The prp4 kinase gene and related spliceosome factor genes in Trichophyton rubrum respond to nutrients and antifungals.

PURPOSE: Trichophyton rubrum is a dermatophyte that causes most human superficial mycoses worldwide. The spliceosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for pre-mRNA processing, may confer adaptive advantages to deal with different stresses. Here, we assessed the structural aspects of the Prp4 kinase protein and other pre-mRNA-splicing factors (Prps) in T. rubrum grown in different protein sources and exposed to antifungal drugs. METHODOLOGY: Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assessed the modulation of prp1, prp31, prp8 and prp4 kinase genes after exposure of T. rubrum to sub-lethal doses of amphotericin B, caspofungin and acriflavine, or after T. rubrum growth on keratin sources for 48 and 72 h. We also performed the in silico analysis of the domain organization of Prps orthologues from filamentous fungi and yeasts. RESULTS: The prp4 gene was modulated in a time-dependent manner. Transcription levels were mostly up-regulated when T. rubrum was grown on keratin for 72 h, while exposure to amphotericin B promoted prp4 gene down-regulation at the same time point. We also observed co-expression of prp1 and prp31, and their down-regulation after amphotericin B exposure. In silico analysis revealed a conserved domain organization for most Prps orthologues with slight differences, which were mostly related to structural elements such as repetition domains in Prp1 and complexity in motif assembly for the Prp4 kinase. These differences were mainly observed in dermatophyte species and may alter protein interactions and substrate affinity. CONCLUSION: Our results improve the understanding of spliceosome proteins in fungi as well as their roles in adaptation to different environmental situations.