Evaluating diffusion dispersion across an extended range of b-values and frequencies: Exploiting gap-filled OGSE shapes, strong gradients, and spiral readouts.

PURPOSE: To address the long echo times and relatively weak diffusion sensitization that typically limit oscillating gradient spin-echo (OGSE) experiments, an OGSE implementation combining spiral readouts, gap-filled oscillating gradient shapes providing stronger diffusion encoding, and a high-performance gradient system is developed here and utilized to investigate the tradeoff between b-value and maximum OGSE frequency in measurements of diffusion dispersion (i.e., the frequency dependence of diffusivity) in the in vivo human brain. In addition, to assess the effects of the marginal flow sensitivity introduced by these OGSE waveforms, flow-compensated variants are devised for experimental comparison. METHODS: Using DTI sequences, OGSE acquisitions were performed on three volunteers at b-values of 300, 500, and 1000 s/mm2 and frequencies up to 125, 100, and 75 Hz, respectively; scans were performed for gap-filled oscillating gradient shapes with and without flow sensitivity. Pulsed gradient spin-echo DTI acquisitions were also performed at each b-value. Upon reconstruction, mean diffusivity (MD) maps and maps of the diffusion dispersion rate were computed. RESULTS: The power law diffusion dispersion model was found to fit best to MD measurements acquired at b = 1000 s/mm2 despite the associated reduction of the spectral range; this observation was consistent with Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, diffusion dispersion rates without flow sensitivity were slightly higher than flow-sensitive measurements. CONCLUSION: The presented OGSE implementation provided an improved depiction of diffusion dispersion and demonstrated the advantages of measuring dispersion at higher b-values rather than higher frequencies within the regimes employed in this study.