CpMCA, a novel metacaspase gene from the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides and its expression during cell death.

Metacaspases (MCAs) are cysteine proteases that share sequence homology with caspases, and may play roles in programmed cell death (PCD). In the present study, we identified a novel MCA gene (CpMCA) from the red tide dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides, and examined its molecular characteristics and gene expression in response to algicide-induced cell death. CpMCA cDNA is 1164 bp in length, containing a dinoflagellate spliced leader sequence (dinoSL), an 879-bp open reading frame (ORF), which codes for a 293-aa protein, and a poly (A) tail. Multi-sequence comparison indicated that CpMCA belongs to type I MCA, but it has a different structure at the N-terminal. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. polykrikoides may have acquired the MCA gene from bacteria by means of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In addition, expressions of CpMCA significantly increased following exposure to the common algicides copper sulfate and oxidizing chlorine, which trigger cell death in dinoflagellates, suggesting that CpMCA may be involved in cell death.