Elucidating Peptidoglycan Structure: An Analytical Toolset.

Peptidoglycan (PG) is a ubiquitous structural polysaccharide of the bacterial cell wall, essential in preserving cell integrity by withstanding turgor pressure. Any change that affects its biosynthesis or degradation will disturb cell viability, therefore PG is one of the main targets of antimicrobial drugs. Considering its major role in cell structure and integrity, the study of PG is of utmost relevance, with prospective ramifications to several disciplines such as microbiology, pharmacology, agriculture, and pathogenesis. Traditionally, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been the workhorse of PG analysis. In recent years, technological and bioinformatic developments have upgraded this seminal technique, making analysis more sensitive and efficient than ever before. Here we describe a set of analytical tools for the study of PG structure (from composition to 3D architecture), identify the most recent trends, and discuss future challenges in the field.