Microbial bioremediation of produced water under different redox conditions in marine sediments.

The discharge of produced water from offshore oil platforms is an emerging concern due to its potential adverse effects on marine ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the feasibility and capability of using marine sediments for the bioremediation of produced water. We utilized a combination of porewater and solid phase analysis in a series of sediment batch incubations amended with produced water and synthetic produced water to determine the biodegradation of hydrocarbons under different redox conditions. Significant removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) compounds was observed under different redox conditions, with biodegradation efficiencies of 93-97% in oxic incubations and 45-93% in anoxic incubations with nitrate, iron oxide or sulfate as the electron acceptor. Higher biodegradation rates of BTEX were obtained by incubations dominated by nitrate reduction (104-149 nmolC/cm3/d) and oxygen respiration (52-57 nmolC/cm3/d), followed by sulfate reduction (14-76 nmolC/cm3/d) and iron reduction (29-39 nmolC/cm3/d). Chemical fingerprint analysis showed that hydrocarbons were biodegraded to smaller alcohols/acids under oxic conditions compared to anoxic conditions with nitrate, indicating that the presence of oxygen facilitated a more complete biodegradation process. Toxicity of treated produced water to the marine copepod Acartia tonsa was reduced by half after sediment incubations with oxygen and nitrate. Our study emphasizes the possibility to use marine sediment as a biofilter for treating produced water at sea without extending the oil and gas platform or implementing a large-scale construction.