A, a FCSP from Spatoglossum schröederi brown seaweed, in vitro in human melanoma cell lines presenting different mutations. Up to 72 h Fucan A treatment was not cytotoxic either to normal melanocytes or melanoma cell lines. Interestingly, it was able to impair the tripleWT CHL-1 cell proliferation (57%), comparable to the chemotherapeutic cytotoxic drug cisplatin results, with the advantage of not causing cytotoxicity. Fucan A increased CHL-1 doubling time, an effect attributed to cell cycle arrest. Vascular mimicry, a close related angiogenesis process, was also impaired (73%). Fucan A mode of action could be related to gene expression modulation, in special ß-catenin downregulation, a molecule with protagonist roles in important signaling pathways. Taken together, results indicate that Fucan A is a potential anticancer molecule and, therefore, deserves further investigation.

Biooxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur by moderate thermophilic acidophilic bacteria.

The copper industry utilizes significant amounts of sulfuric acid in its processes, generating sulfate as waste. While sulfate-reducing bacteria can remove sulfate, it produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a byproduct. This study examined the capability of a consortium consisting of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans and Sulfobacillus acidophilus to partially oxidize H2S to S° at a temperature of 45 °C. A fixed-bed bioreactor, with glass rings as support material and sodium thiosulfate as a model electron donor, was inoculated with the consortium. Formation of biofilms was crucial to maintain the bioreactor's steady state, despite high flow rates. Afterward, the electron donor was changed to H2S. When the bioreactor was operated continuously and with high aeration, H2S was fully oxidized to SO42-. However, under conditions of low aeration and at a concentration of 0.26 g/L of H2S, the consortium was able to oxidize H2S to S° with a 13% yield. S° was discovered attached to the glass rings and jarosite. The results indicate that the consortium could oxidize H2S to S° with a 13% yield under low aeration and at a concentration of 0.26 g/L of H2S. The findings highlight the capability of a Sulfobacillus consortium to convert H2S into S°, providing a potential solution for addressing environmental and safety issues associated with sulfate waste generated by the mining industry.

Sulphate-based electrochemical processes as an alternative for the remediation of a beauty salon effluent‡.

Beauty salons (BS) are places that deal with a wide range of cosmetics with potentially hazardous chemicals, and their effluent should be properly treated before going to the sewage system, once it represents characteristics of industrial wastewater. This work provides an extensive characterization of a BS effluent and its respective electrochemical treatment by comparing NaCl, Na2SO4, and Na2S2O8 as supporting electrolytes with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) as anode, applying 10 or 30 mA cm-2 of current density (j). The inclusion of UVC irradiation was also performed but the improvements achieved in removing the organic matter were null or lower. The analysis of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, energy consumption, and total current efficiency (TCE) was required to prove the efficacy of the processes and the comparative study of the performance of different technologies. Precipitate analysis was also done due to the high turbidity of the raw effluent and the appearance of a precipitate before and during the electrolysis, mainly with Na2S2O8. The precipitate confirmed the presence of silicates and small amounts of heavy metals. The results clearly showed that 6 h of treatment with Na2SO4 achieved 58% of COD removal with an energy consumption of about 0.52 kWh m-3, being the best electrolyte option for treating BS effluent by applying 10 mA cm-2. Under these experimental conditions, the final wastewater can be directly discharged into the sewage system with a lower amount of visible precipitate, and with 73% less turbidity. The treatment here proposed can be used as an alternative to decision-makers and governments once it can be a step further in the implementation of better and advanced politics of water sanitation.

Proteomic Study of Broiler Plasma Supplemented with Different Levels of Copper and Manganese from Different Sources.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the differential expression of plasma proteins in broiler chickens supplemented with different sources (sulfates and hydroxychlorides) and levels of copper (15 and 150 mg kg-1) and manganese (80 and 120 mg kg-1). For this, plasma samples from 40 broiler chickens were used, divided into four experimental groups: S15-80 (15 ppm CuSO4 and 80 ppm MnSO4), S150-120 (150 ppm CuSO4 and 120 ppm MnSO4), H15-80 (15 ppm Cu(OH)Cl and 80 ppm Mn(OH)Cl), and H150-120 (150 ppm Cu(OH)Cl and 120 ppm Mn(OH)Cl). From plasma samples obtained from each bird from the same treatment, four pools were made considering 10 birds per group. Plasma proteome fractionation was performed by 2D-PAGE. Concentrations of the studied minerals were also evaluated in both plasma and protein pellet samples. A higher concentration of Cu and Mn was observed in the plasma and protein pellets of groups that received higher mineral supplementation levels compared to those receiving lower levels. Mn concentrations were higher in plasma and protein pellets of the hydroxychloride-supplemented groups than the sulfate-supplemented groups. Analysis of the gels revealed a total of 40 differentially expressed spots among the four treatments. Supplementation with different sources of minerals, particularly at higher levels, resulted in changes in protein regulation, suggesting a potential imbalance in homeostasis.

Renocardiac Effects of p-Cresyl Sulfate Administration in Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Unilateral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury In Vivo.

The precise mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular complications due to acute kidney injury (AKI) and the retention of uremic toxins like p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) remain incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the renocardiac effects of PCS administration in animals subjected to AKI induced by ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. C57BL6 mice were subjected to distinct protocols: (i) administration with PCS (20, 40, or 60 mg/L/day) for 15 days and (ii) AKI due to unilateral IR injury associated with PCS administration for 15 days. The 20 mg/L dose of PCS led to a decrease in renal mass, an increase in the gene expression of Cystatin C and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), and a decrease in the α-actin in the heart. During AKI, PCS increased the renal injury biomarkers compared to control; however, it did not exacerbate these markers. Furthermore, PCS did not enhance the cardiac hypertrophy observed after 15 days of IR. An increase, but not potentialized, in the cardiac levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6 in the IR group treated with PCS, as well as in the injured kidney, was also noticed. In short, PCS administration did not intensify kidney injury, inflammation, and cardiac outcomes after AKI.

Identification of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from fishponds and their performance to remove hydrogen sulfide under aquarium conditions.

Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic gas that causes many economic losses in aquaculture ponds. The application of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) to remove hydrogen sulfide is an eco-friendly approach. This study aimed to isolate and identify the most efficient SOBs from the sediment of warm-water fish farms. Enrichment and isolation were performed in three different culture media (Starkey, Postgate, and H-3) based on both mineral and organic carbon. Overall, 27 isolates (14 autotrophic and 13 heterotrophic isolates) were purified based on colony and cell morphology differences. Initial screening was performed based on pH decrease. For final screening, the isolates were assessed based on their efficacy in thiosulfate oxidation and the sulfate production on Starkey liquid medium. Among isolated strains, 3 strains of Iran 2 (FH-13), Iran 3 (FH-21), and Iran 1 (FH-14) that belonged to Thiobacillus thioparus species (identified by 16s rRNA) showed the highest ability in thiosulfate oxidation (413.21, 1362.50, and 4188.03 mg/L for 14 days) and the highest sulfate production (3350, 2075, and 1600 mg/L). In the final phase, the performance of these strains under aquarium conditions showed that Iran 1 and Iran 2 had the highest ability in sulfur oxidation. In conclusion, Iran 1 and 2 strains can be used as effective SOB to remove hydrogen sulfide in fish farms. It is very important to evaluate strains in an appropriate strategy using a combination of different criteria to ensure optimal performance of SOB in farm conditions.

Supplementation of sulfate polysaccharides in the seminal cooling medium of common curimata (Prochilodus brevis).

BACKGROUND: The use of sulfated polysaccharides (PS) in seminal cooling is known to improve seminal quality. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of different concentrations of PS, extracted from the macroalgae Gracilaria domigensis as a supplement to the seminal cooling medium of the reophilic fish Prochilodus brevis (common curimatã). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five semen pools were diluted in ACP-104 (treatment T1), in BTS® (T2) and in BTS® with different concentrations of PS (0.5 [T3]; 1.0 [T4] and 1.5 [T5]). The samples were cooled for different times (0, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h) and after each hour they were analyzed for: morphology, membrane integrity, DNA integrity and sperm kinetics. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the treatments containing different concentrations of sulfated polysaccharides. Regarding the different cooling times, it was possible to observe that after hour 96, there was a reduction in the parameters of sperm kinetics. For DNA integrity there was no significant difference in relation to the treatments nor in relation to the hours. For membrane integrity, a reduction was noted as of hour 96, but there was no influence of polysaccharides. For the sperm morphology, there was no statistical difference between the hours, however the BTS was better than the ACP-104. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the use of polysaccharides in seminal cooling has no negative effect on sperm parameters and proves that seminal cooling keeps the material viable for up to 72 hours. Doi: 10.54680/fr23410110512.

One versus two-stage codigestion of sugarcane vinasse and glycerol: Assessing combinations at mesophilic and (hyper) thermophilic conditions.

Sugarcane vinasse exits the distillation process at high temperatures, which may differ from the optimal temperatures for dark fermentation and anaerobic digestion. A 15 °C temperature increase, for example, stops sugarcane vinasse methane generation, making distillery vinasse digestion complicated. Conversely, in other aspects, co-digesting vinasse and glycerol has been proven to stabilize methane production from vinasse because of sulfate dilution. However, glycerol has not been tested to stabilize vinasse digestion under temperature changes. Thus, this study compared the effects of different temperature settings on the co-digestion of 10 g COD L-1 of vinasse and glycerol (50 %:50 % on a COD basis) in anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBR), i.e., an acidogenic and a methanogenic one-stage AFBRs operated at 55, 60, and 65 °C, and two methanogenic AFBRs fed both with acidogenic effluent (one operated at room temperature (25 °C) and the other at 55, 60, and 65 °C). The co-digestion provided steady methane generation at all AFBRs, with methane production rates ranging from 2.27 to 2.93 L CH4 d-1 L-1, whether in one or two stages. A feature of this research was to unravel the black box of the role of sulfate in the digestion of sugarcane vinasse, which was rarely studied. Desulfovibrio was the primary genus degrading 1,3-propanediol into 3-hydroxypropanoate after genome sequencing. Phosphate acetyltransferase (EC: 2.3.1.8, K00625) and acetate kinase (EC: 2.7.2.1, K00925) genes were also found, suggesting propionate was metabolized. In practical aspects, regarding the two-stage systems, the thermophilic-mesophilic (acidogenic-methanogenic) configuration is best for extracting additional value-added products because 1,3-propanediol may be recovered at high yields with steady methane production at reduced energy expenditure in a reactor operated at room temperature. However, the one-stage design is best for methane generation per system volume since it remained stable with rising temperatures, and all systems presented similar methane production rates.

Effect of glycosaminoglycans on the structure and composition of articular cartilage and bone of broilers.

This study aimed to assess the influence of glycosaminoglycan (chondroitin and glucosamine sulfates) supplementation in the diet of broilers on the expression of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) and metallopeptidase inhibitor 2 (TIMP-2) genes, the synthesis of proteoglycans, collagen type II and chondrocytes, bone and cartilage macroscopy, bone mineral densitometry, bone breaking strength and mineral profile. A completely randomized design was carried out in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme (3 levels of chondroitin sulfate: 0.00, 0.05, and 0.10%; and 3 levels of glucosamine sulfate: 0.00, 0.15, and 0.30%), totaling 9 treatments. At 21 and 42 d of age, broilers were slaughtered, and tibias and femurs were collected for evaluation. There was an interaction (P < 0.05) of sulfates for the expression of MMP-9 and its inhibitor TIMP-2 in femur articular cartilage, as well as for the number of chondrocytes, collagen type II and proteoglycans in tibia articular cartilage, bone and cartilage macroscopy and mineral profile (P < 0.05), with better results obtained with the inclusion of chondroitin and/or glucosamine sulfates in the feed. In conclusion, chondroitin and glucosamine sulfates can be used in broiler diets in order to favor the development of the structure of the locomotor system (bones and joints), thus preventing locomotion problems.

Calcium oxalate crystal macropattern and its usefulness in the taxonomy of Baccharis (Asteraceae).

This study provides a comprehensive account of the various types of calcium oxalate crystals found in the genus Baccharis and assesses the exceptional value of crystal macropatterns for the taxonomy of the genus. The morphotype, occurrence, and chemical composition of the crystals found in the stems and leaves are studied. The 44 species included in this study were selected based on a broad phylogeny-based sampling covering seven subgenera and 31 sections. These species were chosen to represent all the main phylogenetic lineages of Baccharis; thus, the sampling also represents a comprehensive coverage concerning evolutionary significance for such a large and environmentally and economically important plant group. The samples were analyzed by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Several morphotypes of crystals, including druses, crystal sand, styloids and prisms, were present. Based on their chemical composition, the crystals were classified as pure calcium oxalate, mixtures of oxalates and sulfates, and mixtures of oxalates, sulfates, and silica. The crystal macropatterns observed in this study aid in species identification and provide novel data for the taxonomy of Baccharis. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Most species of Baccharis have a specific crystalline pattern. Each species produces a crystal morphotype or a set of morphotypes specific to it. The crystals observed are formed by calcium oxalate.

Effects of dietary copper and zinc hydroxychloride supplementation on bone development, skin quality and hematological parameters of broilers chickens.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of supplementation with different levels of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), using two mineral sources (sulphate and hydroxy forms), on the bone characteristics, skin strength/elasticity, and haematological parameters of broilers. A total of 1792 1-day-old male Cobb-500 broiler chickens were randomly distributed among eight dietary treatments, using Cu sulphate (CSM) or hydroxychloride (CHC), and Zn sulphate (ZSM) or hydroxychloride (ZHC). The dietary treatments were as follows: (1) low-CSM/high-ZSM, (2) high-CSM/high-ZSM, (3) low-CHC/low-ZHC, (4) low-CHC/medium-ZHC, (5) low-CHC/high-ZHC, (6) high-CHC/low-ZHC, (7) high-CHC/medium-ZHC, and (8) high-CHC/high-ZHC. On Day 42, blood samples were collected from one bird/pen to analyze the haematological parameters. Finally, two birds/pen were slaughtered, and the tibia and femur were collected to analyze the quality of bone and skin. The means were subjected to ANOVA and, when significant, compared by Tukey's test (p < 0.05) or Dunnett's (p < 0.05) test. The haematological parameters were not influenced by mineral supplementation. However, the inclusion of low ZHC enhanced the skin strength compared to high ZHC (p = 0.046). Furthermore, the bone mineral density of the tibia proximal epiphysis, tibia ash and tibia mineral content were positively improved with supplementation of low-CHC/medium-ZHC compared to high-CHC/medium-ZHC. This study demonstrated that hydroxy compounds are potential alternatives for replacing sulphate supplements in broiler diets. Moreover, among the Cu and Zn levels, the low CHC (15 mg/kg) and medium ZHC (100 mg/kg) improved bone development and skin integrity, suggesting that the combination of Cu and Zn can be a nutritional strategy to prevent the incidence of leg disorders in broilers.

Total Iron Absorbed from Iron-Biofortified Potatoes Is Higher than that from Nonbiofortified Potatoes: A Randomized Trial Using Stable Iron Isotopes in Women from the Peruvian Highlands.

BACKGROUND: Yellow-fleshed potatoes biofortified with iron have been developed through conventional breeding, but the bioavailability of iron is unknown. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to measure iron absorption from an iron-biofortified yellow-fleshed potato clone in comparison with a nonbiofortified yellow-fleshed potato variety. METHODS: We conducted a single-blinded, randomized, crossover, multiple-meal intervention study. Women (n = 28; mean ± SD plasma ferritin 21.3 ± 3.3 µg/L) consumed 10 meals (460 g) of both potatoes, each meal extrinsically labeled with either 58Fe sulfate (biofortified) or 57Fe sulfate (nonfortified), on consecutive days. Iron absorption was estimated from iron isotopic composition in erythrocytes 14 d after administration of the final meal. RESULTS: Mean ± SD iron, phytic acid, and ascorbic acid concentrations in iron-biofortified and the nonfortified potato meals (mg/per 100 mg) were 0.63 ± 0.01 and 0.31 ± 0.01, 39.34 ± 3.04 and 3.10 ± 1.72, and 7.65 ± 0.34 and 3.74 ± 0.39, respectively (P < 0.01), whereas chlorogenic acid concentrations were 15.14 ± 1.72 and 22.52 ± 3.98, respectively (P < 0.05). Geometric mean (95% CI) fractional iron absorption from the iron-biofortified clone and the nonbiofortified variety were 12.1% (10.3%-14.2%) and 16.6% (14.0%-19.6%), respectively (P < 0.001). Total iron absorption from the iron-biofortified clone and the nonbiofortified variety were 0.35 mg (0.30-0.41 mg) and 0.24 mg (0.20-0.28 mg) per 460 g meal, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: TIA from iron-biofortified potato meals was 45.8% higher than that from nonbiofortified potato meals, suggesting that iron biofortification of potatoes through conventional breeding is a promising approach to improve iron intake in iron-deficient women. The study was registered at www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov as Identifier number NCT05154500.

A novel interdomain consortium from a Costa Rican oil well composed of Methanobacterium cahuitense sp. nov. and Desulfomicrobium aggregans sp. nov.

A novel interdomain consortium composed of a methanogenic Archaeon and a sulfate-reducing bacterium was isolated from a microbial biofilm in an oil well in Cahuita National Park, Costa Rica. Both organisms can be grown in pure culture or as stable co-culture. The methanogenic cells were non-motile rods producing CH4 exclusively from H2/CO2. Cells of the sulfate-reducing partner were motile rods forming cell aggregates. They utilized hydrogen, lactate, formate, and pyruvate as electron donors. Electron acceptors were sulfate, thiosulfate, and sulfite. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed 99% gene sequence similarity of strain CaP3V-M-L2AT to Methanobacterium subterraneum and 98.5% of strain CaP3V-S-L1AT to Desulfomicrobium baculatum. Both strains grew from 20 to 42 °C, pH 5.0-7.5, and 0-4% NaCl. Based on our data, type strains CaP3V-M-L2AT (= DSM 113354 T = JCM 39174 T) and CaP3V-S-L1AT (= DSM 113299 T = JCM 39179 T) represent novel species which we name Methanobacterium cahuitense sp. nov. and Desulfomicrobium aggregans sp. nov.

Impacts of phosphorus and nitrogen absence on microbial diversity and sulfate removal in anaerobic batch reactors.

Sulfate-rich effluents have been successfully treated in anaerobic reactors using sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Many authors have demonstrated that these systems require nitrogen and phosphorous supplementation to achieve high sulfate removal rates. However, the resource ratio theory assumes that some species can be dominant according to the nutritional relations used or even without external nutrient supplementation. Thus, this study evaluated the SRB communities in batch reactors without external nitrogen and phosphorus sources based on most probable number (MPN) quantification, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses and sequencing. The sulfate and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and kinetic parameters were also determined. After 100 days of operation, the sulfate and COD removal achieved 71.8 ± 10% and 86.5 ± 10%, respectively. The SRB population increased from 8.106 to 4 × 1012 MPN 100 mL-1, and the richness of SRB bands was much higher at the end of the experiment compared to the inoculum. In addition, the sequenced bands from SRB-DGGE showed similarities to Desulfacinum infernum, Desulfobulbus sp, Syntrophobacter and Desulfomicrobium aestuarii-related sequences. Therefore, biological treatment of acid mine drainage wastewater was effective in the absence of nutrients, lowering costs and providing high sulfate removal efficiency.

Marine Submicron Aerosols from the Gulf of Mexico: Polluted and Acidic with Rapid Production of Sulfate and Organosulfates.

We measured submicron aerosols (PM1) at a beachfront site in Texas in Spring 2021 to characterize the "background" aerosol chemical composition advecting into Texas and the factors controlling this composition. Observations show that marine "background" aerosols from the Gulf of Mexico were highly processed and acidic; sulfate was the most abundant component (on average 57% of total PM1 mass), followed by organic material (26%). These chemical characteristics are similar to those observed at other marine locations globally. However, Gulf "background" aerosols were much more polluted; the average non-refractory (NR-) PM1 mass concentration was 3-70 times higher than that observed in other clean marine atmospheres. Anthropogenic shipping emissions over the Gulf of Mexico explain 78.3% of the total measured "background" sulfate in the Gulf air. We frequently observed haze pollution in the air mass from the Gulf, with significantly elevated concentrations of sulfate, organosulfates, and secondary organic aerosol associated with sulfuric acid. Analysis suggests that aqueous oxidation of shipping emissions over the Gulf of Mexico by peroxides in the particles might potentially be an important pathway for the rapid production of acidic sulfate and organosulfates during the haze episodes under acidic conditions.