Distribution and environmental risk assessment of trace metals in sludge from multiple sources in Taiwan.

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the level of the contaminant of the heavy metals in sludge from different sources and the ecological risk criteria associated with it was also analyzed to establish its reuse in agriculture. The sludge samples were collected from the water plant (WTP), wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and industrial water treatment plant (IPT) in Taiwan. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to measure the trace metals in sludge. The pollution level and ecological risk criteria for heavy metals in sludge were also used to evaluate its reuse in agriculture. The result shows the average concentrations of trace metals in sludge for three groups (WTP, WWTP, and ITP). Significant correlations were found between concentrations of Zn-Ag (p < 0.001). The higher values of Igeo showed in ITP, indicated Hg to be a major pollutant. In Taiwan, the regulations did not establish the reuse of sludge in agriculture. However, the concentration level of trace metals in sludge was particularly lower than the regular levels in most groups, like WTP and WWTP groups. The industrial sludge was not recommended for the use in agriculture. The results of this study can be used for regular monitoring to establish a reference for sludge management and application to agriculture.