Chlorine exposure and intensive exercise induces airway hyperreactivity in a 3-week murine exercise model.

RATIONALE: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is defined as acute narrowing of the airways during or immediately after exercise. EIB has a high prevalence in elite swimmers probably due to the high ventilation rate and exposure to the chlorine by-products. It is still puzzling which pathophysiological mechanisms drive EIB. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluated airway hyperreactivity, permeability, integrity and inflammation in a murine swimmers EIB model with and without chlorine exposure. METHODS: Mice performed a 3-week swimming protocol in a swimming pool with counter current. Three hours after the last swimming session, airway hyperreactivity to methacholine was assessed. Cytokine levels and cellular differential analysis was performed in BAL fluid. Airway permeability and tight junction expression was measured in serum and lung tissue. T-, B-, dendritic and innate lymphoid cells were determined in lung tissue via flow cytometry. RESULTS: A significant higher airway resistance (Rn; P < 0.0001) was observed in mice swimming in chlorinated water (mean Rn = 1.26 cmH2O.s/ml) compared to mice swimming in tap water (mean Rn = 0.76 cmH2O.s/ml) and both inhalation groups in the absence of cellular inflammation. No significant differences were found in lung immune cell populations or in lung tight junction mRNA expression. Experiments in SCID, Rag2-/-γc-/- or Cpa3cre/+ mice showed a limited involvement of the innate, adaptive immune system or the mast cells. CONCLUSION: Our 3-week swimming murine model mimics intensive swimming in chlorinated water with the presence of airway hyperreactivity in mice swimming in chlorinated water in the absence of airway inflammation and airway epithelial damage.