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1.
Physiol Plant ; 176(4): e14433, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38994561

RESUMO

Cadmium (Cd) is a leading environmental issue worldwide. The current study was conducted to investigate Cd tolerance of 10 commercial white clover (Trifolium repens) cultivars during seed germination and to further explore differences in lipid remodelling, glycometabolism, and the conversion of lipids into sugars contributing to Cd tolerance in the early phase of seedling establishment as well as the accumulation of Cd in seedlings and mature plants. The results show that Cd stress significantly reduced seed germination of 10 cultivars. Compared to Cd-sensitive Sulky, Cd-tolerant Pixie accelerated amylolysis to produce more glucose, fructose, and sucrose by maintaining higher amylase and sucrase activities under Cd stress. Pixie maintained higher contents of various lipids, higher DGDG/MGDG ratio, and lower unsaturation levels of lipids, which could be beneficial to membrane stability and integrity as well as signal transduction in cells after being subjected to Cd stress. In addition, Pixie upregulated expression levels of key genes (TrACX1, TrACX4, TrSDP6, and TrPCK1) involved in the conversion of lipids into sugars for early seedling establishment under Cd stress. These findings indicate that lipid remodelling, enhanced glycometabolism, and accelerated conversion of lipids into sugars are important adaptive strategies for white clover seed germination and subsequent seedling establishment under Cd stress. In addition, Pixie not only accumulated more Cd in seedlings and mature plants than Sulky but also had significantly better growth and phytoremediation efficiency under Cd stress. Pixie could be used as a suitable and critical germplasm for the rehabilitation and re-establishment of Cd-contaminated areas.


Assuntos
Cádmio , Germinação , Sementes , Trifolium , Cádmio/toxicidade , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Trifolium/efeitos dos fármacos , Trifolium/metabolismo , Trifolium/genética , Trifolium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Trifolium/fisiologia , Sementes/efeitos dos fármacos , Sementes/genética , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/metabolismo , Plântula/efeitos dos fármacos , Plântula/genética , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/metabolismo , Açúcares/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Lipídeos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos
2.
Int J Mol Sci ; 25(13)2024 Jun 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39000081

RESUMO

Spermidine is well known to accumulate in plants exposed to drought, but the regulatory network associated with its biosynthesis and accumulation and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that the Trifolium repens TrMYB33 relayed the ABA signal to modulate drought-induced spermidine production by directly regulating the expression of TrSAMS1, which encodes an S-adenosylmethionine synthase. This gene was identified by transcriptome and expression analysis in T. repens. TrSAMS1 overexpression and its pTRV-VIGS-mediated silencing demonstrated that TrSAMS1 is a positive regulator of spermidine synthesis and drought tolerance. TrMYB33 was identified as an interacting candidate through yeast one-hybrid library screening with the TrSAMS1 promoter region as the bait. TrMYB33 was confirmed to bind directly to the predicted TAACCACTAACCA (the TAACCA MYB binding site is repeated twice in tandem) within the TrSAMS1 promoter and to act as a transcriptional activator. Additionally, TrMYB33 contributed to drought tolerance by regulating TrSAMS1 expression and modulating spermidine synthesis. Additionally, we found that spermidine accumulation under drought stress depended on ABA and that TrMYB33 coordinated ABA-mediated upregulation of TrSAMS1 and spermidine accumulation. This study elucidated the role of a T. repens MYB33 homolog in modulating spermidine biosynthesis. The further exploitation and functional characterization of the TrMYB33-TrSAMS1 regulatory module can enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for spermidine accumulation during drought stress.


Assuntos
Ácido Abscísico , Secas , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Espermidina , Trifolium , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Trifolium/genética , Trifolium/metabolismo , Espermidina/metabolismo , Espermidina/biossíntese , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Estresse Fisiológico , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Resistência à Seca
3.
J Hazard Mater ; 474: 134777, 2024 Aug 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38824777

RESUMO

The invasion of alien plant and the pollution caused by soil microplastics have emerged as significant ecological threats. Recent studies have demonstrated aggravating effect of non-biodegradable microplastics on plant invasion. However, the impact of biodegradable microplastics (BMPs) on plant invasion remains unclear. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the impact of BMPs on plant invasion. In this study, a 30-day potting experiment with Trifolium repens L. (an invasive plant) and Oxalis corniculata L. (a native plant) was conducted to evaluate the influence of BMPs on T. repens's invasion. The findings revealed that BMPs results in a reduction in available N and P contents, thereby facilitating the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on T. repens 's roots. Consequently, T. repens adjusted its N and P foraging strategy by increasing P absorption ratio, and enhancing the accumulation of N and P in leaves. This ultimately led to the decrease of relative neighbor effect index of T. repens, indicating an aggravated invasion by T. repens. This study significantly enhances and expands the understanding of mechanisms by which microplastics aggravate plant invasion.


Assuntos
Nitrogênio , Fósforo , Poluentes do Solo , Trifolium , Trifolium/efeitos dos fármacos , Trifolium/metabolismo , Trifolium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Plásticos Biodegradáveis/química , Espécies Introduzidas , Micorrizas , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Microplásticos/toxicidade , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/microbiologia , Biodegradação Ambiental
4.
BMC Plant Biol ; 24(1): 523, 2024 Jun 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38853237

RESUMO

Allelopathy is a biological process in which one organism releases biochemicals that affect the growth and development of other organisms. The current investigation sought to determine the allelopathic effect of Rumex acetosella on white clover (Trifolium repens) growth and development by using its shoot extract (lower IC50 value) as a foliar treatment. Here, different concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 200 g/L) of shoot extract from Rumex acetosella were used as treatments. With increasing concentrations of shoot extract, the plant growth parameters, chlorophyll and total protein content of Trifolium repens decreased. On the other hand, ROS, such as O2.- and H2O2, and antioxidant enzymes, including SOD, CAT, and POD, increased with increasing shoot extract concentration. A phytohormonal study indicated that increased treatment concentrations increased ABA and SA levels while JA levels were reduced. For the identification of allelochemicals, liquid‒liquid extraction, thin-layer chromatography, and open-column chromatography were conducted using R. acetosella shoot extracts, followed by a seed bioassay on the separated layer. A lower IC50 value was obtained through GC/MS analysis. gammaSitosterol was identified as the most abundant component. The shoot extract of Rumex acetosella has strong allelochemical properties that may significantly impede the growth and development of Trifolium repens. This approach could help to understand the competitive abilities of this weed species and in further research provide an alternate weed management strategy.


Assuntos
Alelopatia , Antioxidantes , Extratos Vegetais , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas , Rumex , Trifolium , Trifolium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Trifolium/metabolismo , Trifolium/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Rumex/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Rumex/metabolismo , Rumex/efeitos dos fármacos , Rumex/química , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/farmacologia , Metanol , Plantas Daninhas/efeitos dos fármacos , Plantas Daninhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Feromônios/farmacologia , Feromônios/metabolismo , Brotos de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brotos de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Brotos de Planta/metabolismo , Brotos de Planta/química
5.
Sci Total Environ ; 946: 174057, 2024 Oct 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38914340

RESUMO

Root-associated microbiota provide great fitness to hosts under environmental stress. However, the underlying microecological mechanisms controlling the interaction between heavy metal-stressed plants and the microbiota are poorly understood. In this study, we screened and isolated representative amplicon sequence variants (strain M4) from rhizosphere soil samples of Trifolium repens L. growing in areas with high concentrations of heavy metals. To investigate the microecological mechanisms by which T. repens adapts to heavy metal stress in abandoned mining areas, we conducted potting experiments, bacterial growth promotion experiments, biofilm formation experiments, and chemotaxis experiments. The results showed that high concentrations of heavy metals significantly altered the rhizosphere bacterial community structure of T. repens and significantly enriched Microbacterium sp. Strain M4 was demonstrated to significantly increased the biomass and root length of T. repens under heavy metal stress. Additionally, L-proline and stigmasterol could promote bacterial growth and biofilm formation and induce chemotaxis for strain M4, suggesting that they are key rhizosphere secretions of T. repens for Microbacterium sp. recruitment. Our results suggested that T. repens adapted the heavy metal stress by reshaping rhizosphere secretions to modify the rhizosphere microbiota.


Assuntos
Metais Pesados , Microbacterium , Mineração , Raízes de Plantas , Rizosfera , Microbiologia do Solo , Poluentes do Solo , Trifolium , Trifolium/microbiologia , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Microbacterium/fisiologia , Microbiota/efeitos dos fármacos , Chumbo/toxicidade , Zinco
6.
PeerJ ; 12: e17472, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38827280

RESUMO

Excessive aluminum (Al) in acidic soils is a primary factor that hinders plant growth. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect and physiological mechanism of exogenous silicon (Si) in alleviating aluminum toxicity. Under hydroponic conditions, 4 mM Al significantly impeded the growth of white clover; however, pretreatments with 1 mM Si mitigated this inhibition, as evidenced by notable changes in growth indicators and physiological parameters. Exogenous silicon notably increased both shoot and root length of white clover and significantly decreased electrolyte leakage (EL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content compared to aluminum treatments. This positive effect was particularly evident in the roots. Further analysis involving hematoxylin staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and examination of organic acids (OAs) demonstrated that silicon relieved the accumulation of bioactive aluminum and ameliorated damage to root tissues in aluminum-stressed plants. Additionally, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed that additional silicon was primarily distributed in the root epidermal and cortical layers, effectively reducing the transport of aluminum and maintaining the balance of exchangeable cations absorption. These findings suggest that gradual silicon deposition in root tissues effectively prevents the absorption of biologically active aluminum, thereby reducing the risk of mineral nutrient deficiencies induced by aluminum stress, promoting organic acids exudation, and compartmentalizing aluminum in the outer layer of root tissues. This mechanism helps white clover alleviate the damage caused by aluminum toxicity.


Assuntos
Alumínio , Raízes de Plantas , Silício , Trifolium , Trifolium/metabolismo , Trifolium/efeitos dos fármacos , Silício/farmacologia , Alumínio/toxicidade , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Malondialdeído/metabolismo
7.
Environ Res ; 256: 119222, 2024 Sep 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38795949

RESUMO

This study investigated the bioindicator potential of Amaranthus retroflexus L., Plantago lanceolata L., Rumex acetosa L., and Trifolium pratense L. including the use of Lolium multiflorum L. as a reference species, for heavy metal pollution monitoring, in particular Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), and Lead (Pb). Controlled heavy metal contamination was applied through irrigation with metal nitrate solutions two levels of contamination (low and high). The study also focused on analyzing heavy metals concentration in plant tissues and related physiological responses. Distinct physiological responses to heavy metal stress were observed among the investigated species, highlighting unique variations in their reactions. Hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde content, and enzymatic activities emerged as reliable indicators of plant stress induced by heavy metal solutions. P. lanceolata displayed elevated Zn concentrations in both roots and leaves (3271 ± 337 and 4956 ± 82 mg kg-1). For Pb, L. multiflorum and P. lanceolata showed highest root concentrations (2964 ± 937 and 1605 ± 289 mg kg-1), while R. acetosa had higher leaf concentration (1957 ± 147 mg kg-1). For Ni, L. multiflorum had the highest root concentration (1148 ± 93 mg kg-1), and P. lanceolata exhibited the highest leaf concentration (2492 ± 28 mg kg-1). P. lanceolata consistently demonstrated the highest Cd concentrations in both roots (126 ± 21 mg kg-1) and leaves (163 ± 12 mg kg-1). These results provide valuable insights for selecting effective bioindicator species to establish control strategies for heavy metal pollution.


Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Metais Pesados , Poluentes do Solo , Metais Pesados/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Amaranthus/química , Amaranthus/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/química , Raízes de Plantas/química , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Trifolium/metabolismo , Trifolium/efeitos dos fármacos , Trifolium/química
8.
A A Pract ; 18(5): e01787, 2024 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38722059

RESUMO

An epidural hematoma is a rare but devastating complication after interventional pain procedures. The etiology is multifactorial, including anatomical variations, inherited coagulation disorders, and consumption of anticoagulants or antiplatelet substances. Specifically, in regard to platelet aggregation, the consumption of herbal medicine is often forgotten as a potential cause for coagulation profile disorders, potentially leading to an epidural hematoma. We present the case of a patient who developed an epidural hematoma after a cervical epidural block, most likely associated with daily "red clover" consumption.


Assuntos
Hematoma Epidural Espinal , Humanos , Hematoma Epidural Espinal/etiologia , Injeções Epidurais/efeitos adversos , Trifolium/efeitos adversos
9.
BMC Plant Biol ; 24(1): 467, 2024 May 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38807057

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of knowledge on the combined effects of different stresses on plants, in particular different stresses that occur during winter in temperate climates. Perennial herbaceous plants in temperate regions are exposed to many different stresses during winter, but except for the fact that cold temperatures induce resistance to a number of them, very little is known about their interaction effects. Knowledge about stress interactions is needed in order to predict effects of climate change on both agricultural production and natural ecosystems, and to develop adaptation strategies, e.g., through plant breeding. Here, we conducted a series of experiments under controlled conditions to study the interactions between cold (low positive temperature), clover rot infection (caused by Sclerotinia trifoliorum) and freezing, in red clover (Trifolium pratense) accessions. We also compared our results with winter survival in field experiments and studied associations between stress and shoot growth. RESULTS: Exposure to low positive temperatures (cold acclimation) induced resistance to clover rot. There was a clear negative interaction effect between freezing stress and clover rot infection, resulting in up to 37% lower survival rate compared to what would have been expected from the additive effect of freezing and infection alone. Freezing tolerance could continue to improve during incubation under artificial snow cover at 3 °C in spite of darkness, and we observed compensatory shoot growth following freezing after prolonged incubation. At the accession level, resistance to clover rot was negatively correlated with growth in the field during the previous year at a Norwegian location. It was also negatively correlated with the shoot regrowth of control plants after incubation. Clover rot resistance tests under controlled conditions showed limited correlation with clover rot resistance observed in the field, suggesting that they may reveal variation in more specific resistance mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: We here demonstrate, for the first time, a strong negative interaction between freezing and infection with a winter pathogen. We also characterize the effects of cold acclimation and incubation in darkness at different temperatures on winter stress tolerance, and present data that support the notion that annual cycles of growth and stress resistance are associated at the genetic level.


Assuntos
Congelamento , Estações do Ano , Trifolium , Trifolium/fisiologia , Trifolium/microbiologia , Trifolium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estresse Fisiológico , Temperatura Baixa , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Aclimatação , Ascomicetos/fisiologia
10.
Molecules ; 29(10)2024 May 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38792226

RESUMO

The study investigated compounds present in the invasive grass Hordeum murinum L. subsp. murinum and tested the allelopathic potential of this plant against common meadow species Festuca rubra L. and Trifolium repens L. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) performed separately on the ears and stalks with leaves of wall barley revealed 32 compounds, including secondary metabolites, that may play an important role in allelopathy. Two compounds, N-butylbenzenesulfonamide (NBBS) and diphenylsulfone (DDS), were described for the first time for wall barley and the Poaceae family. The presence of 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one (TMP) has also been documented. Aqueous extracts of H. murinum organs (ears and stalks with leaves) at concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% were used to evaluate its allelopathic potential. Compared to the control, all extracts inhibited germination and early growth stages of meadow species. The inhibitory effect was strongest at the highest concentration for both the underground and aboveground parts of the seedlings of the meadow species tested. Comparing the allelopathic effect, Trifolium repens proved to be more sensitive. In light of the results of the study, the removal of wall barley biomass appears to be important for the restoration of habitats where this species occurs due to its allelopathic potential.


Assuntos
Alelopatia , Hordeum , Extratos Vegetais , Hordeum/química , Hordeum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Hordeum/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Espécies Introduzidas , Trifolium/química , Trifolium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Trifolium/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/química , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Plântula/efeitos dos fármacos , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Festuca/efeitos dos fármacos , Festuca/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Festuca/química
11.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol ; 112(4): 54, 2024 Apr 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38565781

RESUMO

Contamination of aquatic and terrestrial environment with hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) is one of the major hazards worldwide due its carcinogenicity, persistency and immobility. Different research techniques have been adopted for Cr(VI) remediation present in terrestrial and aquatic media, while adsorption being the most advance, low cost, environmentally friendly and common method. The present study discussed the mechanisms of Parthenium hysterophorus derived biochar, iron-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (nFe-ZnO) and Fe-ZnO modified biochar (Fe-ZnO@BC) involved in Cr(VI) mobility and bioavailability. Pot experiments were conducted to study the effect of Parthenium hysterophorus derived biochar, nFe-ZnO and Fe-ZnO@BC application rates (2%, 2 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, respectively). The results indicated that the addition of soil amendments reduced Cr(VI) mobility. The findings revealed that the reduction in chromium mobility was observed by P. hysterophorus BC, and Fe-ZnO@BC but nFe-ZnO application significantly (p = 0.05) reduced Cr(VI) and CrT uptake as compared to the control treatments. The results of SEM coupled with EDS showed a high micropores and channel, smooth surface which helped in adsorption, and may enhance soil conditions. The concentration index (CI) by different amendments in trifolium plant was followed the descending order as: nFe-ZnO > Fe-ZnO@BC > P. hysterophorus BC after 30, 60 and 90 days of harvesting, respectively. In addition, human health risk index was found less than one (H1 < 1.0) in amended soils as compared to control treatments.


Assuntos
Compostos Férricos , Trifolium , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Óxido de Zinco , Humanos , Zinco , Carvão Vegetal , Cromo , Ferro , Solo , Adsorção
12.
J Agric Food Chem ; 72(18): 10247-10256, 2024 May 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38683760

RESUMO

Some forage legumes synthesize phytoestrogens. We conducted a glasshouse study to investigate how water stress (drought and waterlogging) influences phytoestrogen accumulation in red clover and kura clover. Compared to the red clover control, the 20 day drought resulted in an over 100% increase in the phytoestrogens formononetin and biochanin A, which together accounted for 91-96% of the total phytoestrogens measured. Waterlogging resulted in elevated concentrations of daidzein, genistein, and prunetin but not formononetin or biochanin A. Concentrations of phytoestrogens in kura clover were low or undetectable, regardless of water stress treatment. Leaf water potential was the most explanatory single-predictor of the variation in concentrations of formononetin, biochanin A, and total phytoestrogens in red clover. These results suggest that drought-stressed red clover may have higher potential to lead to estrogenic effects in ruminant livestock and that kura clover is a promising alternative low- or no-phytoestrogen perennial forage legume.


Assuntos
Fitoestrógenos , Trifolium , Trifolium/metabolismo , Trifolium/química , Trifolium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fitoestrógenos/metabolismo , Fitoestrógenos/análise , Água/metabolismo , Água/análise , Isoflavonas/metabolismo , Isoflavonas/análise , Secas , Genisteína/análise , Genisteína/metabolismo
13.
Plant Physiol Biochem ; 210: 108636, 2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38657547

RESUMO

Plants synthesize a plethora of chemical defence compounds, which vary between evolutionary lineages. We hypothesize that plants evolved the ability to utilize defence compounds synthesized and released by neighbouring heterospecific plants. In two experiments, we incubated clover (Trifolium repens L.) seedlings with individual benzoxazinoid (BX) compounds (2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, benzoxazolinone, and 6-methoxy- benzoxazolin-2-one), a group of bioactive compounds produced by cereals, to allow clover BX uptake. Subsequently, we transplanted the seedlings into soil and quantified BX root and shoot content and invasion of root-knot nematodes in clover roots up to 8 weeks after transplantation. We show that clover root uptake of BXs substantially enhanced clover's resistance against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. This effect lasted up to 6 weeks after the clover roots were exposed to the BXs. BXs were absorbed by clover roots, and then translocated to the shoots. As a result of clover metabolization, we detected the parent BXs and a range of their transformation products in the roots and shoots. Based on these novel findings, we envisage that co-cultivation of crop species with complementary and transferable chemical defence systems can add to plant protection.


Assuntos
Benzoxazinas , Raízes de Plantas , Trifolium , Tylenchoidea , Animais , Benzoxazinas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/parasitologia , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Trifolium/metabolismo , Trifolium/parasitologia , Tylenchoidea/fisiologia , Doenças das Plantas/parasitologia , Grão Comestível/parasitologia , Grão Comestível/metabolismo , Resistência à Doença , Brotos de Planta/metabolismo , Brotos de Planta/parasitologia
14.
BMC Plant Biol ; 24(1): 346, 2024 Apr 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38684940

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is an excellent leguminous cool-season forage with a high protein content and strong nitrogen-fixing ability. Despite these advantages, its growth and development are markedly sensitive to environmental factors. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the major growth hormone in plants, regulating plant growth, development, and response to adversity. Nevertheless, the specific regulatory functions of Aux/IAA genes in response to abiotic stresses in white clover remain largely unexplored. RESULTS: In this study, we identified 47 Aux/IAA genes in the white clover genome, which were categorized into five groups based on phylogenetic analysis. The TrIAAs promoter region co-existed with different cis-regulatory elements involved in developmental and hormonal regulation, and stress responses, which may be closely related to their diverse regulatory roles. Collinearity analysis showed that the amplification of the TrIAA gene family was mainly carried out by segmental duplication. White clover Aux/IAA genes showed different expression patterns in different tissues and under different stress treatments. In addition, we performed a yeast two-hybrid analysis to investigate the interaction between white clover Aux/IAA and ARF proteins. Heterologous expression indicated that TrIAA18 could enhance stress tolerance in both yeast and transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. CONCLUSION: These findings provide new scientific insights into the molecular mechanisms of growth hormone signaling in white clover and its functional characteristics in response to environmental stress.


Assuntos
Ácidos Indolacéticos , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas , Estresse Fisiológico , Trifolium , Trifolium/genética , Trifolium/metabolismo , Estresse Fisiológico/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Família Multigênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Genoma de Planta , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética
15.
PLoS One ; 19(4): e0301355, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38683825

RESUMO

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a severe metabolic disease that can have significant consequences for cognitive health. Bioflavonoids such as Trifolium alexandrinum (TA), quercetin (Q), and Biochanin-A (BCA) are known to exert a wide range of pharmacological functions including antihyperglycemic activity. This study aimed to investigate the neurotherapeutic effects of quercetin-loaded nanoparticles (Q-LNP) and BCA extracted from TA against diabetes-induced cerebral cortical damage through modulation of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3ß and AMPK signaling pathways. Adult male Wistar albino rats (N = 25) were randomly assigned to one of five groups: control, diabetics fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 weeks and intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with STZ (40 mg/kg), and diabetics treated with Q-LNP (50 mg/kg BW/day), BCA (10 mg/kg BW/day), or TA extract (200 mg/kg BW/day). Treatments were applied by oral gavage once daily for 35 days. Diabetic rats treated with Q-LNP, BCA, and TA extract showed improvement in cognitive performance, cortical oxidative metabolism, antioxidant parameters, and levels of glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and total cholesterol. In addition, these treatments improved neurochemical levels, including acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin levels as well acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activities. Furthermore, these treatments lowered proinflammatory cytokine production for TNF-α and NF-κB; downregulated the levels of IL-1ß, iNOS, APP, and PPAR-γ; and attenuated the expressions of PSEN2, BACE, IR, PI3K, FOXO 1, AKT, AMPK, GSK-3ß, and GFAP. The histopathological examinations of the cerebral cortical tissues confirmed the biochemical results. Overall, the present findings suggest the potential therapeutic effects of TA bioflavonoids in modulating diabetes-induced cerebral cortical damage.


Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta , Nanopartículas , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt , Quercetina , Trifolium , Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicações , Glicogênio Sintase Quinase 3 beta/metabolismo , Nanopartículas/química , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Quercetina/farmacologia , Quercetina/uso terapêutico , Quercetina/administração & dosagem , Ratos Wistar , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Trifolium/química
16.
Animal ; 18(5): 101150, 2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38669749

RESUMO

The inclusion of companion forages in the diet of ruminant animals is gaining popularity in temperate regions due to observed improvements in animal performance. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of diet type on DM intake (DMI) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) in sheep. Furthermore, the effect of sward type on diet nutritive quality was investigated. Five dietary treatments were investigated using a 5 × 5 Latin square design experiment: Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.; PRG) only or PRG plus white clover (Trifolium repens L.;PRG + WC), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.; PRG + RC), chicory (Chicorium intybus L.; PRG + Chic) or plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.; PRG + Plan) at a ratio of 75% PRG and 25% of the respective companion forage and 100% PRG for the grass only treatment on a DM basis. Twenty Belclare castrated male (wether) sheep were housed in metabolism crates across five feeding periods. Individual DMI and faecal output were recorded daily and digestibility parameters were subsequently calculated. Results show that the inclusion of any companion forage increased DMI (kg/day DM) which ranged from 1.55 ± 0.038 (PRG) to 1.76 ± 0.038 (PRG + Chic) (P < 0.001). The PRG + WC (825 ± 1.1), PRG + RC (823 ± 1.1) and PRG + Chic (826 ± 1.1) diets had a greater in vitro OMD (g/kg DM) when compared to PRG (819 ± 1.1) or PRG + Plan (816 ± 1.1) (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the PRG + Chic (830 ± 2.9) diet had a greater in vivo OMD (g/kg DM) (P < 0.01) when compared to the PRG, PRG + RC, and PRG + Plan diets. Regression analysis showed that in vitro estimates moderately reflected in vivo measurements (r2 = 0.61). The inclusion of any companion forage increased dietary CP content and reduced the proportion of NDF in the diet. Crude protein concentration increased by an average of 16.5 g/kg DM and NDF content was reduced by 25.3 g/kg DM, on average, with companion forage inclusion (P < 0.001). Results suggest that binary sward mixtures benefit pasture-based sheep production systems, boosting sward quality, aiding increased DM intakes of a more digestible diet in the summer period.


Assuntos
Ração Animal , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Dieta , Digestão , Lolium , Animais , Digestão/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Masculino , Ovinos/fisiologia , Trifolium , Cichorium intybus/química , Ingestão de Alimentos , Valor Nutritivo , Fezes/química , Plantago
17.
Chem Biodivers ; 21(5): e202301880, 2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38494456

RESUMO

This paper reports on some physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics (i. e. pH, electrical conductivity, colour, moisture content, total phenolic content, sugar profile) and in vitro antioxidant activity of honeys harvested from five legume species, red clover (Trifolium pratense), balansa clover (T. michelianum), Persian clover (T. resupinatum), purple clover (T. purpureum) and sanfoin, also known as holy clover (Onobrychis viciifolia), that were grown in enclosed shade houses to ensure that the honeys' characteristics are reflective of a truly monofloral honey. Glucose and fructose, determined via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis, were found as the main sugars in all investigated honeys with the ratio of fructose to glucose ranging from 1 : 1.2 to 1 : 1.6. The honeys' pH values ranged from 3.9 to 4.6 which met Codes Alimentarius (CA) requirements. The moisture content was found to be between 17.6 and 22.2 % which in some cases was slightly higher than CA requirements (≤20 %). The honeys' colour values, prior and after filtration, were between 825.5-1149.5 mAU and 532.4-824.8 mAU respectively, illustrating golden yellow to deep yellow hues. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the honeys was determined using a modified Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Their antioxidant activity was captured by the Ferric Reducing-Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay as well as HPTLC analysis coupled with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) derivatisation. The highest total phenolic content was found in red clover honey (45.4 mg GAE/100 g) whereas purple clover honey showed the highest level of activity in the FRAP assay (7.3 mmol Fe2+/kg). HPTLC-DPPH analysis of the honeys' organic extracts demonstrated the presence of various bioactive compounds that contribute to their overall antioxidant activity. This study developed a methodology for producing monofloral clover honeys in a space limited, enclosed production system, which allowed to collate important baseline data for these honeys that can serve as the foundation for their potential future development into commercial honeys, including honeys that can be used for medicinal purposes.


Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Mel , Compostos Fitoquímicos , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/análise , Mel/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Trifolium/química , Picratos/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos de Bifenilo/antagonistas & inibidores , Cromatografia em Camada Fina
18.
Sci Rep ; 14(1): 6264, 2024 03 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38491088

RESUMO

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a forage legume cultivated worldwide. This plant is capable of establishing a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with Rhizobium leguminosarum symbiovar trifolii strains. To date, no comparative analysis of the symbiotic properties and heterogeneity of T. pratense microsymbionts derived from two distinct geographic regions has been performed. In this study, the symbiotic properties of strains originating from the subpolar and temperate climate zones in a wide range of temperatures (10-25 °C) have been characterized. Our results indicate that all the studied T. pratense microsymbionts from two geographic regions were highly efficient in host plant nodulation and nitrogen fixation in a wide range of temperatures. However, some differences between the populations and between the strains within the individual population examined were observed. Based on the nodC and nifH sequences, the symbiotic diversity of the strains was estimated. In general, 13 alleles for nodC and for nifH were identified. Moreover, 21 and 61 polymorphic sites in the nodC and nifH sequences were found, respectively, indicating that the latter gene shows higher heterogeneity than the former one. Among the nodC and nifH alleles, three genotypes (I-III) were the most frequent, whereas the other alleles (IV-XIII) proved to be unique for the individual strains. Based on the nodC and nifH allele types, 20 nodC-nifH genotypes were identified. Among them, the most frequent were three genotypes marked as A (6 strains), B (5 strains), and C (3 strains). Type A was exclusively found in the temperate strains, whereas types B and C were identified in the subpolar strains. The remaining 17 genotypes were found in single strains. In conclusion, our data indicate that R. leguminosarum sv. trifolii strains derived from two climatic zones show a high diversity with respect to the symbiotic efficiency and heterogeneity. However, some of the R. leguminosarum sv. trifolii strains exhibit very good symbiotic potential in the wide range of the temperatures tested; hence, they may be used in the future for improvement of legume crop production.


Assuntos
Fabaceae , Rhizobium leguminosarum , Rhizobium , Trifolium , Rhizobium leguminosarum/genética , Simbiose/genética , Fabaceae/genética , Trifolium/genética , Fixação de Nitrogênio , Filogenia , Rhizobium/genética , DNA Bacteriano/genética
19.
Food Chem ; 446: 138764, 2024 Jul 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38408399

RESUMO

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavone was supplemented to dairy cows, and antioxidant capacity of milk was assessed. Treated cows increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, reduced production of oxidation products, and enhanced the concentrations of vitamin E and vitamin C. Moreover, milk fatty acid profile was positive influenced by 8 g/kg red clover isoflavone, with changes in the lower saturated and higher unsaturated fatty acids. We further demonstrated the efficacy of antioxidant capacity of milk in mice, found that milk from cows feeding red clover isoflavone increased the expressions of antioxidant enzymes, and alleviated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tissue damage of duodenum and jejunum, which was related to upregulated metabolism pathways of carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid, as well as downregulated inflammatory related pathways. Together, dietary supplementation of red clover isoflavone is an effective way to improve milk antioxidant capacity, providing a natural strategy for developing functional foods.


Assuntos
Leite , Trifolium , Feminino , Bovinos , Animais , Camundongos , Leite/química , Trifolium/química , Antioxidantes/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Lactação , Silagem/análise , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ração Animal/análise
20.
Braz J Biol ; 84: e280008, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38422300

RESUMO

Mining environmental liabilities generate environmental pollution. The objective of the present study was to determine the yield of white clover (Trifolium repens) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) cultivated in mining environmental passives adding black earth and compost as a substrate in the Buenaventura Julcani Huancavelica Company. The treatments were the combinations: 4: 3.1: 3.1: 3:1.1 kg of RP: RP, TN: RP, C: RP, TN, C respectively. They were distributed in four treatments with twelve experimental units for each species of leguminous and gramineous grass, we worked according to the completely randomized design (DCA) with a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement, the experimental unit being a treatment with twelve repetitions. The variables evaluated were: germination percentage (TG) and stem survival percentage (TST). For the statistical analysis, the SPSS software was used.


Assuntos
Compostagem , Trifolium , Dactylis , Medicago , Distribuição Aleatória
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