Waterpipe smoking and the risk of myocardial infarction: A hospital-based case-control study.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of waterpipe smoking is increasing globally. The involvement of waterpipe smoking as an independent risk factor for the development of myocardial infarction is an area in need of further research. Our study examines the possible relationship between waterpipe smoking and myocardial infarction. METHODS: In this incident case-control study, we enrolled 148 cases with myocardial infarction and 148 participants in the control group. Using logistic regression models, odds ratios and 95% CIs were calculated for the association between waterpipe smoking and myocardial infarction, while adjusting for possible confounders. RESULTS: Myocardial infarction was associated significantly with current waterpipe smoking (OR=4.08; 95% CI 1.37-12.10), ever waterpipe smoking (OR=3.6; 95% CI 1.31-10.19), and exclusive waterpipe smoking (OR=10.26; 95% CI 2.22-47.29). Exclusive cigarette smoking was also associated significantly with the development of myocardial infarction (OR=4.6; 95% CI 1.98-11.04). CONCLUSIONS: Waterpipe smoking is associated with myocardial infarction. Our findings reveal the need for targeted interventions to reduce the prevalence of this globally spreading form of tobacco smoking.