Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy and offspring blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP) is suggested to be a risk factor for elevated blood pressure (BP) in offspring. However, the empirical evidence was mixed. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to synthesize current evidence assessing the association between HIP and BP in offspring. METHODS: We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase to identify articles published from inception until 9 February 2021. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to calculate a pooled effect size and 95% confidence interval (CI). Furthermore, the effects were evaluated separately while grouping by the offspring's sex, region, economic level, published year, insulin treatment status, and BP measurement. Each article was independently reviewed for quality. RESULTS: Of 3385 citations identified, 23 studies involving 88695 offspring were included. The study found that the offspring of women with HIP had an increased level of both systolic blood pressure (SBP; mean difference 1.90, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.70 mmHg, P < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; mean difference 0.87 mmHg, 95% CI 0.11 to 1.17 mmHg, P = 0.02) compared with those whose mothers with normal blood glucose during pregnancy. According to subgroup analyses, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) appeared to have varied impacts on offspring BP by sex of offspring, region and economic level of family, published year, maternal insulin treatment status, and BP measurement. CONCLUSION: Current evidence showed that HIP was associated with an elevated BP in offspring. Prenatal interventions targated on reducing HIP might be beneficial for controlling for offspring BP.