Deglutition in Patients With Hypernasality Associated With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Evaluated With High-Resolution Manometry.

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pharyngeal pressure profiles during swallowing in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and identify compensation mechanisms. DESIGN: Prospective experimental study. SETTING: University Hospital and Medical School. PARTICIPANTS: Ten volunteers and 10 patients with nonsyndromic repaired UCLP with hypernasality (age 19-27 years, 5 females and 5 males per group) were included. INTERVENTIONS: All participants swallowed 2 and 10 mL of water and underwent high-resolution manometry (HRM). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) parameters were measured using HRM. Student t test was used for statistical intergroup comparisons. Additionally, the Sydney Swallowing Questionnaire (SSQ) was used as a subjective measure. RESULTS: Patients exhibited reduced velopharyngeal closing pressure and velopharyngeal and tongue base (TB) region contraction times, compared to volunteers (P < .05). The UES opening and closing functions did not change. The SSQ revealed nasal regurgitation in some patients. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with UCLP, velopharyngeal region alterations are caused by impaired muscle force and function. The reduced TB contraction time may be a compensation mechanism allowing bolus transportation without nasal regurgitation. However, deglutition is not completely altered since UES function remains normal. Future studies will need to reveal at which point a decrease in velopharyngeal closing pressure will result in velopharyngeal insufficiency.