Pressure ulcers and Charcot's definitions: report on two cases / Escaras de decúbito e as definições de Charcot: relatos de dois casos

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Pressure ulcers are lesions caused by inadequate blood flow and tissue malnourishment secondary to prolonged pressure on skin, soft connective tissues, muscle and/or bones. The authors report two distinct clinical situations of severely compromised neurological patients who shared several predisposing factors for pressure ulcers, but with opposite outcomes regarding the development of pressure ulcers. CASE REPORTS The first case was a young patient in a persistent vegetative state who developed pressure ulcers that resulted in secondary sepsis and death. The second case was a patient with a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis who, in spite of being bedridden for several months with severe immobility, never developed pressure ulcers. These intriguing contrary clinical situations had already been defined by Charcot in the nineteenth century, with his creation of the expression "decubitus ominosus". He indicated that patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis usually did not develop this form of complication, as was illustrated by the cases presented here.

RESUMO

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Escaras de decúbito (ED) são lesões decorrentes de fluxo sangüíneo inadequado, com desnutrição tecidual secundária à pressão prolongada da pele, tecido conjuntivo, músculos e/ou ossos. Os autores relatam dois casos de pacientes com grave comprometimento neurológico e com vários fatores predisponentes para o desenvolvimento de escaras de decúbito, porém com conseqüências opostas. RELATO DE CASOS O primeiro caso, um jovem paciente em estado vegetativo persistente, desenvolveu extensas ED evoluindo para sepse e óbito. O segundo caso, o paciente com esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA), ficou longo período restrito ao leito com imobilidade acentuada, mas sem o aparecimento de ED. Estas duas situações clínicas já foram bem definidas por Charcot no século XIX, quando este criou o termo "decubitus ominosus" que se aplica ao primeiro caso, e quando definiu que pacientes com ELA raramente desenvolvem ED, fato observado no segundo caso.