ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ACE-I, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AKI, acute kidney injury; ALM, appendicular lean mass; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ASM, appendicular skeletal mass; AT1R, angiotensin type 1 receptor; AT2R, angiotensin type 2 receptor; ATP, adenosine-5'-triphosphate; AWGS, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia; BCAA, branched chained amino acids; BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; BMI, body mass index; CART, classification and regression tree; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; DEXA, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; EAA, essential amino acids; ESPEN-SIG, European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism Special Interests Groups; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; EWGSOP, European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People; FAD, flavin adenine dinucleotide; FADH2, flavin adenine dinucleotide +2 hydrogen; FNIH, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health; GTP, guanosine-5'-triphosphate; GnRH, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HPT, hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular; IFN-γ, interferon γ; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IL-1, interleukin-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; IWGS, International Working Group on Sarcopenia; LH, luteinizing hormone; MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; MuRF1, muscle RING-finger-1; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; NF-κß, nuclear factor κß; NHANES, National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey; PMI, psoas muscle index; PMTH, psoas muscle thickness; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SARC-F, Strength, Assistance with walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs, and Falls; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin; SMI, skeletal muscle index; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; SPPB, Short Performance Physical Battery; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; UCSF, University of California, San Francisco; UNOS, United Network of Organ Sharing; cirrhosis; energy; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; metabolism; muscle; sarcopenia