RESUMO
The "La Esperanza" native mercury mine in Aranzazu, (Caldas, Colombia) was active from 1948 until 1975. Before the final closure of the mine, the company began using dimercaprol (BAL, British Anti-Lewisite) and penicillamine for the treatment of hydrargyrism among workers. Mercury poisoning among miners was frequent due to precarious working conditions, inadequate technology, difficult terrain, and the high toxicity of native mercury within the mine. The costs associated with the treatment was one of the causes of the closure of the mine. The early use of these chelators corresponds to the first systematic use of an antidote in occupational health in Colombia. This paper describes the context in which dimercaprol and penicillamine were used, a milestone in the history of toxicology, medical geology and occupational health in Colombia and Latin America.
Assuntos
Intoxicação por Mercúrio , Mercúrio , Mineração , Colômbia , História do Século XX , Humanos , Mercúrio/toxicidade , Penicilamina , Dimercaprol/uso terapêutico , Exposição Ocupacional , Quelantes/uso terapêutico , Saúde Ocupacional , AntídotosRESUMO
The present review provides the first analysis and synthesis of the available scientific information on the effects of anthropogenic contaminants on cephalopod embryos, paralarvae, and juveniles. We evaluated 46 articles published between 1970 and 2023 that focused on trace elements (69%), pharmaceutical compounds (11%), persistent organic compounds (11%), and plastics (9%). To date, the greatest scientific effort has originated from Europe and Asia (France [57%], China [9%], Italy [7%], and Spain [4%]), with few reports available from the rest of the world. Most studies focused on species of economic importance (cuttlefish [69%], octopuses [18%], and squid [13%]), with few reports on species of low commercial value or that reside in remote habitats such as nautiluses. Although 28 contaminants have been evaluated, cadmium, copper, zinc, fluoxetine (FLX), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organophosphorus compounds, and tributyltin (TBT) were the only contaminants associated with adverse effects on various biological, physiological, and ethological processes during early life phases. Despite these advances, the present review demonstrates the crucial need for ecotoxicology studies that focus on (i) embryotoxicology and the interactions among toxic agents during the early stages of cephalopod development, (ii) survival and recruitment, and (iii) species that inhabit coastal and oceanic environments that have not yet been the focus of previous studies, especially those in countries with few published records. With this information, critical areas can be identified, marine biodiversity monitoring programs can be developed, and effective conservation strategies can be created that include measures to mitigate marine pollution.
Assuntos
Cefalópodes , Ecotoxicologia , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Monitoramento AmbientalRESUMO
Polymer-based herbicide nanocarriers have shown potential for increasing the herbicide efficacy and environmental safety. This study aimed to develop, characterize, and evaluate toxicity to target and nontarget organisms of natural-based polymeric nanosystems for glyphosate. Polymers such as chitosan (CS), zein (ZN), and lignin (LG) were used in the synthesis. Nanosystem size, surface charge, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency, toxicity to weed species (Amaranthus hybridus, Ipomoea grandifolia, and Eleusine indica), and Roundup Ready (RR) crops, soil respiration, and enzyme activity were evaluated. The most stable system was the combination of ZN with the cross-linker poloxamer (PL), with higher weed control efficacy (90-96%) for A. hybridus, compared to commercial glyphosate (40%). No improvement was observed for I. grandifolia and E. indica. No glyphosate toxicity was observed in RR crops, soil respiration, or soil enzymes, indicating no toxic effects of the nanoformulation in these models. ZN-PL systems can be a promising alternative for glyphosate delivery, using environmentally friendly materials, with improved efficiency for weed control in agriculture.
Assuntos
Portadores de Fármacos , Glicina , Glifosato , Herbicidas , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Glicina/química , Glicina/toxicidade , Glicina/farmacologia , Herbicidas/química , Herbicidas/farmacologia , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Amaranthus/efeitos dos fármacos , Amaranthus/química , Controle de Plantas Daninhas , Eleusine/química , Eleusine/efeitos dos fármacos , Agricultura , Plantas Daninhas/efeitos dos fármacos , Polímeros/química , Quitosana/química , Nanopartículas/química , Zeína/química , Lignina/químicaRESUMO
Alzheimer's Disease is a degenerative neurological condition which leads to a decline in memory and cognitive function. Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) presents properties including neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of CGA on cognitive impairments, neuroinflammation and neuronal damage in mice submitted to an experimental model of Sporadic Alzheimer Disease (SAD) induced by intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ). Male Swiss mice received bilateral ICV-STZ injections (3 mg/Kg) on days 1 and 3. The treatment with CGA (5 mg/Kg, orally) or vehicle (water, orally), was initiated and continued for 26 days, starting 2 h after the second induction procedure. At first, there was no change in serum glucose levels after SAD induction. ICV-STZ induces impairments in aversive, recognition, and spatial memory, while CGA treatment significantly alleviated these memory deficits. Furthermore, locomotor activity, working memory, and anxiety-related activities remained unaffected by the treatments. CGA treatment protects against ICV-STZ-induced increase in the nitrite/nitrate and TBARS levels. ICV-STZ induced a reduction in viable cells, depletion of BDNF, and triggered astrogliosis and microgliosis in the cortex and hippocampus. Treatment with CGA preserves viable cell count in the prefrontal cortex, CA1, and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. Additionally, it prevented BDNF depletion in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (CA1, CA3, and DG regions), and mitigated astrogliosis and microgliosis in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (CA1, CA3, and DG regions). These findings indicate the neuroprotective effects of CGA, underscoring their potential as therapeutic agents or adjuncts in the treatment of SAD.
Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Ácido Clorogênico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fármacos Neuroprotetores , Estreptozocina , Animais , Ácido Clorogênico/farmacologia , Ácido Clorogênico/uso terapêutico , Estreptozocina/toxicidade , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Doença de Alzheimer/induzido quimicamente , Masculino , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/patologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
In this work, several imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines were synthesized through the Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé three-component reaction (GBB-3CR), and their phytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro by the influence on the growth of wheat coleoptiles and three important agricultural seeds (Allium cepa, Lactuca sativa, and Solanum lycopersicum) at test concentrations of 1000, 300, 100, 30, and 10 µM. A structure-activity relationship was established, showing the importance of halogen groups at the ortho position of the attached aromatic ring and the presence of a cyclohexylamine group for greater activity. Post-modification of some GBB-3CR adducts was carried out, leading to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-tetrazole hybrids, which were also evaluated in these bioassays. The phytotoxicity on seed germination and growth bioassays demonstrated that A. cepa was the most susceptible seed, and the most affected parameters were the root and shoot lengths. The most active compound was also evaluated against Bidens pilosa, Urochloa decumbens, and Panicum maximum weeds under hydroponic conditions to assess its phytotoxic potential at a more advanced level of bioassays. Promising results were also achieved, in which the most affected growth factor by inhibition was the root growth, and a stimulus to shoot growth was noted, making it a promising hit in the search for new herbicides.
Assuntos
Bidens , Germinação , Herbicidas , Plantas Daninhas , Piridinas , Bidens/efeitos dos fármacos , Bidens/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bidens/química , Herbicidas/farmacologia , Herbicidas/química , Herbicidas/síntese química , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/toxicidade , Piridinas/farmacologia , Plantas Daninhas/efeitos dos fármacos , Plantas Daninhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Controle de Plantas Daninhas , Sementes/efeitos dos fármacos , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/química , Cebolas/efeitos dos fármacos , Cebolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Triticum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Triticum/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Aim: This work aimed to test peptides against the planktonic and biofilm form of Cryptococcus spp. and in vitro toxicity using three-dimensional (3D) cells characterized and evaluate in vivo toxicity in Galleria mellonella.Materials & methods: Susceptibility tests were conducted on the planktonic form and biofilm formation. The toxicity of the peptides was evaluated in lung and brain cells in monolayer (2D) and 3D mono- and co-culture, in addition to in vivo analysis with G. mellonella.Results: Susceptibility values ranged from 31.25 to over 250 µg/ml with a fungicidal profile. Regarding toxicity, the PepM2 peptide was not toxic in 3D culture (500 µg/ml). G. mellonella, showed a survival rate of more than 85% In assays with brain and lung cell lines, concentrations ranged from 4 × 104 to 4 × 103 cells/well for brain cells and 1 × 103 cells/well for lung cells. Cocultures used 1 × 105 brain and 1 × 103 lung cells.Conclusion: This study shows that the peptides have great potential against cryptococcosis, and all spheroids were characterized as having a spheroidal and compact structure.
[Box: see text].
Assuntos
Antifúngicos , Criptococose , Cryptococcus , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Mariposas , Animais , Mariposas/efeitos dos fármacos , Mariposas/microbiologia , Cryptococcus/efeitos dos fármacos , Criptococose/microbiologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/química , Antifúngicos/toxicidade , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Peptídeos/toxicidade , Peptídeos/química , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Técnicas de Cocultura , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Larva/microbiologia , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Cultura de Células em Três Dimensões/métodosRESUMO
Lead (Pb) exposure during perinatal development alters testosterone (T) concentrations and delays puberty in children and laboratory rodents. In addition, exposure to the metal during adult life decreases T and libido in men and affects male reproductive behaviour (MRB) in rats. MRB is regulated by various brain nuclei including the medial preoptic area (MPOa) and the medial amygdala (MeA), in which T and oestradiol (E2) act through their respective androgen (AR) and oestrogen (ER) receptors. However, the mechanism by which MRB is affected by Pb exposure is not known. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate whether perinatal Pb exposure affects MRB and the number of cells immunoreactive to AR and ERα in the MPOa and the MeA. Male Wistar rats exposed to Pb (320 ppm) in drinking water from the beginning of pregnancy until weaning were used. The experimental group experienced significant alterations in MRB, an important decrease in T and E2 concentrations, and a significant increase in Pb concentrations in the blood, MPOa (hypothalamus) and MeA. In addition, in the studied areas the number of cells immunoreactive to AR and ERα, or detected using the Nissl technique, decreased significantly. These results show that perinatal exposure to Pb alters MRB. This event may be related to a decrease in both the concentrations of sex hormones and the number of cells that express their receptors as well as in the neuronal Nissl staining population. This ultimately affects the quality of life of the individual.
Assuntos
Chumbo , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Área Pré-Óptica , Ratos Wistar , Receptores Androgênicos , Testosterona , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Chumbo/toxicidade , Área Pré-Óptica/metabolismo , Área Pré-Óptica/efeitos dos fármacos , Testosterona/sangue , Testosterona/metabolismo , Comportamento Sexual Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Estradiol/sangue , Receptor alfa de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Tonsila do Cerebelo/metabolismo , Tonsila do Cerebelo/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Steroids stand for a class of hormones (natural and synthetic) known to be helpful for a number of disorders. Despite the aforementioned beneficial effects of using these hormones, anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are also widely abused in a non-therapeutic manner for muscle-building and strength-increasing properties that may lead to genotoxicity in different tissues. The present study aims to understand whether genotoxicity may be a suitable biomarker for AAS exposure in vivo in both experimental animal and human studies. All studies published in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases that presented data on DNA damage caused by AAS were analyzed. A total of 15 articles were included in this study, and after thoroughly reviewing the studies, a total of 8 articles were classified as Strong, 6 were classified as Moderate, and only 1 was classified as Weak, totaling 14 studies being considered either Strong or Moderate. This classification makes it possible to consider the present findings as reliable. The meta-analysis data revealed a statistically significant difference in Wistar rat testis cells with AAS compared to control for tail length and % tail DNA (p < 0.001), so that the selected articles were considered homogeneous and the I2 of 0% indicated low heterogeneity. In summary, genotoxicity can be considered a suitable biomarker for monitoring AAS exposure as a result of DNA breakage and oxidative DNA damage.
Assuntos
Anabolizantes , Biomarcadores , Dano ao DNA , Animais , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Anabolizantes/toxicidade , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Ratos , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/metabolismo , Testículo/patologia , Androgênios/toxicidade , EsteroidesRESUMO
Chronic use of typical antipsychotics can lead to varying motor effects depending on the timing of analysis. Acute treatment typically induces hypokinesia, resembling parkinsonism, while repeated use can result in tardive dyskinesia, a hyperkinetic syndrome marked by involuntary orofacial movements, such as vacuous chewing movements in mice. Tardive dyskinesia is particularly concerning due to its potential irreversibility and associated motor discomfort. One prevailing theory suggests that tardive dyskinesia arises from hypersensitivity of D2-type dopaminergic receptors caused by continuous blockade from typical antipsychotics like haloperidol. Additionally, increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and elevated FosB protein expression in the dorsolateral striatum are implicated in its pathophysiology. Current treatments for tardive dyskinesia often lack clear efficacy and may lead to significant side effects. Cannabigerol, a non-psychotomimetic cannabinoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has been investigated for its potential antidyskinetic effects. In this study, mice were treated with cannabigerol at doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg to evaluate its ability to prevent, ameliorate, or reverse haloperidol-induced vacuous chewing movements. Cannabigerol successfully reduced vacuous chewing movements without affecting normal motor activity, exacerbating haloperidol-induced hypokinesia, or inducing dyskinetic effects on its own. However, no significant reversal of the haloperidol-induced motor effects was observed under the current protocol. Furthermore, cannabigerol did not alter FosB expression or microglia morphology. These findings underscore the need for further research to explore cannabigerol's therapeutic potential and contribute to our understanding of its possible clinical applications in managing tardive dyskinesia.
Assuntos
Antipsicóticos , Canabinoides , Haloperidol , Mastigação , Animais , Haloperidol/toxicidade , Haloperidol/farmacologia , Mastigação/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Masculino , Antipsicóticos/farmacologia , Canabinoides/farmacologia , Discinesia Tardia/induzido quimicamente , Discinesia Tardia/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , Discinesia Induzida por Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In the French West Indies, previous studies have reported findings on pesticide exposure and cancer incidence. A new exploratory geographical study, including a more sensitive soil contamination indicator, will provide more detailed information on the link between cancer incidence and organochlorine pesticide exposure. This study aims to investigate the association between incident cases of cancer and chlordecone soil contamination at an IRIS scale over the period 2006-2019 in Martinique. METHODS: Data on the 18 most frequent cancer sites were collected from the Martinique Population Based Cancer Registry. First, smoothed standardized incidence ratios at the level of the 141 IRIS were estimated, and then regression models including the smoothed standardized ratios were performed between cancer incidence and soil contamination index by sex and cancer site, using the Besag, York and Mollié models. Models were adjusted using an index of social deprivation. RESULTS: 23,218 cancer cases were eligible for this study, with 21,920 cases included in the final analysis. Soil contamination was associated with a higher relative risk of cancer in women than in men, but no significant correlation was found for breast cancer in women or for prostate cancer. Lung, thyroid, stomach and rectal cancers in women, and melanoma in men, all increase significantly with the level of contamination. There was a significant increasing gradient in the incidence of multiple myeloma in men, from reference to highly contaminated areas. CONCLUSION: Integrating the latest available data on soil contamination and cancer incidence will extend on-going knowledge of chlordecone exposure and cancer incidence, which remains a major environmental concern in Martinique. Unexpectedly, our results show that the female population of Martinique is the most affected by chlordecone soil contamination.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Exposição Ocupacional , Praguicidas , Humanos , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias/etiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Martinica/epidemiologia , Incidência , Clordecona , Sistema de Registros , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Poluentes do Solo/efeitos adversos , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , AdultoRESUMO
This study aimed to assess the biological properties of two ready-to-use bioceramic sealers (EndoSequence BC Sealer - EBCS; Bio-C Sealer - BCS) on osteoblastic lineage cells. MC3T3 osteoblast-like cells were exposed to extracts of bioceramic materials. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT method, genotoxicity was assessed by the micronucleus test and the expression of BMP1, BMP2 and ALP was measured by RT-qPCR, after 1, 3 and 7 days. Wound healing was monitored at 1, 2 and 3-day intervals using the scratch test. Statistical analysis involved a two-factor ANOVA, followed by the Tukey Test for multiple comparisons (α=0.05). Cytotoxicity assessment revealed no significant differences between the materials and the control group at any of the time points, indicating that neither material exhibited cytotoxic effects. However, both cements induced greater micronuclei formation compared to the control on days 1 and 7 (p<0.05) when evaluating genotoxicity. No significant differences between the groups were observed in wound healing at any of the time intervals. Both biomaterials upregulated the expression of BMP1, BMP2 and ALP. The two bioceramic sealers exhibited comparable biological properties, including cytocompatibility, promotion of wound healing, and upregulation of bone formation-related genes in osteoblast-like cells. While these results suggest the potential for safe clinical application, the observed genotoxicity warrants caution. Therefore, while the null hypothesis-that the two bioceramic sealers exhibit analogous properties-was accepted in terms of cytocompatibility and gene expression, further investigation is essential to fully ensure their safety and efficacy in bone-related procedures.
Assuntos
Osteoblastos , Osteoblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Camundongos , Cerâmica/toxicidade , Materiais Restauradores do Canal Radicular/toxicidade , Materiais Biocompatíveis , Teste de Materiais , Proteína Morfogenética Óssea 2 , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Testes para Micronúcleos , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosfatos de Cálcio , Combinação de Medicamentos , Óxidos , SilicatosRESUMO
Reactive dyes used in the textile industry can be harmful to aquatic organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the potential cyto/genotoxic effects of the Novacron® Bold Deep Navy reactive dye on fish Astyanax lacustris before and after treatment through a vertical flow constructed wetland system (VFCW). Micronucleus test (MN), cellular morphological changes (CMC), and the comet assay were used to assess the effects of the dye in erythrocytes. During the experiment, A. lacustris specimens were exposed to sublethal concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/L) of Novacron® Bold Deep Navy dye for 96 h. Results showed that the dye caused MN formation (27), DNA damage, and several types of CMC (3513) in all tested concentrations on A. lacustris. Notably, analyses were significant (p < 0.05) for all concentrations, except in the frequency mean of DNA damage at 10 mg/L. The bioremediation of the dye carried out by the VFCW system proved to be efficient, as confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and physicochemical analysis. Thus, the Novacron® Bold Deep Navy dye poses a potential risk of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity for aquatic organisms, and the VFCW system proved to be efficient in treating the dye.
Assuntos
Corantes , Dano ao DNA , Testes para Micronúcleos , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Áreas Alagadas , Animais , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Corantes/toxicidade , Ensaio Cometa , CaraciformesRESUMO
Nanotechnology has been a promising plant protection discipline in recent years, attributed to the unique physicochemical properties exhibited at the nanoscale. In this context, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been effective in various applications, including medical, industrial, and agronomic, and during the last few years, the control of insect pests has raised great interest. The present review mainly provides updated information about the use of AgNPs elaborated by different synthesis methods, such as biological (plants, microorganisms), physical, and chemical, and their effect against various insect species of agricultural importance belonging to the order Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera. The physiological and toxic effects of applying AgNPs are reported and characterized by developmental problems, mortality, weight reduction, interference with enzymatic activity, and anomalies in the life cycle. Moreover, in the final section, the action mechanisms through which AgNPs act on insects are also discussed, highlighting mechanisms such as alteration of transmembrane permeability, interruption of DNA replication, alteration of protein synthesis, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Assuntos
Insetos , Inseticidas , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Prata , Prata/química , Prata/farmacologia , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/toxicidade , Animais , Insetos/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/química , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Agricultura/métodos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Inoculation of Bothrops jararaca snake venom (BjV) induces thrombocytopenia in humans and various animal species. Although several BjV toxins acting on hemostasis have been well characterized in vitro, it is not known which one is responsible for inducing thrombocytopenia in vivo. In previous studies, we showed that BjV incubated with metalloproteinase or serine proteinase inhibitors and/or anti-botrocetin antibodies still induced thrombocytopenia in rats and mice. Thus, herein we identified and characterized BjV toxins responsible for inducing thrombocytopenia. Initially, by filtering BjV on ultrafiltration systems, proteins with molecular masses between 30 and 50 kDa were shown to induce thrombocytopenia in mice, but they were not associated with hemorrhagic or coagulating activities. The 50 kDa ultrafiltrate was chromatographed, and two proteins (named fraction D and fraction E) induced thrombocytopenia in mice. However, neither fraction D nor fraction E induced platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma or whole blood from humans or mice. By mass spectrometry analysis, fraction E was identified as jararaca glycoprotein Ib (GPIb)-binding protein. Injection of these fractions caused thrombocytopenia in control or Vwf-/- mice, showing that the axis platelet GPIb - von Willebrand factor is not involved in their biological action in vivo. New studies are necessary to understand how these proteins act in vivo.
Assuntos
Bothrops , Trombocitopenia , Animais , Trombocitopenia/induzido quimicamente , Trombocitopenia/metabolismo , Camundongos , Humanos , Bothrops/metabolismo , Agregação Plaquetária/efeitos dos fármacos , Complexo Glicoproteico GPIb-IX de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Masculino , Veneno de Bothrops jararaca/metabolismo , Mordeduras de Serpentes/metabolismo , Fator de von Willebrand/metabolismo , Venenos de Crotalídeos/toxicidade , Camundongos Knockout , Feminino , Bothrops jararacaRESUMO
This study aimed to determine the chemical composition of ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) and soursop Annona muricata Linn (Annonaceae) oils, formulate stable emulsions of these oils separately, as well as neem oil Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae), and evaluate the insecticidal activity of these emulsions against Duponchelia fovealis Zeller, 1847 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Each stable emulsion contained an oil phase containing ginger, soursop, or neem oil, a fruit polyalcohol-based emulsifier, ethanol, or water. The insecticidal effect of the different oils and formulated emulsions was tested on the first- and second-instar caterpillars of D. fovealis. The majority of the compounds of the ginger essential oil were α-zingiberene (29%), geranial (14.9%), and α-farnesene (12.9%), and soursop oil had a higher percentage of oleic acid (43.73%), linoleic acid (29.51%), and palmitic acid (20.50%). The CL50 values of the soursop, neem, and ginger oils were 0.474, 0.473, and 0.602% for first-instar caterpillars and 2.25, 1.02, and 0.624% for second-instar caterpillars of D. fovealis. The formulated emulsions of ginger, soursop, and neem oils remained stable and exhibited toxicity in the first and second instars of D. fovealis development.
Assuntos
Lepidópteros , Óleos de Plantas , Animais , Lepidópteros/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Annona/química , Zingiber officinale , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Mariposas/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The use of pesticides has enabled the development of contemporary industrial agriculture and significantly increased crop yields. However, they are also considered a source of environmental pollution and a potential hazard to human health. Despite national agencies and the scientific community analyzing pesticide safety, immunotoxicity assays are often not required, poorly designed, or underestimated. Epidemiological evidence indicates that pesticide exposure increases the risk of developing cancer. Therefore, pesticides may not only act as carcinogens per se but also as immunosuppressive agents that create a permissive context for tumor development. Given recent evidence demonstrating the critical role of the immune response in cancer progression, we will highlight the necessity of assessing the potential impacts of pesticides on the immune response, particularly on tumor immunosurveillance. In this Perspective article, we will focus on the need to critically review fundamental aspects of toxicological studies conducted on pesticides to provide a clearer understanding of the risks associated with exposure to these compounds to human health.
Assuntos
Praguicidas , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Humanos , Animais , Neoplasias/imunologia , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversosRESUMO
The association of bacteria resistant to potentially toxic metals (PTMs) with plants to remove, transfer, or stabilize these elements from the soil is an appropriate tool for phytoremediation processes in metal-contaminated environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of Rhizobium sp. LBMP-C04 for phytoremediation processes and plant growth promotion in metal-contaminated soils. Functional annotation allowed us to predict a variety of genes related to PTMs resistance and plant growth promotion in the bacterial genome. Resistance genes are mainly associated with DNA repair, and the import or export of metals in bacterial cells to maintain cell homeostasis. Genes that promote plant growth are related to mechanisms of osmotic stress tolerance, phosphate solubilization, nitrogen metabolism, biological nitrogen fixation, biofilm formation, heat shock responses, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis, tryptophan, and organic acids metabolism. Biochemical tests indicated that Rhizobium sp. LBMP-C04 can solubilize calcium phosphate and produce siderophores and IAA in vitro in the presence of the PTMs Cd2+,Cu2+,Cr3+,Cr6+, Zn2+, and Ni2+. Results indicate the possibility of using Rhizobium sp. LBMP-C04 as a potentially efficient bacterium in phytoremediation processesin environments contaminated by PTMs and simultaneously promote plant growth.
Assuntos
Biodegradação Ambiental , Ácidos Indolacéticos , Desenvolvimento Vegetal , Rhizobium , Microbiologia do Solo , Poluentes do Solo , Rhizobium/genética , Rhizobium/metabolismo , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismo , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Metais/metabolismo , Metais Pesados/toxicidade , Metais Pesados/metabolismo , Sideróforos/metabolismo , Fosfatos/metabolismo , Genoma BacterianoRESUMO
Occupational exposure to arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) affects many sectors, necessitating research to understand their transformation mechanisms. In this study, we characterized the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a rat hepatic epithelial cell line with decreased expression of catalase and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) subunit that was exposed to a mixture of As, Cd, and Pb at equimolar occupational exposure concentrations. We evaluated the expression of genes and proteins involved in EMT. Our findings revealed that cells with a decreased antioxidant barrier showed a decreased expression and abundance of epithelial genes when exposed to a mixture of metals. Additionally, we observed alterations in the expression of transcription factors (TFs) associated with EMT and an increase in the expression and abundance of mesenchymal genes. Specifically, we found that E-cadherin expression decreased by ~50% at both the gene and protein levels. In contrast, the expression of vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin, and N-cadherin genes increased by ~70%, whereas their corresponding protein levels increased by nearly 100%. Furthermore, the TFs zinc finger e-box binding homeobox 1 and snail family transcriptional repressor 1 showed a 30% increase in gene expression and an ~80% increase in protein expression. These changes enable the cells to acquire migratory capabilities. Our results confirmed that exposure to this mixture of As, Cd, and Pb can induce EMT in cells with a decreased antioxidant barrier.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Ratos , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Cádmio/toxicidade , Arsênio/toxicidade , Arsênio/farmacologia , Glutamato-Cisteína Ligase/metabolismo , Glutamato-Cisteína Ligase/genética , Chumbo/toxicidade , Linhagem Celular , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Catalase/metabolismo , Catalase/genética , Fatores de Transcrição da Família Snail/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição da Família Snail/genética , Caderinas/metabolismo , Caderinas/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Bothrops venom consists primarily of metalloproteinase and phospholipase A2 toxins, which are responsible for the acute inflammatory, coagulant and hemorrhagic action following snakebite. The local effects of snakebite envenomation by Bothrops species are particularly prevalent yet poorly studied, but include pain, edema, erythema, blistering, bleeding, and ecchymosis. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In this study, we describe the dermatopathological findings observed in a series of 22 patients diagnosed with Bothrops envenomation treated in a tertiary hospital of Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon. Clinically, pain and edema were observed in all patients, followed by fang marks (63.6%), secondary infection (36.3%), ecchymosis (31.8%), erythema (22.7%), blister (13.6%), and necrosis (4.5%). Regarding histopathological findings, epidermal alterations such as spongiosis, acanthosis and hyperkeratosis were the most observed characteristics in our cases series, with isolated cases of hyperplasia, hemorrhagic intraepidermal blister and severe necrosis. Changes in dermis and hypodermis consisted mainly of hemorrhage, inflammatory infiltrate, edema, congestion, and vascular damage, whereas cases of collagen damage, necrosis, abscess, and signs of tissue repair, indicated by the presence of granulation tissue, were also observed, with a persistence of inflammatory and hemostatic alterations even days after antivenom administration. Therefore, the tissue damage resulting from Bothrops envenomation could be related to both direct venom activity as well as inflammatory response or presence of infectious process. The histopathological analysis of human skin injury can enlighten the pathological and endogenous effects of local envenomation and could underpin new strategies, including novel treatments, adjuvants or changes in clinical management, that lead to better outcomes in snakebite patients.
Assuntos
Bothrops , Mordeduras de Serpentes , Humanos , Mordeduras de Serpentes/patologia , Mordeduras de Serpentes/complicações , Brasil , Masculino , Animais , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , Pele/patologia , Venenos de Crotalídeos/toxicidade , Idoso , Criança , Edema/patologia , Antivenenos/uso terapêutico , Necrose , Vesícula/patologia , Bothrops atroxRESUMO
In cells, the term "cellular aging" represents a collection of biological changes that can precede the proliferative senescence states. Cells more resistant to proliferative senescence, such as the ones found in the basal layer of the epidermis, may also exhibit these aging patterns. Therefore, cellular aging events could be induced by endogenous signals named here as cellular aging triggers (CATs) components. The superoxide anion (O2â») could be a prime candidate for a CATs, as it is continuously produced by eukaryotic cells. To test this hypothesis, mitochondrial and cytoplasmic O2â» imbalances were induced in HaCaT keratinocytes using rotenone (ROT, 30 µM), which inhibits mitochondrial complex I and paraquat (PQT, 30 µM), which increases O2â» levels via redox cycling. ROT and PQT reduced cellular proliferation rate and elevated ß-Galactosidase and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) levels. Furthermore, they increased the frequency of larger cells with nuclear alterations, the levels of oxidative markers, and interleukin 1ß, a marker of the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP). However, the mitochondrial O2â» imbalance caused by ROT led to more pronounced alterations compared to PQT. These findings support the hypothesis that the existence of CAT components, such as the O2â» anion, plays a significant role in cellular aging.