Developing a Prototype Behavioural Marker System for Farmer Non-Technical Skills (FLINTS).

OBJECTIVE: Non-technical skills, the social and cognitive skills thought necessary for safe and effective working, have been studied within the farming context over the past six years. However, these skills are not yet taught as part of a safety curriculum for farmers, due, in part, to a lack of defined framework and assessment system. The current paper describes the development of the FLINTS behavioral marker system for discussion, observation, evaluation and feedback on non-technical skills for farmers. METHOD: The development of the behavioral marker system proceeded through three key stages. First, the current research knowledge on non-technical skills was synthesized to compile a list of non-technical skill categories and elements. Second, a series of discussion groups with subject matter experts was conducted to develop behavioral markers for each element. Lastly, refinement and review of the system was undertaken by academics and experts. RESULTS: The prototype FLINTS taxonomy containing five non-technical skill categories and 16 elements was produced. The non-technical skill categories comprised situation awareness, teamwork & communication, leadership, task management and decision-making each with specific elements and behavioral markers. CONCLUSION: FLINTS represents the first behavioral marker system for farmer non-technical skills, constructed through expert knowledge and advice via discussion and review groups, combined with underpinning research findings. This represents the first step towards the development of non-technical training and assessment for farmers. The current version of the FLINTS system is freely available to all potential users (https://research.abdn.ac.uk/nts-farming/flints/).