A systematic review of pre-service training on vaccination and immunization.

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization's Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030 sets policy recommendations and targets for in-service and pre-service training programs to improve workforce competency. To date, comprehensive reviews on immunization training have mainly focused on in-service trainings. This systematic review aimed to synthesize current literature on pre-service immunization training, including primary immunization competencies covered, methods used, outcomes on improving competencies and behavior change for immunization service delivery, and student readiness for immunization practice, in both low-resource and high-income settings. METHODS: A systematic search of seven scholarly databases identified published literature on pre-service training on immunization published between January 2001 and November 2021. It included all geographic regions and languages, study designs, and individuals preparing to enter the immunization workforce. Additional search methods included reviewing references of retrieved articles, scanning journals, and engaging pre-service training experts for unpublished reports. RESULTS: Search results yielded 5,611 articles; 39 articles met the inclusion criteria. Five articles were identified through other search methods. Studies took place mostly in high-income countries (35/44), targeted professional (medical, nursing, and pharmacy) students and tutors at health training institutions. Eight of the ten recommended immunization competencies were included in the curricula and methods used to deliver pre-service training varied. Teaching techniques and applied learning strategies using realistic situations increased students' knowledge, attitudes, and awareness of vaccine benefits; built confidence to administer vaccines and communicate with hesitant patients; and increased the likelihood of recommending vaccines. CONCLUSION: This review was the first step to understanding pre-service training on immunization. Further research is needed to inform pre-service training programs in low- and middle-income countries, particularly for nurses, vaccinators with low-level educational backgrounds, and other healthcare professional students. Prioritizing essential audiences, designing and delivering practical training, and evaluating results will help prepare students for the immunization challenges of tomorrow.