What are pesticides and how they are used?

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the reader to the types of chemicals used as pesticides. The chemicals are prepared in various formulations - dusts, granulars, liquids, two types of emulsifiable liquids, etc. The toxicity of a chemical depends not only upon its innate properties, but also on the manner and amount used. The effects (if any) produced are a function of the dose-response relationship. Hazards with chemicals can be minimized by a knowledge of what is involved and by taking the proper protective measures. The types of chemicals used as pesticides are illustrated in this chapter. The chemical and physical properties as they relate to the behavior in the environment and toxicity are briefly described. Thus, knowing such properties as vapor pressure, water solubility and reactivity becomes a basis for predicting adsorption by soil and other surfaces, the escape of the chemical as a vapor, and the possible bioaccumulation. The quantitative relationships that have been developed are briefly described and the application indicated. This information when properly used enables one to predict the probable behavior of the compound in the environment, where it is likely to accumulate, and to deduce the proper methods for formulation, application and use so as to achieve the safest and most effective utilization (AU)