Becoming more holistic: A literature review of nonacademic factors in the admissions process of colleges and schools of pharmacy and other health professions.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The expanding role of pharmacists has influenced admissions committees to consider nonacademic factors other than grade point average (GPA) and test scores and has focused more attention on holistic admissions. METHODS: Database searches were conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC, and PsychINFO using keywords, "holistic admissions", "holistic review", and "pharmacy admissions" plus "critical thinking skills", "extracurricular", "communication skills", "essay", or "interview". Overall, 64 studies were identified, 17 were excluded, and ultimately, 47 were reviewed. RESULTS: Holistic admissions is not an industry standard in pharmacy but more so in other health professions. For critical thinking skills, the Health Sciences Reasoning Test (HSRT) was not a good predictor of academic performance even though it was effective in ranking admission applicants. The California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST) however, was a significant predictor for clerkship and practice-related courses. It is unclear whether pharmacy admissions committees are utilizing the Pharmacy College Admissions Test (PCAT) reading and writing scores, the interview, or other measures to evaluate communication skills. The Multiple Mini Interview (MMI) is an effective assessment tool for measuring noncognitive attributes; however, the efficacy of unstructured interviews in evaluating noncognitive skills was less clear. IMPLICATIONS Academic measures alone are not nuanced enough to predict success throughout the entire curriculum. An integration of factors, both academic and nonacademic, would be more relevant to predict success. Critical thinking skills and extracurricular experiences may be more significant for admissions selection and admissions ranking respectively, and more predictive of academic success during didactic and experiential stages of the curriculum respectively.