Estimated exposure to arsenic in breastfed and formula-fed infants in a United States cohort.
Environ Health Perspect
; 123(5): 500-6, 2015 May.
Article
em En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-25707031
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:
Previous studies indicate that concentrations of arsenic in breast milk are relatively low even in areas with high drinking-water arsenic. However, it is uncertain whether breastfeeding leads to reduced infant exposure to arsenic in regions with lower arsenic concentrations.OBJECTIVE:
We estimated the relative contributions of breast milk and formula to arsenic exposure during early infancy in a U.S.METHODS:
We measured arsenic in home tap water (n = 874), urine from 6-week-old infants (n = 72), and breast milk from mothers (n = 9) enrolled in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Using data from a 3-day food diary, we compared urinary arsenic across infant feeding types and developed predictive exposure models to estimate daily arsenic intake from breast milk and formula.RESULTS:
Urinary arsenic concentrations were generally low (median, 0.17 µg/L; maximum, 2.9 µg/L) [corrected] but 7.5 times higher for infants fed exclusively with formula than for infants fed exclusively with breast milk (ß = 2.02; 95% CI 1.21, 2.83; p < 0.0001, adjusted for specific gravity). Similarly, the median estimated daily arsenic intake by NHBCS infants was 5.5 times higher for formula-fed infants (0.22 µg/kg/day) than for breastfed infants (0.04 µg/kg/day). Given median arsenic concentrations measured in NHBCS tap water and previously published for formula powder, formula powder was estimated to account for ~ 70% of median exposure among formula-fed NHBCS infants.CONCLUSIONS:
Our findings suggest that breastfed infants have lower arsenic exposure than formula-fed infants, and that both formula powder and drinking water can be sources of exposure for U.S. infants.
Texto completo:
1
Coleções:
01-internacional
Base de dados:
MEDLINE
Assunto principal:
Arsênio
/
Leite Humano
Tipo de estudo:
Observational_studies
/
Prognostic_studies
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Risk_factors_studies
Limite:
Female
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Humans
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Male
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Newborn
País/Região como assunto:
America do norte
Idioma:
En
Revista:
Environ Health Perspect
Ano de publicação:
2015
Tipo de documento:
Article
País de afiliação:
Estados Unidos
País de publicação:
EEUU
/
ESTADOS UNIDOS
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ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMERICA
/
EUA
/
UNITED STATES
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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US
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USA