Three-Dimensional Printing Antimicrobial and Radiopaque Constructs.

ABSTRACT

Three-dimensional (3D) printing holds tremendous potential as a tool for patient-specific devices. This proof-of- concept study demonstrated the feasibility, antimicrobial properties, and computed tomography(CT) imaging characteristics of iodine/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 3D meshes and stents. Under scanning electron microscopy, cross-linked PVA displays smoother and more compacted filament arrangements. X-ray and transaxial CT images of iodized PVA vascular stents show excellent visibility and significantly higher Hounsfield units of radiopacity than control prints. Three-dimensional PVA prints stabilized by glutaraldehyde cross-linking and loaded with iodine through sublimation significantly suppressed Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus growth in human blood agar disk diffusion assays. It is suggested that PVA 3D printing with iodine represents an important new synthetic platform for generating a wide variety of antimicrobial and high-visibility devices.