Human population dynamics.

Time-series analysis of parish register series can be used to study human population dynamics at three different levels: (i) The metapopulation of preindustrial rural England. A short wavelength, exogenous oscillation in the burials series of 404 parishes can be detected which, it is suggested, was driven by a cycle of malnutrition associated with wheat prices. (ii) Individual populations, where long-term endogenous oscillations in baptisms and burials of wavelength 30-32 years or 43-44 years can be detected. Their characteristics and causes are explored and elucidated by matrix modelling. (iii) The separate neonatal, post-neonatal, child and adult mortalities in an individual population each show an exogenous short wavelength oscillation and a model is presented to show how these cycles were driven by an oscillation in grain prices and how they interacted. Together, they formed the feedback in a saturated, density-dependent population which was fundamental in controlling the characteristics of the longer wavelength endogenous oscillations in the population dynamics described above.