RESUMO
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Non-motor symptoms, including depression, hyposmia, and sleep disturbances, often emerge in the early stages of PD, but their mechanisms remain poorly understood. The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rodent model is a well-established tool for preclinical research, replicating key motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. In this review, we systematically analyzed 135 studies that used 6-OHDA rodent models of PD to investigate non-motor symptoms. The review process adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Our analysis highlights the growing use of 6-OHDA PD models for experimental research of non-motor symptoms. It also reveals significant variability in methodologies, including choices of brain target, toxin dosage, lesion verification strategies, and behavioral assessment reporting. Factors that hinder reproducibility and comparability of findings across studies. We highlight the need for standardization in 6-OHDA-based models with particular emphasis on consistent evaluation of lesion extent and reporting of the co-occurrence of non-motor symptoms. By fostering methodological coherence, this framework aims to enhance the reproducibility, reliability, and translational value of 6-OHDA models in PD non-motor symptom research.
Assuntos
Oxidopamina , Oxidopamina/toxicidade , Animais , Humanos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Doença de Parkinson/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/psicologia , Doença de Parkinson Secundária/induzido quimicamenteRESUMO
Freshwater ecosystem pollution has motivated an extensive list of studies due to deleterious impacts becoming a threat to aquatic organisms that inhabit these environments. This is the first approach to water pollution impact derived from human activities on native ichthyofauna in the Garagoa river basin in Boyacá (Colombian Andes). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of mercury and arsenic in catfishes and armored catfishes from the Garagoa River basin and the presence of hepatic alterations and genotoxicity in peripheral blood. Biomarkers of effect were analyzed in fishes caught in eight tributaries from Garagoa river basin. The increased presence of lesions in the hepatic architecture and nuclear abnormalities in peripheral blood erythrocytes in Dolichancistrus fuesslii, Chaetostoma joropo, Astroblepus latidens and Trichomycterus cf. knerii individuals could be associated with exposure of pollutants. The tissue alterations observed compromise the fish health, due to the biotransformation processes of xenobiotics such as mercury and arsenic and probably other contaminants. We need to increase surveillance in the Garagoa River to ensure ecological health, recognize hematological and tissue effects in native fishes, and develop effective monitoring strategies to mitigate sources of pollution.
Assuntos
Arsênio , Peixes-Gato , Monitoramento Ambiental , Mercúrio , Rios , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Rios/química , Colômbia , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Mercúrio/sangue , Mercúrio/análise , Mercúrio/toxicidade , Arsênio/análise , Dano ao DNA , Fígado/química , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae), a weed that thrives in the tropical and subtropical areas of South and Central America, Mexico, Caribbean Islands and India. In India, it has been used traditionally to treat vesicular calculus, inflammatory conditions, and hepatobiliary disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study was aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective efficacy of A. Mexicana roots in paracetamol (PCM)-induced toxicity rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The methanol extract of A. mexicana (MEAM) root was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to identify its compounds. Molecular docking analysis of the compounds was conducted against TGF-ß and PPAR-α. The hepatoprotective activity of MEAM (200, 400 mg/kg) was evaluated in PCM (3000 mg/kg) intoxicated rats by measuring serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total bilirubin (TB), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Silymarin (100 mg/kg) was used as reference drug. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were investigated using liver homogenate. Additionally, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were studied. The results of the study were supported by histopathological examination. RESULTS: GC-MS analysis revealed 163 compounds, from which eleven compounds were selected based on their docking scores against TGF-ß and PPAR-α. MEAM (400 mg/kg) demonstrated a remarkable reduction in ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, and LDH in contrast to the PCM intoxicated group. A remarkable decline in TB and GLB, along with an increase in TP and ALB, was observed in the MEAM (400 mg/kg) group compared to the untreated PCM group. Rats receiving MEAM (400 mg/kg) exhibited a noticeable decrease in TC, TG, and LDL-C, along with an increase in HDL-C levels compared to PCM-induced untreated rats. The higher dose of MEAM also resulted in a significant decrease in TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6, and an increase in IL-4 and IL-10. Similarly, a notable elevation in SOD, CAT, and GSH, along with a decrease in MDA content, was observed in the group receiving MEAM (400 mg/kg). The histopathological result showed reduction of sinusoidal space and vesicular nuclei, with improvement of hepatocytes at the dose of MEAM (400 mg/kg). In molecular docking study, Eupatilin exhibited the highest docking scores of -10.4 kcal/mol and -9.1 kcal/mol against TGF-ß and PPAR-α, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: MEAM root at dose of 400 mg/kg exhibited hepatoprotective effect against PCM-induced toxicity rat. Eupatilin might be considered as a potential candidate for the hepatoprotective effect of A. mexicana root.
Assuntos
Acetaminofen , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Extratos Vegetais , Raízes de Plantas , Ratos Wistar , Animais , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/tratamento farmacológico , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/prevenção & controle , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/patologia , Doença Hepática Induzida por Substâncias e Drogas/metabolismo , Acetaminofen/toxicidade , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Masculino , Raízes de Plantas/química , Ratos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologiaRESUMO
There is a debate about the implications of the effect of nanoparticles or nanomaterials on edible plants and soil organisms. Earthworms have been used to evaluate soil quality, reproduction, survival, and other biochemical parameters when organisms are exposed to nanomaterials. Most studies have been performed in laboratory settings, and little has been studied under realistic conditions, especially when earthworms and corn plants share the same natural soil and organic matter space. The objective of this research was to evaluate concentrations of 10, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg-1 of iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs, combination of magnetite [Fe3O4] and hematite [α-Fe2O3]) on the growth and development of maize plants (Zea mays L.), and of the reproduction parameters of Eisenia fetida during 110 days of exposure. The results demonstrated that concentrations of 100 and 400 mg kg-1 of Fe NPs positively changed some morphological, photosynthetic, and yield parameters in maize crops. Unexpectedly, concentrations of 400 and 800 mg kg-1 decreased earthworm population but, at the same time, increased the number of juveniles. With this holistic approach experiment, it was demonstrated that the use of Fe nanoparticles as a biostimulant can promote corn yield parameters, but at the same time it impacts the reproductive capacity of the earthworms. However, it is necessary to explore the long-term effect of the proposed nanomaterials in agriculture to rule out risks or ecological implications in agricultural systems.
Assuntos
Ferro , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Oligoquetos , Poluentes do Solo , Solo , Zea mays , Oligoquetos/efeitos dos fármacos , Oligoquetos/fisiologia , Zea mays/efeitos dos fármacos , Zea mays/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Solo/química , Ferro/química , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Nanopartículas Metálicas/toxicidade , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Compostos Férricos/química , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Snakebites caused by Bothrops snakes are the most prevalent in the Amazon region, causing local and systemic complications. Local complications are mostly represented by necrosis, secondary bacterial infection and compartment syndrome. There are reports of long-term disabilities, but their burden is poorly investigated. This study aims to describe and estimate the frequency of physical and sensory long-term disabilities from Bothrops snakebites in the Manaus Region, in the western Brazilian Amazon region. Participants were >18-years individuals that accepted to return to the hospital 3-12 months (average follow-up time of 195 days) after the discharge for neuromusculoskeletal, chronic pain and sensory assessments. Assessment of disability was also performed using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). Factors associated with summary disability using WHODAS 2.0 were identified. Fifty participants were enrolled. A frequency of 20% of the participants reported difficulty in moving the affected limb (20%), and 23.7% reported difficulty in walking. Limitations of daily activities were reported by 26% of the patients. Decreased strength of the affected limb was observed in 22% of the patients. Decreased range of joint motion was seen in 20% of the patients. Chronic pain was reported in 48% of the patients. Tactile sensibility was decreased in 30%, thermal sensibility in 14%, painful sensibility (hypoalgesia) in 12%, kinetic-postural sensibility (hypokinesthesia) in 4% and vibratory sensibility was decreased or abolished in 16% of the participants. Cognition and mobility domains were those with the highest frequencies of participants with any degree of disability, each with 57%. The summary WHODAS 2.0 disability rate was 59%. Age > 59 years (p = 0.02)] was associated with protection against disability. Difficulty in moving the limb (p = 0.05), pain at the affected limb (p < 0.01), limitations of daily activities (p < 0.01) and decreased thermal sensibility (p = 0.05) were significantly associated with disability. The present study consists of the first follow-up investigation involving Bothrops snakebite patients related to long-term disabilities. These findings represent important data on Bothrops snakebites causing clinically significant long-term neuromusculoskeletal and sensory disabilities, resulting in reduced quality of life of the patients.
Assuntos
Bothrops , Mordeduras de Serpentes , Humanos , Mordeduras de Serpentes/epidemiologia , Mordeduras de Serpentes/fisiopatologia , Mordeduras de Serpentes/complicações , Brasil/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Animais , Adulto Jovem , Atividades Cotidianas , Avaliação da Deficiência , Venenos de Crotalídeos/toxicidade , IdosoRESUMO
The present study aimed to characterize the behavior and evaluate the electromyographic (EMG), electrocardiographic (ECG), and respiratory responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) when exposed to different concentrations of Camphor (CPR) as a potential anaesthetic in immersion and recovery baths. The goal was to determine the impact of CPR on muscle, cardiac, and respiratory functions, and assess its suitability as an anesthetic for tilapia. Therefore, juvenile fish (38.2 ± 5.5 g) were acclimatized in aquaria for 20 days under controlled environmental and water quality conditions. Four concentrations of CPR (150, 200, 250 and 300 mg L-1) were used in immersion baths to evaluate behavioral, EMG, ECG changes and recordings of opercular beats during the short-term treatment (5 min of exposure). The latency time for loss of the postural reflex was dependent on the CPR concentration. The EMG recordings demonstrated muscle activity during treatment and recovery. The ECG and opercular beat recordings demonstrated a decrease in heart and respiratory rates, with changes in the recorded tracings being more evident at higher concentrations. However, the use of a concentration of 300 mg L-1 makes the cardiac and respiratory effects more evident, with changes in the tracing, which can harm the animal's hemodynamics. However, lower concentrations (150 mg L-1) showed tachycardia and opercular hypermotility, demonstrating changes not compatible with anesthesia. This article demonstrated that CPR in high concentrations can be harmful to the hemodynamics of tilapia, causing electrocardiographic and respiratory changes for a long period, even after recovery of muscular activity and postural reflex.
Assuntos
Cânfora , Ciclídeos , Eletrocardiografia , Animais , Ciclídeos/fisiologia , Cânfora/toxicidade , Eletromiografia , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Coração/fisiologia , Anestésicos/farmacologia , Cardiotoxicidade/etiologia , Respiração/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Fluoride (F), as a natural element found in a wide range of sources such as water and certain foods, has been proven to be beneficial in preventing dental caries, but concerns have been raised regarding its potential deleterious effects on overall health. Sodium fluoride (NaF), another form of F, has the ability to accumulate in reproductive organs and interfere with hormonal regulation and oxidative stress pathways, contributing to reproductive toxicity. While the exact mechanisms of F-induced reproductive toxicity are not fully understood, this review aims to elucidate the mechanisms involved in testicular and ovarian injury. In males, F exposure at different doses has been associated with reduced testis weight, reduced sperm quality in terms of count, motility, and viability, as well as abnormal sperm morphology and disruption of seminiferous tubules by altering hormone levels (especially testosterone), impairing spermatogenesis, and inducing oxidative stress and zinc deficiency. Similarly, administration of F can impact female reproductive health by affecting ovarian function, hormone levels, oocyte quality, and the regularity of the estrous cycle. However, the impact of F exposure on LH, FSH, and GnRH levels is controversial between males and females. In both males and females, F exerts its adverse effects by triggering apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduction in ATP synthesis, and modulation of important genes involved in steroidogenesis. Furthermore, genetic susceptibility and individual variations in F metabolism may contribute to different responses to fluoride exposure.
Assuntos
Fluoretos , Ovário , Testículo , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Fluoretos/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , HumanosRESUMO
The rupture of Vale S.A. mining tailings dam in Brumadinho, Brazil, in January 2019 had significant environmental impacts on the Paraopeba River basin. Additionally, severe floods in early 2022 contributed to the transport of particles in the river. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of Paraopeba River water. Thus, the Allium cepa test system was applied, along with physicochemical analyses, flow cytometry, and metal concentration, comparing the results between the rainy and dry seasons three years after the dam rupture. The tests were conducted on water samples collected during three periods: January 2022, July 2022, and January 2023, at five points along the river and its tributaries. Allium cepa seeds were exposed to the collected water samples, as well as negative (water) and positive (trifluralin) controls. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the mitotic index and flow cytometry, and genotoxicity by the chromosomal alterations index. The analysis of metals and physicochemical parameters revealed that most values complied with current regulations. However, there were exceptions, with ammonia levels exceeding the permitted limits at all points in the three collections. High levels of aluminum, iron and nitrite were found at most points, before and after the dam collapse, mainly during the rainy season. This indicates the impact of rainfall on water quality, which increases the transport of contaminating particles, probably resulting from human activities and the high concentration of nitrogen compounds released into the Paraopeba River. The results of the bioassay suggest a relatively low cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the samples evaluated. However, this study highlights the continuous contamination of the river by unidentified anthropogenic factors, requiring continuous monitoring and analysis to track the evolution of water quality and its environmental effects.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Rios , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Brasil , Rios/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Metais/análise , Cebolas/efeitos dos fármacos , Monitoramento Biológico , Mineração , Mutagênicos/análise , Mutagênicos/toxicidadeRESUMO
Over recent decades, Northern Patagonia in Chile has seen significant growth in agriculture, livestock, forestry, and aquaculture, disrupting lake ecosystems and threatening native species. These environmental changes offer a chance to explore how anthropization impacts zooplankton communities from a molecular-ecological perspective. This study assessed the anthropogenic impact on Daphnia pulex by comparing its proteomes from two lakes: Llanquihue (anthropized) and Icalma (oligotrophic). Results showed substantial differences in protein expression, with 17 proteins upregulated and 181 downregulated in Llanquihue, linked to elevated levels of copper, manganese, dissolved solids, phosphate, and nitrogen. These stressors caused metabolic damage and environmental stress in D. pulex. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring pollution's effects on Northern Patagonian ecosystems, especially on keystone species like D. pulex, essential for ecosystem stability. This research provides fresh molecular-ecological insights into pollution's impacts, a perspective rarely addressed in this region. Understanding these effects is critical for conserving natural resources and offers pathways to study adaptive mechanisms in keystone species facing pollution. This approach also informs strategies for ecosystem management and restoration, addressing both immediate and long-term challenges in Northern Patagonian aquatic environments.
Assuntos
Daphnia , Lagos , Metais Pesados , Proteômica , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Daphnia/metabolismo , Daphnia/efeitos dos fármacos , Daphnia/genética , Metais Pesados/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Proteômica/métodos , Proteoma/metabolismo , Chile , Ecossistema , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Daphnia pulexRESUMO
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) is a thermoplastic copolymer commonly used in the electronics, automotive, and construction industries. In the aquatic environment, the formation of microplastics from larger-sized plastic waste occurs naturally, induced by physical, chemical, and biological processes that promote the aging of these particles. Here, we investigated the interactions between the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca and ABS microplastics (10-20 µm) (pristine and after accelerated aging) over 7 days of exposure. At the end of the exposure period, we evaluated the ability of H. azteca to fragment the ABS particles, as well as the changes in its oxidative stress biomarkers (SOD, CAT, MDA, and GST) as the result of ABS exposure. H. azteca promoted a significant fragmentation of ABS particles. The ratio of this biofragmentation was more pronounced in pristine particles. Despite the absence of significant changes in the mortality of exposed organisms, alterations in the oxidative stress biomarkers were observed. The results demonstrate the ability of H. azteca to fragment pristine and aged ABS microplastics and, the consequent susceptibility of these organisms to the effects of microplastic exposure.
Assuntos
Anfípodes , Butadienos , Microplásticos , Estresse Oxidativo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anfípodes/efeitos dos fármacos , Anfípodes/metabolismo , Microplásticos/toxicidade , Butadienos/química , Butadienos/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Resinas Acrílicas/química , Resinas Acrílicas/toxicidade , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Estireno/química , Estireno/toxicidade , Poliestirenos/química , Poliestirenos/toxicidade , FormigasRESUMO
Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells in the central nervous system, are implicated in several neurological disorders marked by dysfunctional RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). The present study aimed at investigating the role of hnRNP A1 in the proteome of the corpus callosum, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus of a murine cuprizone-induced demyelination model. Right after the cuprizone insult, we administered an hnRNP A1 splicing activity inhibitor and analyzed its impact on brain remyelination by nanoESI-LC-MS/MS label-free proteomic analysis to assess the biological processes affected in these brain regions. Significant alterations in essential myelination proteins highlighted the involvement of hnRNP A1 in maintaining myelin integrity. Pathways related to sphingolipid and endocannabinoid signaling were affected, as well as the synaptic vesicle cycle and GABAergic synapses. Although behavioral impairments were not observed, molecular changes suggest potential links to memory, synaptic function, and neurotransmission processes. These findings enhance our understanding of the multifaceted roles of hnRNP A1 in the central nervous system, providing valuable insights for future investigations and therapeutic interventions in neurodegenerative and demyelinating diseases.
Assuntos
Encéfalo , Cuprizona , Ribonucleoproteína Nuclear Heterogênea A1 , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteoma , Remielinização , Animais , Camundongos , Proteoma/metabolismo , Ribonucleoproteína Nuclear Heterogênea A1/metabolismo , Remielinização/efeitos dos fármacos , Remielinização/fisiologia , Masculino , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Cuprizona/toxicidade , Doenças Desmielinizantes/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Desmielinizantes/metabolismo , Doenças Desmielinizantes/patologia , Bainha de Mielina/metabolismo , Bainha de Mielina/efeitos dos fármacos , Splicing de RNA/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Bees are essential pollinators that contribute to maintaining biodiversity and increasing agricultural production. However, by foraging on agricultural crops, bees may become contaminated with compounds used for pest control. In this study, we exposed bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies to the insecticide imidacloprid (IMD) under field conditions to assess the occurrence of oxidative stress in larvae and pupae and investigate morphological changes in the fat body and midgut of larvae and midgut of adult bees. The apiary area was divided into three groups: control, commercial formulation containing IMD (Evidence® 700WG) (IMDCF), and IMD active ingredient (Sigma-Aldrich) (IMDAI). Treatment groups were fed syrup containing 1 µg L-1 IMD, whereas the control group was fed syrup only. Compared with the control, larvae exposed to IMDCF or IMDAI for 42 days exhibited morphological changes in the external body, midgut, and fat body. The midgut of adult bees contaminated with IMDCF showed only structural remnants of the peritrophic membrane and absence of regenerative cell nests. Oxidative stress analyses revealed that IMDCF-exposed larvae had higher nitrite and carbonylated protein contents and lower catalase and superoxide dismutase activity than control individuals. In pupae, IMDAI decreased catalase activity while increasing superoxide dismutase activity. These findings indicate that IMD has the potential to significantly impact the development of bees and their colonies by disrupting vital organs responsible for normal physiological functioning and overall activities of individuals. Oxidative stress, which was detected at different stages of bee development, may induce lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation, leading to cell death.
Assuntos
Inseticidas , Larva , Neonicotinoides , Nitrocompostos , Estresse Oxidativo , Pupa , Animais , Abelhas/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Neonicotinoides/toxicidade , Nitrocompostos/toxicidade , Pupa/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Polymer-based herbicide nanocarriers have shown potential for increasing the herbicide efficacy and environmental safety. This study aimed to develop, characterize, and evaluate toxicity to target and nontarget organisms of natural-based polymeric nanosystems for glyphosate. Polymers such as chitosan (CS), zein (ZN), and lignin (LG) were used in the synthesis. Nanosystem size, surface charge, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency, toxicity to weed species (Amaranthus hybridus, Ipomoea grandifolia, and Eleusine indica), and Roundup Ready (RR) crops, soil respiration, and enzyme activity were evaluated. The most stable system was the combination of ZN with the cross-linker poloxamer (PL), with higher weed control efficacy (90-96%) for A. hybridus, compared to commercial glyphosate (40%). No improvement was observed for I. grandifolia and E. indica. No glyphosate toxicity was observed in RR crops, soil respiration, or soil enzymes, indicating no toxic effects of the nanoformulation in these models. ZN-PL systems can be a promising alternative for glyphosate delivery, using environmentally friendly materials, with improved efficiency for weed control in agriculture.
Assuntos
Portadores de Fármacos , Glicina , Glifosato , Herbicidas , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Glicina/química , Glicina/toxicidade , Glicina/farmacologia , Herbicidas/química , Herbicidas/farmacologia , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Amaranthus/efeitos dos fármacos , Amaranthus/química , Controle de Plantas Daninhas , Eleusine/química , Eleusine/efeitos dos fármacos , Agricultura , Plantas Daninhas/efeitos dos fármacos , Polímeros/química , Quitosana/química , Nanopartículas/química , Zeína/química , Lignina/químicaRESUMO
The present review provides the first analysis and synthesis of the available scientific information on the effects of anthropogenic contaminants on cephalopod embryos, paralarvae, and juveniles. We evaluated 46 articles published between 1970 and 2023 that focused on trace elements (69%), pharmaceutical compounds (11%), persistent organic compounds (11%), and plastics (9%). To date, the greatest scientific effort has originated from Europe and Asia (France [57%], China [9%], Italy [7%], and Spain [4%]), with few reports available from the rest of the world. Most studies focused on species of economic importance (cuttlefish [69%], octopuses [18%], and squid [13%]), with few reports on species of low commercial value or that reside in remote habitats such as nautiluses. Although 28 contaminants have been evaluated, cadmium, copper, zinc, fluoxetine (FLX), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphorus compounds, and tributyltin (TBT) were the only contaminants associated with adverse effects on various biological, physiological, and ethological processes during early life phases. Despite these advances, the present review demonstrates the crucial need for ecotoxicology studies that focus on (i) embryotoxicology and the interactions among toxic agents during the early stages of cephalopod development, (ii) survival and recruitment, and (iii) species that inhabit coastal and oceanic environments that have not yet been the focus of previous studies, especially those in countries with few published records. With this information, critical areas can be identified, marine biodiversity monitoring programs can be developed, and effective conservation strategies can be created that include measures to mitigate marine pollution.
Assuntos
Cefalópodes , Ecotoxicologia , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Monitoramento AmbientalRESUMO
The antiretroviral therapy program's success in managing the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has inadvertently led to the release of antiretrovirals (ARVs) into worldwide aquatic ecosystems. However, few studies investigated the risks of ARV loadings that flow continuously to the marine waters of South America (such as Brazil). Against this backdrop, the aims of this study were: (i) to estimate the Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) of thirteen ARVs worldwide used in HIV treatment, and which are frequently disposed of in the marine aquatic ecosystems of Guarujá, São Paulo coastline, Brazil.; (ii) predict, through the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA), the potential acute and chronic risks of these ARVs; and (iii) create a prioritization list of the most hazardous ARVs, based on the intrinsic properties of these compounds, i.e.: occurrence (O); persistence (P), bioaccumulation (B) and toxicity (T) (OPBT criteria). The PEC calculations indicated that all the ARVs examined in this study require an assessment of their impact on aquatic organisms, as all results exceeded the limits set by the guidelines of the European Medicines Agency., i.e., the PEC ranged between 0.37 and 99.39 µg/L. The results of individual ERA showed the following trend: (i) 56.41% of the results of acute toxicity indicated high toxicity for the three trophic levels; 33.33% of the results indicated low risk for one of the trophic levels, and 10.26% indicated moderate toxicity, and (ii) in terms of chronic toxicity, 33.33% of the results indicated moderate risks, 35.90% indicated low or no risk, and 30.77% indicated high risks. Regarding the results of the mixture of ARVs, the ERA showed a high acute and/or chronic risk for all five classes tested, i.e., (i) nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors; ii) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; iii) protease inhibitors; (iv) integrase strand transfer inhibitors; and (v) chemokine receptor antagonists. Ultimately, the final ranking of the OPBT approach was etravirine (the highest-priority ARV in seawater from Guarujá), followed by: nevirapine > efavirenz > ritonavir > lopinavir > maraviroc > atazanavir > darunavir > abacavir > dolutegravir > zidovudine > tenofovir > lamivudine.
Assuntos
Antirretrovirais , Monitoramento Ambiental , Água do Mar , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Medição de Risco , Antirretrovirais/análise , Água do Mar/química , Brasil , Organismos Aquáticos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Multi-species tests in bioassays offer a holistic view of the ecosystem's response to toxicity, as different species display varying sensitivities to pollutants. This research aimed to assess the ability of toxicity tests' to distinguish contamination levels, examine site-specific effects, and investigate seasonal variability. Using a multispecies approach (Nannochloropsis oceanica, Artemia franciscana, and Arbacia nigra), bioassays evaluated marine water quality from Callao Bay in Peru across four sampling areas (Naval School: PA1, Peruvian Marine Institute: PA2, Callao Pier: PA3, and San Lorenzo Island: PA4). These species, with varying sizes and morphologies, are relevant to marine systems and ideal for multispecies toxicity testing, contributing to broader environmental impact discussions. To conduct toxicity bioassays, seasonal evaluations were performed in fall, winter, spring, and summer. Brine shrimp displayed seasonal variations in toxicity values, with notable mortality rates during winter. Nannochloropsis oceanica was the most sensitive species, showing moderate toxicity across seasons. Areas impacted by pollution sources, such as wastewater and maritime traffic, exhibited the highest toxicity levels (PA3 and PA4). These fluctuations underscore the need to consider seasonal and local conditions when assessing organism sensitivity to seawater contaminants. Additionally, they reveal the complex interplay between environmental factors, water quality, and organism responses in marine ecosystems.
Assuntos
Artemia , Baías , Água do Mar , Qualidade da Água , Animais , Artemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Peru , Estações do Ano , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Ecossistema , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Bioensaio/métodosRESUMO
Diets rich in carbohydrate and saturated fat contents, when combined with a sedentary lifestyle, contribute to the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS), which subsequently increase palmitic acid (PA) levels. At high concentrations, PA induces lipotoxicity through several mechanisms involving endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and cell death. Nevertheless, there are endogenous strategies to mitigate PA-induced lipotoxicity through its unsaturation and elongation and its channeling and storage in lipid droplets (LDs), which plays a crucial role in sequestering oxidized lipids, thereby reducing oxidative damage to lipid membranes. While extended exposure to PA promotes mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation leading to cell damage, acute exposure of ß-cells to PA increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), through the activation of free fatty acid receptors (FFARs). Subsequently, the activation of FFARs by exogenous agonists has been suggested as a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent PA-induced lipotoxicity in ß cells. Moreover, some saturated fatty acids, including oleic acid, can counteract the negative impact of PA on cellular health, suggesting a complex interaction between different dietary fats and cellular outcomes. Therefore, the challenge is to prevent the lipid peroxidation of dietary unsaturated fatty acids through the utilization of natural antioxidants. This complexity indicates the necessity for further research into the function of palmitic acid in diverse pathological conditions and to find the main therapeutic target against its lipotoxicity. The aim of this review is, therefore, to examine recent data regarding the mechanism underlying PA-induced lipotoxicity in order to identify strategies that can promote protection mechanisms against lipotoxicity, dysfunction and apoptosis in MetS and obesity.
Assuntos
Síndrome Metabólica , Ácido Palmítico , Humanos , Ácido Palmítico/toxicidade , Síndrome Metabólica/metabolismo , Animais , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Glyphosate-based herbicides are the most widely agrochemicals used in the world. This toxic compound reaches aquatic ecosystems and can affect microalgae, which are the basis of the trophic web and the main primary producers in these environments. We tested the sensitivity of two species of green algae (Chlorophyta) to a glyphosate-based herbicide (Roundup Transorb) and the effect of contamination history in population rescue. Strains of Desmodesmus communis and Pseudopediastrum boryanum were tested in isolation and in co-occurrence in a two-step experiment, with three and 10 days each, respectively. In the first step, we exposed populations of the two species to Roundup Transorb at 0, 350, 500, and 1000 µgâ§L-1 glyphosate. Next, we transferred aliquots of each treatment to a new media where 20,000 µgâ§L-1 of the glyphosate-based herbicide was added. Growth inhibition at the end of Step 1 was dose-dependent regardless of species and whether they were isolated or combined. Rescue after exposure to 20,000 µgâ§L-1 of the glyphosate-based herbicide for three and 10 days was more successful for populations previously exposed to intermediate concentrations of 350 and 500 µgâ§L-1. We suggest that these concentrations triggered a process that increased algal tolerance to the glyphosate-based herbicide. In addition, neither the species nor the fact that they were isolated or combined influenced glyphosate-based herbicide toxicity, at least for the concentrations tested in this study.
Assuntos
Água Doce , Glicina , Glifosato , Herbicidas , Microalgas , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Glicina/toxicidade , Herbicidas/toxicidade , Microalgas/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Clorófitas/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Aflatoxin is a mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Aspergillus that is present in various foods. Probiotics are well-established products in aquaculture, and due to their effective contribution to the intestine, they can be used as an aflatoxin adsorbent. This study evaluated the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on enzymatic activity and intestinal function in Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu) fingerlings fed diets containing a probiotic-based adsorbent (PBA). Seventy-two fish with an average weight of 12 ± 1.30 g were used in the study. The experiment was conducted over 15 days using a completely randomized design with six diet treatments (AFB1 per kg of formulated diet) and two replicates. These treatments were: control without AFB1; 25.0 µg of AFB1; 400.0 µg of AFB1; control diet without AFB1 + PBA; 25.0 µg of AFB1 + PBA; and 400.0 µg of AFB1 + PBA. After the experimental period, the digestive enzymes protease, amylase, and lipase from the stomach, pyloric caeca, and intestine were quantified. The height and width of the intestinal villi, pyloric caeca, and stomach wall were measured. Fish fed the 400.0 µg of AFB1 diet showed reduced feed consumption, even though they ingested higher amounts of AFB1 compared to those fed the other experimental diets. The best zootechnical performance parameters were observed in fish fed the control diet without AFB1 + PBA. Changes (p < 0.05) were observed in the amount of protease in the stomach, pyloric caeca, and intestine; in the amount of amylase in the intestine; and the amount of lipase in the pyloric caeca and intestine. Changes were observed (p < 0.05) in the length of the stomach wall and the anterior and posterior intestines. Changes in the width of the stomach and anterior intestine walls were observed as a result of diet. Our results suggest that the use of probiotics as an aflatoxin adsorbent in pacu diets is beneficial from a physiological perspective and may also enhance growth.
Assuntos
Aflatoxina B1 , Ração Animal , Dieta , Probióticos , Animais , Aflatoxina B1/toxicidade , Probióticos/farmacologia , Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterinária , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Caraciformes , Lipase/metabolismo , Adsorção , Doenças dos Peixes/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Peixes/microbiologiaRESUMO
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental disorder characterized by several behavioral impairments, especially in socialization, communication, and the occurrence of stereotyped behaviors. In rats, prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) induces autistic-like behaviors. Previous studies by our group have suggested that the autistic-like phenotype is possibly related to dopaminergic system modulation because tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression was affected. The objective of the present study was to understand the dopaminergic role in autism. Wistar rats on gestational day 12.5 received VPA (400 mg/kg) and behaviors related to rat models of ASD were evaluated in juvenile offspring. Neurochemical and genetic dopaminergic components were studied in different brain areas of both juvenile and adult rats. Prenatal VPA-induced autistic-like behaviors in comparison to a control group: decreased maternal solicitations by ultrasonic vocalizations, cognitive inflexibility and stereotyped behavior in the T-maze test, decreased social interaction and play behavior, as well as motor hyperactivity. Prenatal VPA also decreased dopamine synthesis and activity in the striatum and prefrontal cortex, as well as dopamine transporter, D1 and D2 receptors, and TH expressions. Moreover, prenatal VPA increased TH+ immunoreactive neurons of the ventral tegmental area-substantia nigra complex. In conclusion, the dopaminergic hypoactivity associated with the behavioral impairments exhibited by the rats that received prenatal VPA suggests the important role of this system in the establishment of the characteristic symptoms of ASD in juvenile and adult males. Dopamine was demonstrated to be an important biomarker and a potential pharmacological target for ASD.