Scanned optogenetic control of mammalian somatosensory input to map input-specific behavioral outputs.

To safely navigate their world, animals need to be able to tell apart a gentle touch from an eye-watering pinch, detect cold water or sense the throbbing pain stemming from an infected cut. These 'somatic' sensations are relayed through thousands of nerve endings embedded in the skin and other tissues. Yet the neurological mechanisms that underpin these abilities are complex and still poorly understood. Indeed, these nerve endings can be stimulated by extreme temperatures, harmful chemicals, friction or even internal signals such as inflammation. One event can also recruit many different types of endings: a cut for example, will involve responses to mechanical pressure, tissue damage and local immune response. To disentangle these different actors and how they affect behavior, scientists need to develop approaches that allow them to deliver specific stimuli with increased precision, and to monitor the impact on an animal. To achieve this goal, Schorscher-Petcu et al. used mice in which blue light could trigger specific types of nerve endings. For instance, depending on the genetic background of the animals, a laser could either activate nerve endings involved in pain or gentle touch. Crucially, this could be done from a distance by beaming light with exquisite precision onto the paws of the mice without physically touching or disturbing the animals. How the mice responded could then be observed without any interference. Their behavior was analyzed using a combination of high-speed videos, computer-driven recording systems, and machine learning. This revealed subtle changes in behavior that had not been detected before, spotting microscopic movements of the stimulated paw and mapping simultaneous whole-body movements such as changes in posture or head orientation. The approach therefore allows scientists to assess the impact of touch, pain or temperature sensation in freely behaving mice. It could also be harnessed to develop much needed treatments against chronic pain.