RESUMO
The objective of this study was to examine the influence of chocolate formulation (sweetener and color) on consumer sensory acceptance and emotional response across two consumer populations, Brazilian and Polish. White chocolate samples (n = 10) were formulated with differences in sweetener (sucrose, rebaudioside A) and color (red, blue, yellow, green). Along with a trained panel, consumers in Brazil (n = 120) and Poland (n = 120) evaluated chocolate samples for liking and associated emotions. Color was not found to influence sweetness or flavor perception, indicating the absence of cross-modal influence. However, the yellow-colored chocolate was liked less than the blue, green, or red chocolate. Emotions were a stronger driver of product liking in the Brazilian population compared to the Polish consumers. This research shows the influence of color on consumers perception, with implications of using natural colors in chocolate production and "yellowing" in white chocolate. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The recipe may be used in chocolate manufacturing to produce free-sugar chocolate targeted to consumers with health conditions, such as diabetes. Our research also gives the solution for practical application of natural dyes to white chocolate to cover the problematic "yellowing," which is considered defect of this product and results in the low consumer acceptance. The dyes that are suggested to add are of red, green, or blue color due to high acceptability of consumers from different countries.
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Chocolate , Cor , Comportamento do Consumidor , Emoções , Preferências Alimentares , Edulcorantes , Paladar , Humanos , Chocolate/análise , Brasil , Polônia , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Diterpenos do Tipo Caurano/análise , Sacarose , Adolescente , Percepção GustatóriaRESUMO
Ectoparasiticide-impregnated collars are used on dogs and cats to control zoonoses, acting as repellents and/or killing vectors. The contact of animals or people with pesticides can cause intoxication, so ectoparasiticide-impregnated collars may be a potentially important source of these compounds. The aim of this work was to develop a method for the determination of propoxur, dichlorvos, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, and flumethrin in commercial ectoparasiticide-impregnated collars, using ultrasound-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The total ultrasound extraction time was 45 min, resulting in recovery values between 40 ± 6% and 103 ± 8%, in the concentration range from 0.005 to 1.0 mg L-1. Under optimal conditions, good linearity and sensitivity were obtained in the concentration range from 0.005 to 5.0 mg L-1 with coefficients of determination above 0.99. The relative standard deviations for triplicate determinations were lower than 24%, and the limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges 0.013-1.36 and 0.036-4.13 mg kg-1, respectively. The proposed method was applied in the analysis of a commercial collar, after its expiry date, and flumethrin residues were found.
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Limite de Detecção , Resíduos de Praguicidas , Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Animais , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Modelos Lineares , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Sonicação/métodos , Cães , Espectrometria de Massa com Cromatografia LíquidaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Interpersonal violence against women is a major global health problem that may have intergenerational effects. This study investigated associations between maternal experiences of interpersonal violence and other traumatic events and maternal and infant salivary diurnal cortisol in a cohort of adolescent mothers in São Paulo, Brazil. METHOD: Adolescent mothers (14-19 years) participating in a home-visiting intervention were interviewed retrospectively about lifetime and pregnancy violence and trauma exposure. Mothers collected saliva at waking and before bedtime from themselves (n = 23) and their infants (n = 32) at 12 months postpartum. Multivariable regression models were used to examine associations between trauma history variables and salivary diurnal cortisol. RESULTS: Adjusting for the intervention group, infant sex, maternal age, non-supplement medication use, and sample collection time, we found that higher-than-average lifetime trauma exposure was associated with maternal evening cortisol (b = 0.472, p-value = 0.028). Lifetime assaultive violence exposure was also associated with maternal evening cortisol (b = 0.196, p-value = 0.02). Maternal exposure to traumatic events in pregnancy was positively associated with bedtime cortisol levels of infants (b = 0.21, p = 0.01). Trauma variables were not associated with maternal or infant morning cortisol levels. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that maternal trauma history influences both maternal and infant postnatal cortisol regulation as indexed by evening cortisol levels. These results are consistent with models of fetal programming; however, future studies should investigate potential postnatal psychobiological pathways. Lifetime trauma exposure may also become embedded in the maternal hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis regulation. Future studies are needed to consider other biological pathways in the intergenerational transmission of trauma.
Assuntos
Hidrocortisona , Saliva , Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Saliva/química , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Hidrocortisona/análise , Brasil , Gravidez , Adulto Jovem , Lactente , Mães/psicologia , Mães/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Gravidez na Adolescência/estatística & dados numéricos , Gravidez na Adolescência/psicologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Serum cardiac troponin (cTn) elevation is a well-established phenomenon in sepsis. However, the clinical significance of this phenomenon with high-sensitivity (hs) assays and the current sepsis definition needs to be settled. RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the association between early serum cTn levels measured by hs-assays and the risk of short-term mortality in septic patients? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic review using a comprehensive PubMed, Scopus, and Embase search. Studies were eligible if they reported association data on early hs-cTn and mortality in an adult sample with sepsis that met the Sepsis-3 definition. For the synthesis of the effect of hs-cTn on mortality, we applied random effect models on the pooled unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio (OR and aOR, respectively) of elevated vs. normal hs-cTn serum values, and on the crude standardized mean difference (SMD) of hs-cTn between survivors and non-survivors. RESULTS: In total, 6242 patients from 17 studies were included, with short-term mortality rates ranging from 16.9% to 53.8%. Using a crude analysis, non-survivor patients showed higher hs-cTn than survivors (SMD of 0.87, 95%CI: 0.41-1.33). Elevated hs-cTn was associated with increased mortality (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.41-2.25). However, this prognostic effect was absent in studies that adjusted for different confounders (aOR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.99-1.14). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Non-survivors of sepsis exhibited significantly elevated hs-cTn levels. While elevated hs-cTn levels are associated with an increased risk of mortality, they are not independently associated with this outcome in sepsis.
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Biomarcadores , Sepse , Humanos , Sepse/mortalidade , Sepse/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Troponina/sangue , Troponina/análiseRESUMO
Microbialites are organo-sedimentary structures formed throughout most of the Earth history, over a wide range of geological contexts, and under a multitude of environmental conditions affecting their composition. The carbon and oxygen isotope records of carbonates, which are most often their main constituents, have been used as a widespread tool for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. However, the multiplicity of factors that influence microbialites formation is not always properly distinguished in their isotopic record, in both ancient and modern settings. It is therefore crucial to refine our understanding of the processes controlling microbialites isotopic signal. Here, we analyzed the carbon and oxygen isotope compositions from bulk and micro-drilled carbonates as well as bulk organic carbon isotope compositions in microbialites from four Mexican volcanic crater lakes of increasing alkalinity. The survey of four lakes allows comparing microbialite formation processes and their geochemical record within distinct physico-chemical contexts. The geochemical analyses were performed in parallel to petrographic and mineralogical characterization and interpreted in light of the known microbial community composition for microbialites of the same lakes. Combining these data, we show that the potential for isotopic biosignature preservation primarily depends on physico-chemical conditions. Carbon isotope biosignatures pointing out to an autotrophic influence on carbonate precipitation are preserved in the lowest alkalinity lakes. By contrast, higher alkalinity lakes, where microbialites are more massive, favor carbonate precipitation in isotopic equilibrium with the lake water, with secondary influence of heterotrophic organic carbon degradation. From these results, we suggest that microbialite carbonate C isotope records can be interpreted as the balance between the microbialite net primary productivity and the amount of precipitation that relates to physico-chemical forcing. The signals of microbialite oxygen isotope compositions highlight a lack of understanding in the oxygen isotope records of relatively rare carbonate phases such as hydromagnesite. Nonetheless, we show that these signals are primarily influenced by the basins' hydrology, though biological effects may also play a (minor) role. Overall, both carbon and oxygen isotopic signals may record a mixture of different local/global and biotic/abiotic phenomena, making microbialites intricate archives of their growth environment, which should thus be interpreted with cautions and in the light of their surrounding sediments.
Assuntos
Isótopos de Carbono , Carbonatos , Sedimentos Geológicos , Lagos , Isótopos de Oxigênio , Isótopos de Carbono/análise , Sedimentos Geológicos/microbiologia , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Isótopos de Oxigênio/análise , Carbonatos/metabolismo , Carbonatos/análise , Carbonatos/química , Lagos/microbiologia , Lagos/química , MéxicoRESUMO
The chemical complexity of natural products, such as Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC. plant, presents a challenge when extracting and identifying bioactive compounds. This study investigates the impact of different extraction systems and seasonal variations on the chemical profile and pharmacological potential of E. punicifolia leaves using NMR spectroscopy for chemical analysis and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) for bioactivity correlation. Extracts obtained with methanol (M), ethanol (E), methanol/ethanol (1:1, ME), and methanol/ethanol/water (3:1:1, MEW) were analyzed for antioxidant, antiglycation, and antiviral activities. Quantitative ¹H NMR, combined with the PULCON method, was used to quantify phenolic compounds such as quercetin, myricetin, catechin, and gallic acid. The results showed that the MEW extract obtained in the rainy season exhibited the highest antioxidant and antiglycation activities, with a greater than 93% of advanced-glycation end-products (AGEs) inhibition capacity. Furthermore, our results showed that all the extracts were able to inhibit over 94% of the Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in Vero E6 cells. The CCA established strong correlations between the phenolic compounds and bioactivities, identifying gallic acid, catechin, quercetin, and myricetin as key chemical markers. This study demonstrates the importance of selecting appropriate extraction systems and considering seasonality to optimize the pharmacological potential of E. punicifolia leaves and highlights the efficacy of NMR in linking chemical composition with bioactivities.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Antivirais , Eugenia (Ciência) , Extratos Vegetais , Folhas de Planta , Estações do Ano , Folhas de Planta/química , Eugenia (Ciência)/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Chlorocebus aethiops , Fenóis/farmacologia , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/análise , Células Vero , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/análise , Flavonoides/isolamento & purificação , Ácido Gálico/farmacologia , Ácido Gálico/químicaRESUMO
In this study, the capacity of the aquatic liverwort Ricciocarpus natans L. and the terrestrial moss Entodon serrulatus Mitt. as biomonitors of heavy metals associated with particulate matter from a highly polluted urban area was evaluated, and concentrations in moss tissues were correlated with concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 present in the atmosphere. The two species were exposed by the moss bag technique to the pollution of the Toluca Valley Metropolitan Area (TVMA) for two periods of 6 months, using the sites of the Automatic Atmospheric Monitoring Network of the Government of the State of Mexico, and were subsequently analyzed using elemental and structural characterization techniques. The results show that mainly the functional groups -OH and -NH, N-H and C-O on the surface of the liverwort and moss participate in the adsorption of heavy elements. The average enrichment factors of Cd and Pb show to be highly enriched (> 10) in the study area while chromium is not enriched (< 2). The statistical results indicate a temporary variation in the concentration of metals and particles in the atmosphere, where there is a lower concentration of these pollutants in the rainy and dry-cold season and a higher concentration in the dry-hot season and a possible association of Cr and Cd with PM10 and PM2.5. In addition, except for Cr, both species accumulate the metals associated with airborne particulate matter at equivalent levels. There is strong association between PM2.5 and PM10 particles and between the metals Cr-Pb-Fe in R. natans and between PM2.5-PM10 and Fe and between Cd-Cr-Pb in E. serrulatus and these pollutants are mainly associated with sampling sites with the highest concentrations of metals in the TVMA. Although terrestrial moss showed slightly better characteristics than aquatic liverwort as a biomonitor of heavy metals associated with atmospheric particles, these differences were not statistically significant for all metals, so both species could be useful for heavy metal biomonitoring in highly polluted urban areas.
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Briófitas , Monitoramento Ambiental , Hepatófitas , Metais Pesados , Material Particulado , Metais Pesados/análise , Material Particulado/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Hepatófitas/metabolismo , Hepatófitas/química , Briófitas/química , Briófitas/metabolismo , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , México , Monitoramento BiológicoRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to assess the fermentative characteristics of total mixed ration silage (TMR) based on cactus pear and cottonseed cake and its effect on the productive performance and ingestive behaviour of lambs in feedlot. The study was divided into two experimental trials. The first experimental trial evaluated the fermentative quality of the total mixed ration silages, in five replications per treatment, and the second evaluated the productive performance and ingestive behaviour of lambs, in eight replications per treatment, with the treatments being represented by the proportion of cottonseed cake in the TMR (0; 20; 25 and 30% cottonseed cake on dry matter basis). Significant treatment effects (P < 0.05) were observed on yeast population, pH, gas losses, effluent losses, dry matter recovery, ether extract intake, digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and non-fiber carbohydrates, and on all ingestive behaviour variables except for those of feeding. Thus, cactus pear ensures the fermentative and hygienic quality of total mixed ration silages, regardless of the proportions of cottonseed cake. Therefore, based on the productive performance and ingestive behaviour of feedlot finished Dorper lambs, it is recommended the use total mixed ration silages with 30% cottonseed cake.
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Fermentação , Opuntia , Silagem , Animais , Silagem/análise , Opuntia/química , Ração Animal/análise , Carneiro Doméstico/fisiologia , Carneiro Doméstico/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dieta/veterinária , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Masculino , Óleo de Sementes de Algodão/administração & dosagem , Digestão , Comportamento AlimentarRESUMO
Titanium oxide is of fundamental strategic importance in the global market as it is used as a raw material by several industries, such as medical prostheses, paints, pigments, and, more recently, electronic chips. The main source of titanium oxide is ilmenite, a mineral deposited in many coastal areas of the world, including the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Southern Brazil in its central coastal plain, under specific morphodynamic conditions. Some geological targets, such as mineral oxides, show distinct thermal spectral features. The present study evaluated the surface concentration of ilmenite in Southern Brazil using thermal spectroscopy (µFT-IR). The emissivity spectral signatures of pure ilmenite between 8 and 14 µm were determined and some indicative features were identified. The obtained emissivity spectrum has been employed as a reference for the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Linear Spectral Unmixing (LSU) image classification algorithms. An image from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Radiometer (ASTER) sensor (AST_05 emissivity product) was used to recognize the occurrence and assess the richness of the ilmenite. The outcomes of the present study indicated pixels with ilmenite concentration between 0 and 29.6%, with the highest concentration occurring under the transgressive dune field. In contrast, a lower concentration is found in the backshore. To obtain the degree of purity of the ilmenite, a quantitative microanalysis of the samples was conducted in a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the results indicated that 80% of the minerals were ilmenite. Qualitative microanalysis showed that ilmenite is in the primary alteration phase, with a low degree of weathering and a lower concentration of impurities. Integrated techniques for analyzing multispectral and hyperspectral data in the thermal infrared were able to identify and map minerals rich in titanium oxide (ilmenite) quickly, effectively, at low cost, and non-destructively.
Assuntos
Minerais , Titânio , Brasil , Titânio/química , Titânio/análise , Minerais/análise , Minerais/química , Tecnologia de Sensoriamento Remoto/métodos , FerroRESUMO
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a source of fiber, carbohydrates, minerals and phytochemicals such as carotenoids and phenolic compounds. Biofortification with provitamin A carotenoid improves the nutritional properties of sweet potatoes and can contribute to reducing the deficiency of this micronutrient, but cooking may affect its composition. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of seven different domestic cooking processes (deep frying, air frying, steaming, boiling, pressure cooking, baking, and microwave cooking) on the color, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and real retention of ß-carotene in biofortified sweet potatoes. The air frying was the process that promoted more remarkable changes on the color (p < 0.05). The air fryer was the most recommended domestic processes for maintaining phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity, while the oven was the least recommended method (p < 0.05). Pressure cooking and boiling were the most recommended methods for greater ß-carotene real retention, whereas air fryer resulted in the greatest ß-carotene losses in biofortified sweet potatoes (p < 0.05). Different conventional cooking methods influence the degree of loss of phytochemicals present in biofortified sweet potatoes, which can impact the consumption of these nutrients, and the efficiency of the food biofortification program.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Biofortificação , Culinária , Alimentos Fortificados , Ipomoea batatas , Fenóis , beta Caroteno , Ipomoea batatas/química , beta Caroteno/análise , Culinária/métodos , Antioxidantes/análise , Alimentos Fortificados/análise , Fenóis/análise , Valor Nutritivo , CorRESUMO
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are highly relevant for public health, the economy, the ecosystem, and biodiversity stability in southern Chile (40° to 53°S), where they occur regularly and are frequently monitored. However, HAB events and their associated microbes in northern Chile (17° to 30°S) remain unknown and difficult to track due to a lack of monitoring, particularly in urban areas. We investigated changes in microbial communities in coastal seawater before and during an Akashiwo sanguinea bloom (B) at two sampling points in Antofagasta city (23°38'39S, 70°24'39W). Seawater samples (filtered at 1 and 0.2 µm) were collected during distinct bloom phases (control, prebloom, and in-bloom), and 16S and 18S rDNA gene libraries were constructed and analyzed via the DNA metabarcoding technique. Our findings indicate that species diversity within the 16S rDNA-based community was greater during the prebloom phase than during the control and in-bloom phases. Conversely, species diversity within the 18S rDNA-based community was lower during the in-bloom phase than during the control and prebloom phases. Independent of the sampling points and fractions, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed distinct differences in both the 16S and 18S rDNA-based communities between the analyzed bloom phases. Our analysis further revealed that the 16S rDNA-based community was dominated by the Flavobacteriaceae and Rhodobacteraceae families, whose abundance decreased and increased, respectively, during the bloom. As anticipated, the structure of the 18S rDNA-based community was predominantly governed by the Gymnodiniaceae family, specifically the Akashiwo genus, during the bloom. The differentiation in microbial communities was more pronounced in taxa with low abundances than in the dominant taxa. Additionally, co-occurrence network analysis revealed predominantly positive relationships within the microbial communities, particularly during the bloom event. Our analysis also identified several bacterial genera as keystone taxa within the microbial communities, notably members of Pseudomonadota and Bacteroidota.
Assuntos
Dinoflagellida , Proliferação Nociva de Algas , Microbiota , Água do Mar , Chile , Água do Mar/microbiologia , Dinoflagellida/genética , Dinoflagellida/fisiologia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/análise , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Biodiversidade , RNA Ribossômico 18S/análise , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , CidadesRESUMO
PURPOSE: To identify the prognostic variables related to the survival of patients operated on for adenocarcinoma of the rectum who underwent preoperative radiochemotherapy (RCT). METHODS: We studied 70 patients from the Discipline of Surgical Gastroenterology at Escola Paulista de Medicina from 2000 to 2019, with rectal cancer located up to 10 cm from the anal verge and with stages II or III, submitted to preoperative RCT and curative surgery (R0) and with follow-up of at least 12 months. Clinical restaging was performed four to six weeks after the end of neoadjuvant treatment to characterize the degree of clinical tumor regression. Surgery by laparotomy or videolaparoscopy was performed six to 12 weeks after RCT. Primary endpoint were: overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), metastasis-free survival (MSS), and neoplasm-specific survival (SEN). These were compared with gender, age, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) dosage, distance from the tumor to the anal verge, radiation dose, radiotherapy-surgery interval, clinical regression, type of surgery, pT and pN TNM stage tumor, number of nodes, circumferential resection margin, and complete pathological response. Survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier curves. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were calculated to identify factors associated with survival outcomes. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 62 months. The pathological complete response rate was 18.6%. Univariate cox regression showed a significant relationship of CEA equal to or greater than 4 ng/mL with DFS and MFS, pT3/pT4 staging with DFS, MFS and SEN, pN1/N2 with DFS, MFS and SEN and stages II and III with DFS and MFS. Multivariate regression found that CEA, pT, and pN staging are independent prognostic factors for DFS, MFS, and SEN. CONCLUSION: Carcinoembryonic antigen level prior to radiotherapy, pT staging and pN staging were independent prognostic factors for survival in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma who are treated with preoperative radiochemotherapy.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma , Quimiorradioterapia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Retais , Humanos , Neoplasias Retais/terapia , Neoplasias Retais/mortalidade , Neoplasias Retais/patologia , Masculino , Adenocarcinoma/terapia , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidade , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Prognóstico , Quimiorradioterapia/métodos , Adulto , Terapia Neoadjuvante/métodos , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Resultado do Tratamento , Estudos Retrospectivos , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antígeno Carcinoembrionário/sangue , Antígeno Carcinoembrionário/análise , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/métodosRESUMO
This work presents as a novelty the development of a method for the simultaneous determination of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides in aqueous samples using only deep eutectic solvents (DES) followed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Combining 4 hydrogen bond acceptors and 6 hydrogen bond donors, 17 DES were prepared. Menthol:thymol in a 1:1 molar ratio presented the best extraction performance and was, therefore, characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), hydrogen-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY-NMR), comparing the spectra from the pure components and from the DES. In the FTIR analysis, the main shifts occurred in the CO bonds. The NMR analyses allowed a better understanding of the interactions occurring during solvent formation, which were attributed to the interaction between the hydroxyls from menthol and thymol. Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) required no dispersing solvents. The main variables affecting the extraction were optimized using full factorial design, including a triplicate center point. For a fixed 10-mL sample volume, the optimum ranges obtained were: 3.0 ± 0.60 g of NaCl, pH in the range from 5 to 9, a vortex stirring time of 4 ± 2 min and 150 µL of a DES composed of menthol and thymol in a 1:1 molar ratio. Satisfactory figures of merit were then obtained: coefficients of determination greater than 0.99, linear working ranges from 1 µg/L to 400 µg/L, limit of detections of 0.3 µg/L, an inter-day precision from 1.33 % to 9.86 % (n = 12), and an intra-day precision from 4.65 % to 15.52 % (n = 4). The application was carried out in six different aqueous matrices, with methyl parathion being detected in a lake sample. An excellent mean recovery of 98.0 % was obtained for the three levels evaluated and all analytes. The comparison with other methods was based on the principles of White Analytical Chemistry using Algorithm 12, by which the method proposed in this work showed a higher level of whiteness compared to the others.
Assuntos
Solventes Eutéticos Profundos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Limite de Detecção , Microextração em Fase Líquida , Compostos Organofosforados , Piretrinas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Compostos Organofosforados/análise , Compostos Organofosforados/química , Microextração em Fase Líquida/métodos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Solventes Eutéticos Profundos/química , Piretrinas/análise , Piretrinas/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Praguicidas/análise , Praguicidas/química , Mentol/química , Mentol/análise , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Timol/química , Timol/análise , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Mortadellas were reformulated by replacing animal fat with hydrolyzed collagen (HC) at 50 % and 70 % levels, substituting 50 % NaCl with KCl, and adding 1 % arginine. The effects of these changes on physicochemical properties, sensory attributes, and shelf life over 60 days at 4 °C were evaluated. The results showed that substituting 50 % and 70 % of fat with HC reduced fat content by 42.6 % and 55.3 %, respectively, while increasing protein levels by 37 % and 55 %. Replacing 50 % of NaCl with KCl reduced sodium content by 33.2 % and increased potassium content by 234.7 %. The 50 % HC substitution was the most suitable, as it preserved sensory attributes and structural integrity, unlike the 70 % replacement, which negatively affected texture and taste. Although substituting NaCl with KCl introduced sensory defects like bitter and metallic tastes, adding arginine effectively masked these issues, resulting in sensory quality comparable to the control. Oxidative stability, evaluated through TBARS values and sensory assessments, was similarly maintained across all treatments throughout storage. Counts of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms and lactic acid bacteria evolved similarly in reformulated products and the control, ensuring microbiological stability. The pH levels remained consistent across treatments, and color stability, assessed by ΔE values, was preserved throughout storage. These results highlight the feasibility of reformulating mortadellas with HC, KCl, and arginine to produce healthier products without compromising sensory quality, physicochemical stability, or shelf life.
Assuntos
Arginina , Colágeno , Produtos da Carne , Cloreto de Potássio , Paladar , Cloreto de Potássio/química , Produtos da Carne/análise , Produtos da Carne/microbiologia , Animais , Humanos , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Suínos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Cor , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodosRESUMO
This study evaluated the performance, muscle metabolites, and beef quality of Nellore cull cows subjected to different finishing feeding durations. Twenty Nellore cows (initial body weight of 477.4 ± 49.6 kg) were randomly assigned to the three treatments: six as the control group (D0), seven finishing-fed for 28 d (D28), and seven finishing-fed for 56 d (D56). Parameters including dry matter intake, shrunk body weight, empty body weight (EBW), hot carcass weight (HCW), carcass shrinkage, muscle metabolites, and meat quality parameters in different aging times (0AT, 7AT, and 14AT) were assessed. Cull cows subjected to D28 and D56 treatments had greater EBW (P < 0.001) than D0. However, greater HCW (P = 0.004) and back fat thickness (P = 0.005) were detected in only D56 treatment compared to D0 and D28 treatments. As a result, the carcass pH was lower in the D56 treatment (P = 0.002) compared to D0 and D28 treatments. The Longissimus lumborum muscle of cull cows finished for 28 and 56 d showed a higher concentration of sugars (glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate), glycerol, and amino acids (leucine, alanine, isoleucine, valine, and aspartate). In conclusion, as the finishing period and aging time increased, there was a corresponding improvement in fat content and meat tenderness, respectively.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Dieta , Músculo Esquelético , Carne Vermelha , Animais , Bovinos , Músculo Esquelético/química , Feminino , Carne Vermelha/análise , Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Composição Corporal , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Peso Corporal , Criação de Animais Domésticos/métodosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Inflammation is hypothesized to be a pivotal factor influencing muscle function, with C-Reactive Protein (CRP) serving as a common biomarker of inflammation. However, the literature pertaining to the relationship between CRP and muscle mass remains scant, particularly among representative adult populations in the United States. The present study aimed to delve into the association between serum CRP levels and muscle mass among American adults, leveraging data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted from 1999 to 2006. METHODS: A cohort of 13,518 participants, representative of the US adult population, underwent dual-energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) to assess Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass (ASM) and had their CRP levels measured. Muscle mass was defined using ASM adjusted by Body Mass Index (ASM/BMI) criteria. Employing weighted logistic regression models, restricted cubic spline analysis, and subgroup analyses, the authors examined the association between serum CRP and low muscle mass. RESULTS: After meticulously adjusting for various covariates, the present findings revealed a positive association between serum CRP levels and the risk of low muscle mass in American adults (OR = 1.07, 95 % CI 1.01â1.14, p = 0.016). Notably, an inverse J-shaped relationship was observed, with serum CRP inflection points of 0.273 mg/dL for the overall population, 0.172 mg/dL for males, and 0.296 mg/dL for females. Subgroup analysis further demonstrated that factors such as gender, race, educational level, smoking status, congestive heart failure, stroke, renal weakness/failure, coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, and muscle strengthening activities did not significantly impact this positive correlation (all p for interaction values > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This nationally representative cross-sectional study provides robust evidence of an inverse J-shaped association between serum CRP levels and the risk of low muscle mass in adults in the United States, with a critical inflection point of 0.273 mg/dL. These findings may inform future research and clinical strategies aimed at mitigating the negative effects of inflammation on muscle mass and function in the adult population.
Assuntos
Absorciometria de Fóton , Biomarcadores , Proteína C-Reativa , Músculo Esquelético , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Humanos , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estados Unidos , Músculo Esquelético/anatomia & histologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Índice de Massa Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Sarcopenia/sangue , Idoso , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Cocoa honey is a product obtained at the beginning of the cocoa bean fermentation process that gets its name from its sweet flavor. Information about its chemical composition is still rarely explored in the literature. A simple, fast, and low-cost procedure of sample preparation based on ultrasound extraction and MIP OES was developed to determine the amounts of Ca, K, Mg, and P found in cocoa honey samples. The extraction conditions were optimized using Doehlert design with multiple responses. The best values were obtained using 4.0 mL of HNO3 at a concentration of 5.62 mol L-1, 1.15 mL of H2O2, and 29.6 min of extraction time. Samples of cocoa honey sold in Ilhéus, Bahia (Brazil), were analyzed using the proposed procedure and recoveries of between 93 % and 112 % were obtained when compared to the reference method, thus demonstrating the viability of this technique for determining mineral nutrients in cocoa honey.
Assuntos
Cacau , Mel , Mel/análise , Cacau/química , Brasil , Ultrassom , Oligoelementos/análise , Oligoelementos/isolamento & purificação , Fracionamento Químico/métodosRESUMO
Processed food products (PFPs) are amply consumed and important sources of nutrients worldwide. Evaluating PFPs by their composition fails to recognize that nutrients are embedded in food matrices and processing modifies their nutritional functionality, for example, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability. PFPs with equivalent chemical composition may experience the "food matrix effect": a difference in the nutritional outcome and health potential. This review presents food matrices attained after processing and their nutritional significance. It also delves into the complex kinetics of digestion conducive to nutrient release from matrices and nutrient interactions before absorption in the small intestine, and the role of microbial fermentation in the colon. Matrices of PFPs can be designed or redesigned and manufactured to be tasty, nutritious, sustainable, as special foods for vulnerable groups, innovative products from novel food sources, and to feed a healthy microbiota. The potential for nutritional improvement of PFPs is driven by understanding the food materials science and changes in food matrices during processing, control of formulation and manufacturing variables, the application of novel technologies, and a multifactor toolbox that supports the rational design of healthy food matrices.
Assuntos
Manipulação de Alimentos , Nutrientes , Valor Nutritivo , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Nutrientes/análise , Humanos , Disponibilidade Biológica , Digestão , Fermentação , Fast Foods/análise , Alimento ProcessadoRESUMO
Economic efficiency is affected by several traits, and as the unit of selection is the individual, in artificial selection, to promote the maximization of economic genetic gain, the traits to be improved must be weighted by their respective economic values. In Brazil, breeding goals are defined empirically, and not based on an economic evaluation, therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate economic values for traits of economic importance in dairy farming systems based on the use of purebred and crossbred Guzerat animals. The economic values for 305-days milk yield (MY), fat yield (FY), protein yield (PY), and somatic cell count (SCC) were calculated for different production systems based on the feed management: System 1, based on pasture grazing with Brachiaria brizantha or Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça during rainy season, and corn-silage supplementation during the dry season; System 2, based on pasture grazing with Brachiaria brizantha or Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça during rainy season, and the mixture of sugarcane including urea supplementation during the dry season. Bioeconomic models were applied to estimate economic values, and a sensitivity analysis was performed. Four selection indexes were defined, each one with different goals: milk (I1), milk + protein yield (I2), I2 + fat yield (I3) and I3 + somatic cell count (I4). The economic values for MY and PY were positive for both production systems. However, for FY, the values were positive for System 2 but negative for System 1. The economic value for SCC was negative (-7.33 per SCS per lactation). The selection responses for I1 were higher than those for I2, I3 and I4, for both production systems. I4 presented the highest expected genetic gain for each trait, except for fat yield, whose expected genetic gain was greater with the use of I2, in both production systems. The results indicates that the inclusion of milk quality traits in the selection index provides better economic return, and due to the small differences in expected genetic superiority, I1 is still the most suitable for crossbred Guzerat herds whose main activity is milk production in Brazil.
Assuntos
Cruzamento , Indústria de Laticínios , Leite , Animais , Brasil , Indústria de Laticínios/economia , Indústria de Laticínios/métodos , Leite/economia , Leite/química , Bovinos/genética , Bovinos/fisiologia , Cruzamento/economia , Feminino , Lactação , Seleção Genética , Ração Animal/análise , Ração Animal/economia , Brachiaria/genética , Contagem de Células/veterináriaRESUMO
Macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) is a Brazilian palm whose pulp is rich in carotenoids and holds potential for the development of healthy foods. This study presents an innovative approach utilizing ethyl acetate, a solvent recognized as generally safe (GRAS), in conjunction with ultrasound technology, to optimize the extraction of carotenoids from both macauba pulp (MP) and its pulp press-cake (PPC). The effects of varying time and temperature parameters (5-30 min at 25-60°C) alongside ultrasound conditions (25 and 60°C at frequencies of 25 and 45 kHz) on the extraction process were evaluated, with total carotenoid content quantified via spectrophotometry. For MP, the optimal extraction conditions were 60°C for 30 min, yielding 219.33 µg/g of carotenoids, while ultrasound at 45 kHz, under the same time/temperature, enhanced the extraction efficiency to 277.55 µg/g. In the case of PPC, ultrasound extraction achieved a carotenoid content of 124.23 µg/g. Overall, the findings indicate that elevating the temperature to 60°C favored the extraction process, while ultrasound demonstrated effective even under milder conditions. This study emphasizes the potential of ethyl acetate as a sustainable alternative to traditional toxic solvents, aligning with the growing demand for safer and more environmentally friendly practices in the extraction of bioactive compounds. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The sustainable extraction of carotenoids from macauba, a non-conventional source, shows great potential for producing natural colorants and antioxidants in the food industry. The efficient use of ultrasound in the extraction process highlights the potential of this technology for the industry, providing an eco-friendly and effective alternative to conventional methods.