Tormentic acid inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory response in human gingival fibroblasts via inhibition of TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathway.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Periodontal disease is one of the most prevalent oral diseases, which is associated with inflammation of the tooth-supporting tissues. Tormentic acid (TA), a triterpene isolated from Rosa rugosa, has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of TA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). METHODS: The levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and chemokines such as IL-8 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), IκBα, p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS: The results showed that Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS significantly upregulated the expression of IL-6 and IL-8. TA inhibited the LPS-induced production of IL-6 and IL-8 in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, TA inhibited LPS-induced TLR4 expression; NF-κB activation; IκBα degradation; and phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and P38. CONCLUSION: TA inhibits the LPS-induced inflammatory response in HGFs by suppressing the TLR4-mediated NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway.