Prostate cancer radiosensitization through poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase-1 hyperactivation.

ABSTRACT

The clinical experimental agent, ß-lapachone (ß-lap; Arq 501), can act as a potent radiosensitizer in vitro through an unknown mechanism. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism to determine whether ß-lap may warrant clinical evaluation as a radiosensitizer. ß-Lap killed prostate cancer cells by NAD(P)Hquinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) metabolic bioactivation, triggering a massive induction of reactive oxygen species, irreversible DNA single-strand breaks (SSB), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) hyperactivation, NAD(+)/ATP depletion, and µ-calpain-induced programmed necrosis. In combination with ionizing radiation (IR), ß-lap radiosensitized NQO1(+) prostate cancer cells under conditions where nontoxic doses of either agent alone achieved threshold levels of SSBs required for hyperactivation of PARP-1. Combination therapy significantly elevated SSB level, γ-H2AX foci formation, and poly(ADP-ribosylation) of PARP-1, which were associated with ATP loss and induction of µ-calpain-induced programmed cell death. Radiosensitization by ß-lap was blocked by the NQO1 inhibitor dicoumarol or the PARP-1 inhibitor DPQ. In a mouse xenograft model of prostate cancer, ß-lap synergized with IR to promote antitumor efficacy. NQO1 levels were elevated in ∼60% of human prostate tumors evaluated relative to adjacent normal tissue, where ß-lap might be efficacious alone or in combination with radiation. Our findings offer a rationale for the clinical utilization of ß-lap (Arq 501) as a radiosensitizer in prostate cancers that overexpress NQO1, offering a potentially synergistic targeting strategy to exploit PARP-1 hyperactivation.